Final Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
When did On recieve equlization payments
A
2009
2
Q
ON area
A
1 million square km
3
Q
N. ON % population
A
7%
4
Q
Niagara escarpment
A
most variable topography. Most reisstant rock
5
Q
Petite Cote
A
Present day windsor. Found by french in 1749
6
Q
When did British loyalists come to canada
A
1700s after American revolution
7
Q
Tecumseh
A
Joined british in war of 1812. Died in Moraviantown at battle thames
8
Q
Ontario name
A
Beautiful water in iroquois. 1867
9
Q
10 Great lake ports
A
Chicago toronto detroit cleveland buffalo milwaukee hamilton toledo windsor thunder bay
10
Q
Laurentide ice sheet
A
Covered canada 18,000 years ago. Melted 10-5000 years ago. Formed great lakes. Ontario at the bottom
11
Q
Welland Canal
A
- Bypass niagara falls
12
Q
Lake effect snow
A
Cold wind moves over warm water. Snowbelt downwind of lakes. Kitchener, london, windsor
13
Q
Tornado
A
Gulf of mexico wind and cold lake breezes
14
Q
3 great lake concerns
A
Health of lakes and eutrophication
Toxic contamination and bacteria
Exotic species like goby and sea lamprey
15
Q
Why is economy anchored in ontario
A
Size of population
Above average income
Cluster of cities, universities, tech
Central location in NA
16
Q
5 regions in On
A
Northern Eastern Central Golden Horseshoe Southwestern
17
Q
3 biggest cities in Northern ON
A
Sudbury
Thunder bay
Sault st marie
18
Q
Eastern ON
A
Ottawa, Kingston, Cornwall
Federal government
19
Q
Central On
A
Cottage country
Barrie, Peterborough, Orillia
20
Q
Golden Horseshoe
A
Toronto, Hamilton, St. Catherines
Finance, insurance, healthcare, education
21
Q
SW ON
A
Manufacturing and agriculture
Kitchener, London, Windsor
22
Q
Main export of N ON
A
Softwood lumber
23
Q
Crownland
A
Land in Northern on is owned by Ontario gov. They determine the allowable annual cut
24
Q
Minerals in canadian shield
A
Gold, nickel, silver, copper
25
Leader of mineral production
Northern Ontario
26
2 transportation corridors that are populated in N ON
N branch of TCH and Canadian national rail
| S branch of TCH and CPR
27
Niagara Fruit belt
Microclimate between lake ontario and erie
28
3 reasons for manufacturing dveelopment in S ON
Proximity to US
Trade restriction--> national policy
Size of market and workforce
29
Where were the first auto plants
Detroit and Windsor
30
% of cars made in S ON
15% of vehicles in NA
31
Workers in ON auto industry
104,000
32
5 parts of auto industry
```
Material suppliers
Parts production small factories
Vehicle assembly plants
Service firms
Corporate
```
33
Just in time principle
Used in auto industry. Reduce inventory and labour costs by only ordering in materials as needed
34
Benefits of Auto pact (1995)
Guaranteed Canadian plants would not close
Plants could specialize in a model
Reduce cost of vehicles
35
Auto pact conditions
Both Canada and Us eliminate 15% tariff on vehicles and parts.
