Final

Question 1

<p>2 neural structures the central nervous system (CNS) consists of</p>

Answer 1

<p>Brain

| Spinal cord</p>

Question 2

<p>4 neural structures the peripheral nervous system (PNS) made up of</p>

Answer 2

<p>12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Autonomic nerves
Ganglia</p>

Question 3

<p>2 neurons the PNS consists ofA</p>

Answer 3

<p>Afferent neurons

| Efferent neurons</p>

Question 4

<p>Neurons that conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the CNS</p>

Answer 4

<p>Afferent (sensory) neurons</p>

Question 5

<p>Neurons that conduct impulses away from the CNS to the peripheral effectors</p>

Answer 5

<p>Efferent (motor) neurons</p>

Question 6

<p>Supplies the striated skeletal muscles</p>

Answer 6

<p>Somatic nervous system (SNS)</p>

Question 7

<p>Supplies smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular epithelial tissue</p>

Answer 7

<p>Autonomic nervous system (ANS)</p>

Question 8

<p>Basic unit of the nervous system

| Consists of a cell body and two types of long, threadlike extensions</p>

Answer 8

<p>Neuron

| Nerve cell</p>

Question 9

<p>Fatty covering that insulate the axons and increase the rate of transmission of nervous impulses</p>

Answer 9

<p>Myelin sheath</p>

Question 10

<p>The impulse conduction route to and from the CNS in involuntary reactions
Basic ones consists of an afferent/sensory neuron, which conducts impulses to the CNS from the periphery; an an efferent/motor neuron which conducts impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors (muscles or glandular tissue)</p>

Answer 10

<p>Reflex arc</p>

Question 11

<p>Junction where impulses pass from one neuron to another
Transmission here is a chemical reaction in which the termini of the axon release a neurotransmitter substance that produces an electrical impulse in the dendrites of the next axon; once the neurotransmitter has accomplished its task, its activity rapidly terminates so that subsequent impulses pass along this same route</p>

Answer 11

<p>Synapse</p>

Question 12

<p>Largest part of the brain that consists of two cerebral hemispheres</p>

Answer 12

<p>Cerebrum</p>

Question 13

<p>Outer portion of the cerebrum consists of a thin layer of gray matter where the nerve cell bodies are concentrated
Responsible for receiving sensory information from all parts of the body and for triggering impulses that govern all motor activity
Just posterior to the central sulcus, there are specialized areas to receive and precisely localize sensory information from the PNS</p>

Answer 13

<p>Cerebral cortex</p>

Question 14

<p>Mass of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
These extensive bundles of nerve fibers lie in the midline just above the roofs of the lateral ventricles</p>

Answer 14

<p>Corpus callosum</p>

Question 15

<p>A few gray islands of gray matter deep within the white matter
Help control position and automatic movements and consist of the caudate nuclei, the globus pallidus, and the putamen</p>

Answer 15

<p>Basal ganglia</p>

Question 16

<p>3 parts of the brainstem (from top down) between the cerebrum and spinal cord</p>

Answer 16

<p>Midbrain
Pons
Medulla</p>

Question 17

<p>Performs sensory, motor, and reflex functions, and contains the nuclei of the 12 cranial nerves and the vital centers controlling cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory function</p>

Answer 17

<p>Brainstem</p>

Question 18

<p>Responsible for such nonvital reflexes as vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, and swallowing</p>

Answer 18

<p>Medulla</p>

Question 19

<p>Second largest part of the brain located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum that is composes of two large lateral masses: the hemispheres and a central section (vermis)
Acts with the cerebral cortex to produce skilled movements by coordinating the activities of groups of muscles
Coordinates skeletal muscles used in maintaining equilibrium and posture by functioning below the level of consciousness to make movements smooth rather than jerky, steady rather than trembling, and efficient and coordinated rather than ineffective and awkward</p>

Answer 19

<p>Cerebellum</p>

Question 20

<p>Lies between the cerebrum and midbrain and consists of several structures located around the third ventricle, primarily the thalamus and hypothalamus</p>

Answer 20

<p>Diencephalon</p>

Question 21

<p>Primarily functions as a relay station that receives and processes sensory info of almost all kinds of sensory impulses before sending this info to the cerebral cortex</p>

Answer 21

<p>Thalamus</p>

Question 22

<p>Extremely complex, tiny structure that functions as a link between the mind and body and is the site of "pleasure" or "rewards" centers for such primary drives as eating, drinking, and mating
Plays a major role in regulating the body’s internal environment by coordinating the activities of the ANS and secreting the releasing hormones that control the secretion of hormones by the anterior and posterior portions of the pituitary gland
Also important in helping to maintain a normal body temperature and in keeping the individual in a waking state</p>

