Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
4 countries prone to Regionalism
A
canada
russia
australia
china
2
Q
Region
A
Distinctive area with distinguishing human or natural characteristics. Boundaries are faultlines
3
Q
Uniform region
A
Named after a characteristic, where all locations in the region share it–> vegetation regions
4
Q
Functional region
A
interactions among different areas within the region–> core/periphery
5
Q
Cultural region
A
based on sense of belonging and historical experience
6
Q
Faultlines
A
Economic, social and political boundaries dividing regions and threatening unity
7
Q
4 faultlines
A
Centralist/decentralist
English/french
Indigenous/non-indigenous
New comers vs old timers
8
Q
% of Nunvut pop who are inuit
A
80%
9
Q
Sense of place
A
Bond between people and their location stemming from landscape, human activites and institutions. Evident in Atlantic canada
10
Q
6 regions of Canada
A
Territorial north BC Western Canada Ontario Quebec Atlantic canada
11
Q
% of population that is lives in Ontario and Quebec
A
62% combine
12
Q
Heartland/Hinterland
A
Capitalist economics result in regionally uneven development . Industrial heartland dominates the periphery
13
Q
Upwards and downwards transitional regions
A
Upwards: BC and prairies
Downwards: atlantic canada
14
Q
Core
A
Recieve raw materials from periphery for manufacturing. Densely populated, diverse economy
15
Q
Periphery
A
Purchase finished goods from core in a resource based economy. Sparsely populated, higher unemployment and lower income
16
Q
Regional Exploitation theory
A
Wealthy core exploits the natural wealth of periphery leaving it impoversihed
17
Q
Modernization theory
A
Core invests in periphery and helps it to develop. Canada
18
Q
Sub-cores
A
Clusters of people in the periphery. Calgary/Edmonton, Vancouver/Victoria, Halifax
19
Q
Staple
A
natural resources than be exploited quickly and cheaply. East to West progression of staples from the original settlements in Atlantic Canada. Farming went from ontario
20
Q
3 types of economic linkages for growth
A
Backward: supplies for staple industry
Forward: Local processing before export
Final Demand: Services for needs of workers and family
21
Q
National Policy 1879
A
Created Canada wide market for Canadian goods throguh tariffs and restricted trade on foreign goods. Encourage core growth and location but negatively impacted the west who bought expensive Can goods, sold cheap Us staples
22
Q
Canada-US free trade agreement 1988
A
Help peripheries by providing cheaper products and a larger market for staple products. Companies made one plant in a country
23
Q
Global core/periphery
A
Core–> north america and europe
Semi-perihery in Asia
24
Q
5 elements of physical geography
A
Geology (rock type) Physiography (land surface) Climate Vegetation Soil
25
Igenous rock
Molten rock merges on surface and cools. Hard, resists erosion and contains minerals
26
Sedimentary rock
Layered rock composed of materials effected by weathering. Flat, horizontal no minerals
27
Erosion
Movement of weathered rock material
28
Metamorphic
Pre exisitng rocks change by heat and pressure, contain minerals--> limestone to marble
29
Canadian Shield
Igenous rock from NWT, prairies, Quebec and labrador
30
Platform rock
Sedimentary rock containing oil and natural gas, underlies interior plains
31
Folded mountains
Tectonic plate movement causes sedimnetary rock to change to metamorphic
32
3 mountain areas
Appalachian--> oldest, vegetation
Innutian
Cordillera--> youngest
33
7 physiographic regions
```
Canadian shield
Cordillera
Interior plains
Hudson bay lowlands
Arctic Archipelago
Appalachian uplands
Great lakes/St. lawrence
```
34
Cordillera
Mountains, plateaus and valleys. Plates collide east/west, mountains run north/south
35
Interior plains
Once a shallow inland sea, now sedimentary rock in deep,wide river valleys
36
Hudson bay lowlands
Many bogs, permafrost and muskeg: poorly drained soil
37
Arctic archipelago
Coastal plains, plateaus, mountains in the Arctic circle
38
Appalachian uplands
Rugged, rocky land in NFLD, rounded mountains of new brunswick
39
Pleistocene glaciation
All of Canada excpet yukon under an ice sheet 18k years ago--> coldest time before ice melt. 3km thick ice created hudson bay
40
Arete
Jagged mountainside between 2 glaciers
41
Cirque
Half circle glacier on a mountainside
42
2 types of glaciers
Continental (only greenland and antarctica)
| Alpine
43
When were the greta lakes formed
10-13k years ago when ice retreated
44
Lake Agassiz
Large lake that used to cover maitoba and northern ontario from melting ice sheets