Canada guaranteed minimum level of production
Precursor to NAFTA
36
Biggest auto producer in NA
Ontario
37
Plants in S ON and the 5 companies
```
8 plants
GM
Chrysler
Ford
Toyota
Honda
```
38
Big 3
90% of vehicles made by them in 1990
| 60% when toyota and honda came in 2010
39
Why do japanese car companies come here
Skilled workforce
| Publically funded healthcare
40
Smog
Sunlight reacts to pollutants and vehicle exhaust
41
% of ON exports that go to US
80%--> we have alot of primary sector materials
| 30% of that is car stuff
42
Technology triangle of canada
Kitcher, Waterloo, Cambridge
43
% On and QC pop living in urban area
80%
44
3 impacts of urbanization
Farms subdivided into smaller units
Reluctance to plant new trees
Greater demand for services
45
Speculation
Holding onto land waiting for the prices to get higher
46
Most densely populated area in Canada
Golden horseshoe--> 7.5 million people
47
% of Toronto pop that are visible minorities
37%
48
ON cities
```
Toronto
ottawa
Hamilton
kitchener/waterloo
london
windsor
sudbury
thunderbay
sault st marie
north bay
timmins
```
49
% of French first language in Quebec
80%
| 75% of immigrants choose to learn it
50
3 areas for anglophones in QC
Montreal
Eastern Townships
Ottawa river valley
51
Allophone
Do not speak english, french or native as first language
52
QC pop difference between 1871 and now
32%--> 24%
Growth out west
Moving corporate HQ to ontario
53
% of QC in the shield
90%
54
Lowest emitter of greenhouse gases
QC
| PEI
55
Greenhouse gas
Allow solar radiation through but absorb infrared from the earth
56
QC gas tax
Extra 0.08 cents/litre for gas
57
Cartier
Sailed to chaleur bay QC in 1534. Found the SLR
58
Champlain
Father of new france. Made trading post in QC in 1608
59
Maisonneuvre
MAde Ville-Marie (Montreal) in 1642
60
Plains of Abraham
Britain beat france in 1759. Ruled QC for 100 years
61
Treaty of Paris
1763-- awarded New France to britain
62
Quebec Act
1774-- Gave rights to use French, Catholicism, French civil law
63
3 QC explansion
1898-- N border extended into shield
1912: Doubles in size, adds Nunavik
1927: Labrador/QC border follows drainage divide
64
2 economic zones in QC and ON
Agriculture and Manufacturing South
| Resource periphery in North
65
Hydro Quebec
Made in 1944, Jean lesage made it good in the 60s when he bought out all private utilities. Tried to buy out NB in 2009
66
3 things hydro depends on
Adequate precipitation
Variable topography
Access to markets
67
4 benefits of hydro
Renewable
Long life of facilities
Low operating cost
Job creation
68
James Bay project
Dam all 20 rivers into the bay. La grande cost 15 billion and took 10 years to finish in the 70s
69
Radisson
Community in QC made along with a highway to make hydro plants in the north
70
2 physiographic regions in N QC
Canadian shield
| Hudson bay lowlands
71
Nunavik
90% inuit. 15 settlements could establish a regional government in Kuujaq
72
Leading producer of softwood. Why.
QC. Better quality than american due to cold temperatures slowing growth
73
QC mining
4 billion in minerals/ year
| Iron ore, copper, gold
74
3 threats to QC tourism
Canadian dollar parity
Uncertain global economy
Thickening US border
75
70% of QC lives in 6 cities
```
Montreal
quebec city
gatineau
sherbrooke
saguenay
trois rivieres
```
76
Saguenay
Merge of Chicoutimi and Jonquiere in 2002
77
BC physiographic regions
Cordillera
| Interior Plains in the north east
78
Insular mountains
Form haida gwaii and Vancouver island
79
BC vegetation
Rainforest coast
Semi-arid interior
Tundra at high elevations
80
7 BC regions
```
Vancouver Island- Coast
Lower Mainland- SW
Thompson-okanagan
Kootenay
Cariboo-prince george
Skeena- north coast
North east
```
81
Vancouver island-coast
Coast mountain range
Mildest winters in canada
Forestry, fishing, government services
82
Lower mainland SW
Agricultural area with alluvial soil. Majority of pop live here in vancouver CMA
83
Thompson-okanagan
Kamloops and Kelowna
Rail lines along thomspon river
Nice summers for tourism
84
Kootenay
Nelson, Cranbrook, Fernie
Rockies
Continental divide in border between alberta
85
Cariboo-Prince George
Regional services and UNBC
| Forestry, mining, ranching, pulp and paper
86
Skeena Northcoast
Isolated around Alaska, Prince rupert is 2nd biggest port