Answer 22

<p>Hypothalamus</p>

Question 23

<p>Lies within the vertebral column and extends from its junction with the brainstem at the foramen magnum to approximately the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra; consists of an inner core of gray matter surrounded by white matter tracts
Its basic function is to conduct impulses up the cord to the brain (ascending tracts) and down the cord from the brain to spinal nerves (descending tracts); also serves as the center for spinal reflexes and involuntary responses (ex: knee jerk/patellar reflex)</p>

Answer 23

<p>Spinal cord</p>

Question 24

<p>The inner coverings of brain and spinal cord</p>

Answer 24

<p>Meninges</p>

Question 25

3 layers of the meninges

Answer 25

Dura mater Arachnoid membrane Pia mater

Question 26

Transparent innermost layer adhering to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 26

Pia mater

Question 27

Tough outermost covering of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 27

Dura mater

Question 28

Delicate, cobweb-like membrane between the pia and dura mater

Answer 28

Arachnoid membrane

Question 29

Adrenaline

Answer 29

Epinephrine

Question 30

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine; these fight-or-flight hormones are secreted in stress situations when additional energy and strength are needed

Answer 30

Adrenal medulla

Question 31

Autoimmune disease that results from a reaction of the patient’s antibodies against antigens from a previous streptococcal infection Damages the heart valves; usually the mitral and aortic valves Damaged valves are either stenotic (open too narrowly) or insufficient (do not close completely) Doppler echocardiography Major cause of acquired valvular disease

Answer 31

Rheumatic fever/heart disease

Question 32

Dilated, elongated, and tortuous vessels that most commonly involve the superficial veins of the leg just under the skin; venography

Answer 32

Varicose veins

Question 33

Most common congenital cardiac lesions Permit mixing of blood in the systemic and pulmonary circulations. Lungs become overloaded with blood because blood is preferentially shunted from the high-pressure systemic circulation to the relatively low-pressure pulmonary circulation Defect size and pressure differences control magnitude of shunt Always looking at aorta Imaging: doppler echocardiography (US) and MRI/A

Answer 33

Left-to-right shunts

Question 34

Ventricular septal defects and the overriding of the aorta produce shunting of unoxygenated venous blood into the left ventricle and then into the systemic circulation, thus increasing the degree of cyanosis; echocardiography

Answer 34

Right-to-left shunting

Question 35

3 types of left-to-right shunts

Answer 35

Atrial septal defect (most common) Ventricular septal defect Patent ductus arteriosus (remnant of fetal circulation)

Question 36

Leading cause of strokes and CHF Elevation of the systolic pressure above 140 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) [140/90] Arteriography

Answer 36

Hypertension

Question 37

Both kidneys are malrotated, and fused at the lower poles (joined by a band of normal renal parenchyma [isthmus] or connective tissue) The most common fusion anomaly

Answer 37

Horseshoe fusion

Question 38

Most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy and childhood Arises from embryonic renal tissue, may be bilateral Tends to become very large and appear as a palpable mass US

Answer 38

Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma)

Question 39

An inflammation of the urinary bladder Most common nosocomial infection Most common in women due to a shorter urethra Symptoms: urinary frequency, urgency, and burning sensation

Answer 39

Cystitis

Question 40

Functional unit of the kidney; each kidney contains more than a million

Answer 40

Nephrons

Question 41

The inflammation of the appendix Causes: obstruction of fluid flow by fecalith or scarring Complications: gangrene, abscess, or perforation More common in children Develops when the neck of the appendix becomes blocked Gold standard: CT

Answer 41

Appendicitis

Question 42

Green pear-shaped sac that lies on the undersurface of the liver; function is to store bile

Answer 42

Gallbladder

Question 43

Protrusion of a portion of the stomach into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm Commonly causes GERD Degree of herniation varies widely Most common abnormality (50% of population) detected on upper GI Range from large esophagogastric hernias to small hernias that emerge above the diaphragm Prominent air fluid levels can be seen on chest x-rays

Answer 43

Hiatal hernia

Question 44

The telescoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another because of peristalsis It forces the proximal segment of bowel to move distally within the outer portion A major cause of obstruction in children

