Final

Question 1

What type of joint is the stifle?

Answer 1

Complex condylar synovial joint

Question 2

Name the three joints in the stifle.

Answer 2

1. Femorotibial
2. Femoropatellar
3. Proximal tibiofibular

Question 3

Name the three synovial joint capsules in the stifle. Which is the largest?

Answer 3

1. Lateral Femorotibial
2. Medial femorotibial
3. Femoropatellar (LARGEST)

Question 4

What are the menisci made of and which one is thicker?

Answer 4

Fibrocartilage

Lateral menisci

Question 5

Name the three meniscal ligaments of the stifle.

Answer 5

1. Meniscotibial ligaments (cranial and caudal)
2. Transverse (intermeniscal) ligament
3. Meniscofemoral ligament

Question 6

Where is the meniscofemoral ligament?

Answer 6

Courses between the caudal part of the lateral meniscus and the medial femoral condyle near the intercondylar fossa.

Question 7

What fibrocartilages prevent luxation of the patella?

Answer 7

Medial and lateral parapatellar ligaments

Question 8

Name all the femorotibial ligaments.

Answer 8

1. Cranial cruciate ligament
2. Caudal cruciate ligament
3. Medial collateral ligament
4. Lateral collateral ligament

Question 9

Which femorotibial ligaments are considers intra-articular and extra-articular?

Answer 9

Intra-articular: Medial/Lateral collateral ligaments

Extra-articular: Cranial/caudal cruciate ligaments

Question 10

How would you test the collateral ligaments of the stifle?

Answer 10

Lateral: Varus stress test
Medial: Valgus stress test

Question 11

How are the cruciate femorotibial ligaments named?

Answer 11

For their attachment to the tibia.

Question 12

What are the functions of the cranial cruciate ligament?

Answer 12

1. Prevent tibia from sliding cranially
2. Prevent hyperextension
3. Limit internal rotation of tibia mainly during flexion
4. Prevent excessive varus and valgus movement of tibia during flexion

Question 13

What are the functions of the caudal cruciate ligament?

Answer 13

1. Prevents tibia from moving caudally during weight bearing
2. Limit internal rotation of tibia mainly during flexion
3. Secondary help for preventing excessive varus and valgus movement of tibia during flexion

Question 14

What are the function of the collateral ligaments of the stifle?

Answer 14

1. Prevent internal rotation of tibia mainly during extension
2. Prevent external rotation of tibia in flexion and extension

Question 15

How could you test a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament?

Answer 15

Cranial drawer test 
Tibial compression test
Radiographs
Synovial fluid analysis 
MRI
Arthroscopy

Question 16

What are the three most common treatments used for a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament?

Answer 16

1. TPLO (Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy)
2. Extracapsular reconstruction with a lateral suture or TIGHTROPE
3. Tibial tuberosity advancement

Question 17

How does a extracapsular reconstruction with a lateral suture work?

Answer 17

Make a hole in the lateral aspect of tibial crest and then wrap other end of suture around the fascia of the lateral fabella.

Question 18

Which structures run through the interosseous membrane of the crus?

Answer 18

Cranial tibial artery and vein

Question 19

Name the ligaments of the tarsus.

Answer 19

1. Lateral and medial collateral ligaments

2. Dorsal and plantar tarsal ligaments

Question 20

Where are the parts of the lateral collateral ligament of the tarsus?

Answer 20

Long part: Lateral malleolus of fibula to base of metatarsal V
Short part: Lateral malleolus of fibula to the tuber calcanei

Question 21

Name the ligaments of the digits.

Answer 21

1. Collateral ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joint and proximal/distal interphalangeal joints
2. Collateral sesamoidean ligaments
3. Dorsal elastic ligaments

Question 22

Which spinal nerves make up the lumbosacral plexus?

Answer 22

L3-L7; S1-S3

Question 23

Where does the spinal cord end in the dog and cat?

Answer 23

Dog; L6 vertebra

Cat: L7 vertebra

Question 24

Which nerves come off the lumbosacral trunk?

Answer 24

Cranial gluteal
Caudal gluteal
Sciatic

Question 25

Which spinal nerve does the femoral nerve originate from and what nerve does it give rise to?

Answer 25

L5 | Saphenous

Question 26

If the femoral nerve is damage, what will we see?

Answer 26

1. Loss of ability to bear weight when stifle extended 2. Loss of patellar reflex 3. Loss of sensation on medial aspect of limb

Question 27

Which spinal nerve does the obturator nerve originate from?

Answer 27

L6

Question 28

If there is a lesion on the obturator nerve, what will we see?

Answer 28

1. Inability to adduct the hip and thigh | 2. Splits on slick surfaces

Question 29

Which nerve arises from the S1-S3 spinal nerves and is located in the groove between the biceps femoris and semitendinosus m.?

Answer 29

Caudal cutaneous femoral nerve

Question 30

What is the function of the caudal cutaneous femoral nerve?

Answer 30

Cutaneous innervation of caudolateral surface of thigh

Question 31

What muscles are innervated by the deep fibular nerve?

Answer 31

Cranial tibial m. | Long Digital extensor m.

Question 32

What muscles does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?

Answer 32

Long digital extensor m. | Fibularis brevis m.

Question 33

Which nerve splits into the common fibular nerve and the tibial nerve?

Answer 33

Sciatic nerve

Question 34

Which nerve innervates the flexors of the hock and extensors of the digits?

Answer 34

Common fibular nerve

Question 35

Which nerve innervates the extensors of the hock and flexors of the digits?

Answer 35

Tibial nerve

Question 36

Which nerve supplies cutaneous innervation to the lateral surface of the crus?

Answer 36

Lateral cutaneous sural nerve that arises from the common fibular nerve

Question 37

What are the three locations blood can be drawn from a bird?

Answer 37

1. Right Jugular vein 2. Cutaneous ulnar vein 3. Medial plantar metatarsal vein

Question 38

What is a the cranial non-paired part of the bird hyoid apparatus called that is not located in mammals?

Answer 38

Entoglossal process

Question 39

Which bones in bird form the foramen triosseum?

Answer 39

Scapula Coracoid Clavicle

Question 40

Which side of the neck does the esophagus travel in the bird?

Answer 40

Right

Question 41

How many oviducts are in the bird and where are they?

Answer 41

Only one on the left side