| Fishing, mining, aluminum smelting, hydro
87
Northeast BC
Only highway connecting to Yukon and Alaska
88
Pop in BC
Fast growing, many asian immigrants
89
4 main BC exports
Lumber
pulp
natural gas
coal
90
Is BC a core
No. There is no manufacturing base. No longer a resource based economy
91
% BC exports go to Asia
25%
92
Asia- Pacific Gateway corridor
Improve ifrastructure to BC ports-- mines are really far away
93
Pineapple express
Warm air from hawaii keeps BC mild and wet in the winter
94
2 things effecting forestry in BC
Mountain pine beetle
| Fire in okanagan-- dry, wind, lightining
95
Spain gave up land at what degree
42 degrees North-- us border is now 49 degrees to manitoba
96
BC 1800s
Influx of americans during gold rush
| 1858: named a colony to insure british rule
97
BC joined in
1871-- 6th province
98
3 BC rail lines
Northern alberta
Canadian national
CPR
99
BC fishing
80 species, salmon herring and shellfish are most valued but they are exploited
100
Tragedy of commons
Destruction of non-renewable resources that are not privately owned
101
4 reasons for salmon exploitation
5 year migration cycle
Foresty and hydro destroy spawning ground
Native over fishing
American fishing canadian salmon
102
BC mining
Export is hard due to distance
Shale deposit in NE BC has gas
Need roads and pipelines
103
Where is 1/2 of canadas softwood
BC
104
BC forestry employment
Was 50% in 1960
| Now t is 12%
105
Coast forest
Mild temp and lots of rain make huge old trees
| hemlock, fir, cedar
106
Interior boreal forest
Ponderosa and mountain pine
| Less rain, drought and fire, make small young trees
107
Softwood Lumber Trade Agreement
US returned 4 billion in duties it had been charging on chepa canadian lumber despite NAFTA
US couldnt impose trade actions
Canada must impose taxes after a value
108
BC cities
Vancouver
Victoria
Kelowna
Abbotsford
109
% BC living in LMSW region
60%
110
% Vancouver chinese and non religious
20% asian
| 1/3 non religious
111
Alberta name
Princess louise caroline alberta was 4th daughter of victoria and prince albert
112
Sask and manitoba names
Cree for swift flowing water
| Cree for lake of the prairies
113
Prairies settlement patterns
Before confed. it was metis in narrow lots on river
| After 1869 it was 1/4 mile square grids
114
Why has prairie rural pop declined since the 40s
Farms are larger and more mechanized. Lower pop density
More grain, less livestock--> less people needed
Less business for villages due to low pop
highways bypass small villages
115
Rationalization of road and rail system
Infrequently used corridors shut down. Fewer villages means less dense road network. Decline in villages means closing railines and closing railines makes less villages.
116
3 sites of growth in the prairies
Dormitory towns
Sites of government services
Resource towns
117
Gateway city
Central prairie cities act as collection and distriution point between Northern hinterland. Reflects strength of the North. Edmonton, Prince Albert, Thompson
118
Land surveying prairies
Forced metis to sign treaties. Divided land into 36 sections and gave each european settler a quarter of a section to build a homestead
119
3 homesteader problems
Grid system dispersed pop and makes them isolated
Not prepared for isolation and climate
Forced to practice summer fallow
120
Canadian Pacific Railway
HBC allowed construction. US already had 3 railways. Completed in 1885
121
Cooperative commonwealth federation (CCF)
Socialist philosophy now called the NDP
122
Social credit party
1935-1993. Strict religious philosophy popular in 40s and 50s
123
Reform party
1987- 2000-- Preston Manning in alberta. Strong conservative right wing. Became offical opposition and changed name to Canadian alliance
124
Canadian Alliance
2000- 2003. Preston manning and stephen harper. Merged with conservatives in 2003. Now the Conservative party
125
Lowest unemployment rate in canada
Prairie provinces
126
Prairie economy 70s
Price of oil and US demand increased
Tech advancement allowed seperating sand from oil
Sask potash demand grew
127
Agricultural fringe
Lower quality grain used for livestock
128
Fertile belt
High soil moisture and adequate frost free period
Wheat, canola, beans, peas, sunflowers
Mixed farming
129
Dry belt
Cattle ranching and only wheat.