45
2 major components of climate
Temp
| Precipitation
46
7 climactic controls in order of importance
```
Lattitude
Altitude
Proximity to water
Ocean currents
Variations in topography --> cold air sinks in valleys
Prevailing wind--> chinook wind
Pressure systems
```
47
7 climatic zones
```
Pacific
Cordillera
Prairies
Great lakes/st lawrence
Atlanti
Subarctic
Arctic
```
48
5 vegetation regions dictated by temp
```
tundra
boreal barrens
boreal forest
mixed forest
deciduous forest
```
49
Growing season
Number of days between last frost of spring and first frost of fall. 180 in london, 200 in victoria. 6 is hardiness zone for soy and corn
50
Orographic precipitation
Air rises over mountians, forms clouds at the top so the region on the other side is more dry
51
Convective precipitation
thunderstorms caused by rising hot air off the ground and cold fronts from the lake. Prairies and great lakes in the summer
52
Desert
Less than 250mm of annual precipitation --> yukon
53
3 major vegetation types
Forest
grassland
tundra
54
Xerophyte
Plant that has adapted to low amounts of water. Grasslands
55
Tundra
small plants survive in harsh climates. Reproduce by runners. Arctic and alpine. Waxy leaves and shallow roots
56
Krumholz
plant grows sideways due to harsh winds
57
5 permafrost zones
```
Continuous--> 80% permanently frozen
Discontinuous--> in northern aspects
Sporadic--> 0-30% frozen
Alpine
Free
```
58
Permafrost
Forms where annual mean soil temp is below 0. Follows treeline
59
Alpine treeline
```
ice
tundra
needle leaf forest
deciduous
tropical rain forest
```
60
Talik
permafrost free zone below a lake
61
5 soil types
```
Cryosolic
podzolic
luvisolic
chernozemic
mountain complex
```
62
Cryosolic
North of tree line in arctic archipelago and hudosn bay. Continuous permafrost common
63
Podzolic
Cool, moist climates like the Canadain shield, light grey in colour associated with coniferous vegetation
64
Leaching
Mositure easily percolates down soil--> podzolic and chernozemic
65
Luvisolic
Humid continental climates like southern ont. High organic content due to deciduous forest
66
Chernozemic
dry climates in grasslands. Dark soil with high organic content. As you go east rain increases, grass gets bigger and ph drops
67
Pallisers Triangle
Semi-arid area in Western prairies unsuitable for farming
68
Drainage basin
Area of land surrounding river or lake. Input is precipitation, output is rivers and evaporation
69
Divide
High ridge boundary of a drainage basin. Pacific, arctic, gulf of mexico, hudson bay, atlantic
70
Columbia ice sheet
Last remaining ice sheet in Southern Canada . Straddles continetal divide in jasper, has 8 alpine glaciers
71
Athabasca glacier
Alpine glacier on columbia icefield retreats 2-3m/year
72
3 influential historical events
Arrival of first people
British and french colonization
Arrival of third people
73
First people
Crossed Bering land bridge 40k years ago. Travelled the ice-free corridor at the Rocky foothills
74
Tribes
Trade between tribes began 10k years ago when revised diet allowed them to remain in one place
75
Laurentide ice sheet
Began retreating from nunavut 5k years ago
76
Thule people
Ancestors of inuit settled in area 1000 years ago
77
First contact with europeans
1400s-1600s. 500k natives dropped by 80% from disease
78
Terra Nullius
Thought north america was empty land
79
Second people
French and british decent
80
New France
French settled uebec in 1608. Population was 60k before British came in 1700s
81
Battle of Plains of Abraham
British conquest of new france in 1759. British began to immigrate in
82
British immigration waves
First--> British loyalists in 1775-83 from the US
| Second--> 1 million people came. deteriorated english economy
83
Canada 1867 population
3 million
75% in great lakes and 20% in atlantic canada
60% spoke english
84
4 colonies united in 1867
```
Upper canada--> ontario
Lower canada--> quebec
New brunswick
Nova Scotia
-- withstand annexing by US
```
85
Third people of Canada
government encouraged mass immigration to Ruperts land from eastern europe and scandanavia (1895-1915
86
Ruperts Land
1870 gov obtained it from HBC to diminish threat of US settlers
87
Clifford Sifton
Minister of the interior settled the prairies and ruperts land. Planned a railroad for grain freight
88
July 15, 1870
Ruperts land named NWT
| Manitoba joined
89
Years the provinces joined
```
1867--> Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New brunswick
1870--> NWT, Manitoba
1871: BC
1873: PEI
1898: Yukon
1905: ALberta and Sask.