Answer 44

Intussusception

Question 45

The mechanical breakdown of food | Digestion begins in the mouth

Answer 45

Mastication/chewing

Question 46

Fracture of C2 arch with subluxation of C2–C3 | Patients who had been hanged

Answer 46

Hangman's fracture

Question 47

Transverse fracture through the distal radius with dorsal (posterior) angulation Common for ulnar styloid to fracture, too Usually caused by a fall on the outstretched hand; most common fracture in wrist

Answer 47

Colles' fracture

Question 48

A primary malignant tumor arising in the bone marrow of long bones Occurs in children and young adults and is rare over age 30 Destructive (takes away calcium) to whole area of bone Major clinical complaint is local pain Imaging appearance: medullary destruction with "onionskin" periosteal reaction

Answer 48

Ewing's sarcoma

Question 49

A disorder in the metabolism of purine (a component of nucleic acids) Increases uric acid in the blood, which leads to the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints, cartilage, and kidney Manifests as very painful arthritis that initially attacks a single joint, primarily the first metatarsophalangeal joint Additive and destructive "Rate bite" erosions If you have a mass forming, calcium will get into it and show up on x-rays Location: 1st MTP joint but may attack any joint Imaging appearance: joint inflammation (effusion) and destruction and/or uric crystals (tophi) in joint space

Answer 49

Gout

Question 50

Most common form of dwarfism Results from diminished proliferation of cartilage in the growth plate (decreased enchondral bone formation) Autosomal dominant condition Characterized by short limbs with a normal axial skeleton Thick bones Location: vertebrae (short stature), long bones Imaging appearance: progressive interpedicular distance from superior to inferior, and scalloping of posterior vertebral bodies; widened metaphysis (Erlenmeyer flask deformity)

Answer 50

Achondroplasia

Question 51

Crippling and debilitating condition in which obstructive and destructive changes in small airways (the acini or terminal bronchioles) lead to a dramatic increase in the volume of air in the lungs Black lungs and domes of diaphragm look flat Destructive disease, more air Located in the destroyed alveolar septa Appears on images as pulmonary hyperinflation, bulla formation, flattened diaphragm, or radiolucent retrosternal space

Answer 51

Emphysema

Question 52

Develop from hematogenous or lymphatic spread Most commonly from musculoskeletal sarcomas, myeloma, and carcinomas of the breast, urogenital tract, thyroid, and colon Carcinomas of the breast, esophagus, or stomach may spread to lungs via direct extension due to anatomic proximity Located throughout the lungs Appear on images as multiple nodules with sharp margins, miliary/snowstorm nodules, solitary nodule, or coarsened interstitial markings

Answer 52

Pulmonary metastatic disease

Question 53

A necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing purulent material Aspiration is most common cause; may also be a complication, bronchial obstruction, a foreign body, or the hematogenous spread of organisms to the lungs either in a patient with diffuse bacteremia or as a result of septic emboli Additive Most common in right lung because the right main bronchus is more vertical and larger in diameter Appears on images as an encapsulated opaque mass with air-fluid level

Answer 53

Lung abscess

Question 54

What is the correct placement of an endotracheal tube?

Answer 54

Tip of tube 5-7 cm above the carina

Question 55

A condition in which there is diminished air within the lung associated with reduced lung volume Caused by bronchial obstruction, which may be due to: neoplasm, foreign body, or mucous plug Important iatrogenic cause: improper placement of an endotracheal tube below the level of the tracheal bifurcation Located as an obstruction of segment/lobe or lung collapse Appears on images as local increased density; platelike streaks

Answer 55

Atelectasis

Question 56

A rare accumulation of infected liquid or frank pus in the pleural space Usually caused by the spread of an adjacent infection (e.g., bacterial pneumonia, subdiaphragmatic abscess, lung abscess, and esophageal perforation); may occur after thoracic surgery, trauma, or instrumentation of the pleural space Additive because any kind of fluid is harder to penetrate through Appears on images as a lesion - loculated fluid; possible air-fluid level

Answer 56

Empyema

Question 57

Includes several conditions in which chronic obstruction of the airways leads to an ineffective exchange of respiratory gases and makes breathing difficult (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma) Destructive Caused by: smoking, pollution, exposure to harmful substances, deficiency of Alpha 1 Atritrypsin enzyme No cure; most die from congestive heart failure, pneumonia, flu, or asthma attacks

Answer 57

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 58

Tumor of muscle

Answer 58

Myoma

Question 59

Any new and abnormal growth, especially when the growth is uncontrolled and progressive

Answer 59

Neoplasm