Practice continuous cropping to reduce weeds and soil erosion
Irrigation is necessary
130
Great sand hills
SW sask. Sand dunes formed by wind and galcial lake deposits. Grasslands surround
131
Economies of sale
Reduction in per unit cost resulting from an increased output--> livestock slaughtering in Brandon and red deer for secondary sector
132
Bitumen
Oil mixed with sand found in sedimentary rock in prairies
133
Oil production and corporate cities
Edmonton
| Calgary
134
3 alberta pipelines
Alliance gas
Interprovincial oil
Trans canada
135
4 leadings natural resources in the prairies
oil
natural gas
coal
potash
136
Oil sands
mixed with hot water, transported to processing plants. Large hydrocarbons are broken down. Sent to refineries to make into gasoline, propane and diesel
137
Oil ponds
2 billion litres d ay. Oil companies must reclaim tailing ponds but no solution currently exists . Oil sands scar landscape and emit gases
138
Mining in the praries
Eastern rockies AB has coal
Potash and uranium in Sask
Copper in flin flon Man
139
Thompson
Nicke line, railway and town all made in 1957
140
% of prairies forestry in AB
75%
141
The pas
Manitoba resource town with a big pulp and paper mill
142
Cities in prairies
```
Calgary
edmonton
winnipeg
Saskatoon
Regina
Lethbridge
Red deer
Medicine hat
Brandon
Prince albert
Moose jaw
```
143
S Alberta population corridor
Densely populated from Edmonton, red deer, calgary. 20% growth in last 10 years
144
3 companies with Calgary HQ
BP
Imperial oil (Esso)
Shell
145
Gateway to the west
Winnipeg. Was the largets city in prairies in 1900 for grain processing and shipment
146
Red River Settlement
1810 Selkirk from scotland aquired land from HBC. Scottish settlers came to farm
147
Red river
Decreasing South to north elevation
| Impermeable soil, melting snow a the head, ice at the base adds to damming. Chernozemic soil. Flooding
148
Red River floodway
Constructed in 1969. 48 km long and diverts excess water around Winnipeg
149
4 reasons for high unemployment in Atlantic Canada
Division of 4 small provs = no integrated economy
Resources like coal and iron have been exhausted
Widely dispersed pop
Long distance from cities = no manufacturing base
150
2 boosts to Nfld economy
offshore petroleum deposits
| commuting to alberta oil sands
151
2 physiographic regions in AC
Appalachian uplands
| Canadian shield
152
Torngat mountains
Formed 750million years ago in northern labrador
153
3 connections between labrador and quebec
Hydro from QC transmission lines
Iron ore in labrador sent to Sept iles port
Labrador- Quebec highway connects to Happy Valley- Goose Bay
154
Nor Easter
Winter storm gain moisture from atlantic and rapidly intensify over maritimes
155
Gulf stream
Warm ocean current from east florida meets labrador current in newfoundland and makes it foggy
156
Labrador current
Brings icebergs from greenland that sunk titanic
157
Sydney tar ponds
Iron and steel on cape breton left waste in atr ponds that spilled everyhwhere and caused cancer. Spent 400 million cleaning it up from 98- 2012
158
Viking
First europeans in Newfoundland in 1000 AD
159
John Cabot
Italian explorer came into nfld 1947 looking for asia
160
1700s AC pop
British
acadian
Mikmaq
161
PEI joined in
| Nfld joined in
1873-- 7th
| 1949-- 10th
162
Intercolonial railway
Montreal to halifax lured Maritimes to join at confederation
163
National policy
Developed Ontario and Quebec as core. AC is periphery
164
Cape breton steel
Was basis of economy but after WW2 and railroads the demand dropped and it closed in 2001
165
Alberta commute
Fly to Fort Mc murray 20 days, 8 days home
166
Atlantic continental shelf
Extends 400 km offshore. Extended coastline with shallow water
167
Largest bank
Grand banks east of St johns
168
Georges bank
1977 government claimed control over coats for 200 nautical miles. Us did the same at it overlapped. 5/6 given to US but ours has scallops for NS
169
Fishing AC
Nfld-- relies on cod