1949: NFLD
1998: Nunavut
```
90
Quebec vs NFLD
Fought over labrador. Settled by english court in 1927. Everything that drained into Atlantic was given to NFLD
91
Centralist
Want power, strength and control to stay with federal government
92
Road to resources
Government build railroad to terriories in the 50s
93
House of Commons
338 seats for each riding, represnts 105,000 people. Ontario has 106 and Quebec has 75
94
2 rules for house of commons
Each province has as many MPs as senators--> PEI has 4
| Each will have as many MPs as it did in 1976-- quebec
95
oil in the 70s
Price got high. Gov and provinces agreed to match world oil price. Big $ for alberta
96
National Energy Program 1980-84
Ottawa refused to match oil price. Liberal gov made program to bring low oil costs to core and increase federal share of oil revenue though it is a provincial power. Now they hate liberals
97
Equalization Payments
Sharing of federal tax revenue among provinces to ensure a standard of living. Given to those with low fiscal capacity
98
Haves and Have nots
Haves--> BC, AL, SASK, NFLD
| Nots--> ON, QB, MB, NS, NB, PEI, territories
99
Residential school years
1892-1996
100
3 federal policies to resolve native issues
Settle outstanding land claims
Recognize right to self-govenrment
Aceept concerns of indians, metis and inuit are different
101
Status Indian
Registred as an Indian under Indian Act of 1985. Entitled to rights
102
Treaty Indian
Member of a band who has signed a treaty
103
Red River Rebellion 1869
Fight between Louis Riel and Ottawa when Western land surveyor ignored Metis landholdings . Took over HBC and negotiated with gov
104
Metis demands in Manitoba union
Use of french and english in provincial gov
| Dual system of protestant and catholic schools
105
Northwest rebellion 1885
Sask metis were threatened by advancing settlers. Ottawa ignored Riel. Ambush where 12 mounted police and 6 metis died
106
Doukhobors
Communalists who avoided government, came to Canada to avoid persecution for avoiding army in Russia
107
Dominion lands act 1905
Frank oliver enforced it and cancelled doukobors land rights
108
Treaty of Parisin 1763
France ceded new France to Britain and put the french under the british monarchy
109
Quebec Act 1774
Gave french canadians right to Seigneurial landholding
| Guarantee religious freeedom and right to teach in french
110
British loyalists
40k moved in after US revolution. led to increased english pop in ontario. Led to constituitonal act
111
Constitutional Act 1791
Divided british colony of Quebec into provinces of upper and lower canada seperated by the ottawa river . Rebellions broke out from french
112
Act of Union 1841
Britain sent lord durham to handle french/english issues. Suggested a united province of Canada where french was minority. Manitoba ends catholic school funcding. French aint happy
113
Quiet Revolution
1960s rebirth of Quebec nationalism . Hydro-Quebec formed
114
Nation
Distinct cultural group. 2006 Quebec was named a nation
115
Seperatism referendum
1960--> 60% said no
| 1995--> 49.5% said no
116
% of countries with a higher op than Canada
20%
117
curent pop trneds
Rate of natural increase is declining
Aging population
High native birth rates
High growth occuring in Ontario,BC, Alberta and Sask
118
population density
Number of people divided by land area
119
Canada and ontario pop density
Canada is 3.7
| Ontario is 14.1
120
Physiological density
Amount of arable land
121
Pop distribution
Dispersal of people within an area. Very unevven
122
% of pop that lives 100km from US
75%
123
Ecumene
Inhabited part of an area
124
Urban area
Population of at least 1000 pop and 400 people/km2
125
% of pop that is urban
82%-- caused by auto industry in the 20s
| - least urbanized is atlantic canada
