Final

Question 1

uses x-rays to present image slices

Answer 1

CT

Question 2

calculates x-rays ability to pass through or be weakened by tissues

Answer 2

attenuation coefficients

Question 3

advantage of CT

Answer 3

3-D imaging

Question 4

each image square

Answer 4

pixel

Question 5

elongated block of tissue

Answer 5

voxel

Question 6

CT thickness determined by..

Answer 6

computer programming

Question 7

pioneer of CT imaging

Answer 7

Godfrey Hounsfield, 1979

Question 8

what determines Hounsfield units (HU)?

Answer 8

x-ray attenuation coefficient

Question 9

imaging of choice for head trauma and cerebrovascular events

Answer 9

Head CT axial slices

Question 10

lymphoma and head/neck neoplasms

Answer 10

Neck CT + C

Question 11

most helpful for coronal and sagittal planes

Answer 11

MRI

Question 12

fat looks bright

Answer 12

T1 MRI

Question 13

water looks bright

Answer 13

T2 MRI

Question 14

for visualizing normal anatomy

Answer 14

T1

Question 15

used to detect disease process

Answer 15

T2

Question 16

allows spatial encoding of the MRI signal and is critical for a wide range of “physiologic” techniques

Answer 16

gradients

Question 17

receive and transmit signal

Answer 17

patient coils

Question 18

“atenna” of MRI system

Answer 18

radiofrequency (RF) coils

Question 19

MRI study is susceptible to

Answer 19

motion artefacts

Question 20

Dx infections, tumors, vascular pathology

Answer 20

intravenous contrast administration

Question 21

Dx of internal joint derangement

Answer 21

MR arthrography

Question 22

detect thromboembolic disease

Answer 22

MRA and CTA

Question 23

uses gadolinium enhanced contrast medium

Answer 23

MRI (T1)

Question 24

uses iodinated contrast medium and greater x-ray absorption

Answer 24

CT

Question 25

may cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)

Answer 25

gadolinium

Question 26

gradual fibrosis of skin/internal organ

Answer 26

NSF

Question 27

uses FDG to find malignancies

Answer 27

positron emission tomograhy (PET)

Question 28

electrical energy converted to burst of high frequency sounds waves (1-10) which are reflected by tissues

Answer 28

ultrasonogrophy (US)

Question 29

uses Tc99-methylene diphosphate as active agent

Answer 29

radionuclide bone scan

Question 30

3 phases of bone scans?

Answer 30

1. inflow (2-5 s) 2. tissue pool (5-15 min) 3. delayed (2-4 hours)

Question 31

evaluates mineral bone density

Answer 31

DEXA

Question 32

how to maximize patient protection

Answer 32

- minimize time - maximize distance - shielding - tuble filtration - collimate - patient cooporation

Question 33

ALARA

Answer 33

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

Question 34

what view for thoracic/pelvis for pediatrics to minimize radiation?

Answer 34

P to A

Question 35

rate of maturation/differ and metabolism --> cell radiosensitivity

Answer 35

1906 Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

Question 36

amount of erergy absorbed per unit mass

Answer 36

Rad

Question 37

rate for energy transfer from ionizing to soft tissues

Answer 37

linear energy transfer (LET)

Question 38

different amount of potential bio effect for radiation sources

Answer 38

radiation weighting factor

Question 39

most sensitive age

Answer 39

3-7 FETAL weeks old

Question 40

halogenated pyrimidines, Vit K, methotrexate

Answer 40

radiosensitizers

Question 41

sulfhydrils (cysteine)

Answer 41

radioprotectors

Question 42

principle effects of ionizing radiation on living cells

Answer 42

radiolysis: irradiation of H2O --> free radicals

Question 43

most cell have overabundance of molecules

Answer 43

target theory

Question 44

DNA as direct target for x-rays

Answer 44

direct effect

Question 45

x-rays hit H2O --> ion radical --> DNA

Answer 45

indirect effect

Question 46

radiation induced cancer, leukemia, and genetic mutations are examples of?

Answer 46

non-threshold linear response | "no photon is safe"

Question 47

for making safety guidelines in radiography what is used?

Answer 47

linear non-threshold response

Question 48

leads to cell killing

Answer 48

deterministic effect

Question 49

expressed by cangerogenesis, mutations, hereditary chcanges and latent cancer

Answer 49

stoachastic effect (non-threshold effect)

Question 50

period of organogenesis

Answer 50

3-7 fetal weeks

Question 51

measures radiation exposure/intensity in air

Answer 51

roentgen

Question 52

measures how much energy is absorbed per unit mass

Answer 52

Rad

Question 53

human lethal Rad dose

Answer 53

350

Question 54

1 grey =

Answer 54

100 Rads

Question 55

unit of radiation exposure measuring potential bio effects

Answer 55

Rem

Question 56

most radiography stuff

Answer 56

.5 mSv/yr or less

Question 57

1 sievert (Sv) =

Answer 57

100 Rem

Question 58

theory based on experimental animals who received low radiation dose express better survival ability

Answer 58

hormesis