| Maritime-- floundr, shrimp, crab,lobster, scallops
170
% value of lobster
60% of maritime fishery
171
Mismanagement of cod based on 3 factors
Cod stock estimates too high by DoFaO
Pressure for high quotas by Nfld politicians
Canada doesnt have outer grand banks --> 2 million tons of cod/year
172
Cod collapse
1992--> cod dont reproduce until age 7
173
Forestry AC
Mostly in NB for 300 years. 5 mills have closed since 2007
174
Hibernia oil project
Largest of 4 drilling operations in Nfld. Accounts for 12% of all oil production. Huge cost to build
175
Voiseys bay
Nickel mine in Nfld close to surface and short distance from ocean
176
Churchill Falls
2nd largest hydro plant in NA. Created the smallwood resevoir. Must be transmitted through QC to reach US. QC buys the power at 1969 prices until 2041
177
% of agricultural land in maritimes and nfld
5% maritimes
| 0.1% nfld
178
3 agricultural areas in AC
PEI potatoes
Saint john river valley dairy
Fruit in annapolis valley
179
Annapolis Valley
Nova scotia low lying area near Bay of Fundy and Minas basin. Fertile, well drained soil for ag
180
AC population growth
Well below average
8% decline in Nfld
0.5% decline NB
7% commute to alberta during oil booms--> 10,000
181
AC rural pop
46%
| Twice canada average of 20%
182
Newfoundland resettlement program
Federal and provincial gov moved tiny village residents to 77 growth centres --> 75% agreed
150 villages abandoned under this program
183
Confederation bridge
13 km long between PEI nd NB over North Cumberland Strait
184
5/ 33 CMAs in AC
```
Halifax
St johns
Saint John
Fredricton
Charlottetown
```
185
Capital of british colony of Nfld until 1949
St Johns
186
Largest region
Territorial north
187
North pop
High population growth from natives
188
4 physiographic regions of the north
shield
interior plains
cordillera
arctic archipelago
189
Territory vegetation
Tundra, moss and shrubs
190
Desert
Precipiation less than 250 mm a year
191
Arctic circle
66.5 degrees N. Above this there will be a day without sun and a day without dark
192
Inuit
Settle along coats and eat marine animals
193
Dene
Hutn acribou with bow and arrow in boreal forest and tundra of NWT
194
Frobisher
Found baffin island looking for asia in 1576. Murked inuits, Frobisher bay named iqualuit in 1987
195
Inuit trade
Whalers came to davis strait and baffin bay in 1800s, spent time on land in winters, traded weapons for meat
196
native resettlement
1960s gov moved them to settlements to protect them and to deliver services efficiently. Caused loss of culture and social issues. Main income is from government
197
arctic 50s
Cold war meant rsdar stations built at 70 degrees North to look for soviet bombers
198
why fight for arctic
Russia wants it
Gas beneath ocean floor
Commercial shipping route pending ice
199
Arctic cooperation agreement 1988
US ahs to ask before sailing, Canada has to say yes
200
Arctic waters pollution prevention act 1985
Right to control access to coats within 12 natutical miles by UN convention
201
% urban in territories
50% live in the capitals
202
Territory cities
```
Whitehorse
yellowknife
inuvik
iqualuit
hay river
```
203
primary sector jobs in territories vs canada
15% vs 4$
204
Territorial formula financing
Economy based on natural resources and federal transfer payments
205
Nunavut
Inukitut for our land. Made in 1999
206
Why dont fly in workers help territory economy
Spend wages at home
| Pay income tax to province
207
Mackenzie River Valley Pipeline project
Transport natural gas from northern alaska to mackenzie river valley proposed in 70s, rejected due to Dene land claims, environemtnal concerns and dropping gas prices. Being discussed again
208
Normal Well Oil Fields project 1985
From NWT to N alberta, Output is 2 million cubic meters annually. Climate change can melt permafrost
209
NWT diamonds project
14 days on, 14 off fly in rotation. Brings in 2.1 billion dollars a year. Canada is 3rd biggest diamond producer