126
6 urban centres in order
```
Toronto
Montreal
Vancouver
Ottawa
Calgary
Edmonton
```
127
Census metropolitan area
Urban core combined with adjacent subburbs that have a high degree of interaction. Urban core must have 100k. 33 in Canada, 15 are in Ontario
128
2006-2011 CMAs with highest growth
Calagary
Edmonton
Saskatoon
129
Densely populated zone
Great lakes/st lawrence. Toronto, Montreal, hamilton, kitchener, quebec city--> core
130
Moderate population zone
Extends coast to coats at lattitude 49/50. Slow but uneven growth in Vancouver, Calgary, edmonton, halifax
131
Sparse population zone
Boreal forest over mid section of country. Fewer than `% of pop. Whitehorese, yellowknife, Fort Mcmurray
132
Isolated settlements zone
Fewer than 0.1% of pop. Labrador city, Iqauliuit, Inuvik
133
Crude birth rate
Number of births per 1000 in a given year
134
Rate of natural increase
Difference between crude birth and death rate. Usually positive
135
Net migration
Difference between in and out
136
3 reasons for falling of rate of natural increase
More people in cities
More women in workforce
Acceptance of family planning
137
Height of the birth rate
1961
138
Replacement fertility rate
Level of fertility at which women have enough daughters to replace themselves--> 2.1 daughters/births. Canadas is 1.6
139
Demographic transition theory
Shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels occuring in 5 steps from pre-industrial tl industrial
140
5 steps of demographic transition theory
Late pre-industrial: High birth and death rates, stable
Early industrial: Death rates fall but high births. Increase
Late industrial: Falling birth rate. High but declining incr,
Early post-industrial: Low birth and death with no increas
Late post-industrial: Birth rates fall below detah. Decreas
141
Age-dependancy ratio
ratio of dependant age groups to productive age groups . 1961: 70 dependants/100 working age
Now it is 46/100
142
Old-age dependancy ratio
Ratio of those over 54 to the productive age group
143
OADR 1961 to now
1961: 14 elederly/ 100 workign age
1991: 18/100
now it is 22/100
144
Common immigrant location
1800s-- britain
1840-- ireland
1900s-- eastern europe
1960s asia
145
% of immigrants from asia or middle east
60%
146
% of Canadians born outside the country
24%
147
% of pop growth from immigration
70%
148
2030
Annual deaths are expected ti outnumber births in canada
149
Allophone
Mother tongue is not english, french or indigenous. 20% of canada
150
2 native languages experiencign growth
Cree
| Inuktitut
151
% of christian pop in 60s and now
89% in 1961, now it is 67%
152
Big religions
```
Catholic
Protestant
Non-religious
Islam
Hindu
```
153
Hutterites
Pacificts came in 1918 to avoid US army service. 30k in manitoba today
154
Multiculturalism
Official policy of federal gov since 1971
155
Ethnocentricity
Belief that one group is superior
156
Which province is in an economic boom
Sask. Strong resource base of potash and oil. Construction and knowledge based industry
157
% of immigrants swttling in Toronto, montreal or vancouver
70%
158
Indigenous birth rates`
6x higher than the rest of canada, in phase 3. Most in western cities
159
Indigenous population
4% of pop.
62% first nations
34% metis
4% inuit
160
native growth phases
Pre contact--> Pop size varied with food and weather 100k people
Early contact--> 1500s. Exposure to disease
Late contact (40s) high birth and death rates
Post contact--> high fertility, low mortality
1.8 million
161
Primary , secondary, teritary, quternanry
Primary: Extraction of natural resources
Secondary: Process raw materials
Tertiary: Sale of goods and services
Quaternary: Knowledge based
162
Knowledge based economy
Large proportion of highly educated citizens, highly urbanized pop
