Final Flashcards
1
Q
Social class is based on: A. income, education and occupational prestige B. Birth C. Marriage D. Religion
A
A. Income, education and occupational prestige
2
Q
A/an \_\_\_\_\_ is a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life. A. Achieved status B. Ascribed status C. Social class D. Status set
A
B. Ascribed status
3
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_Refers to learning new norms, values, attitudes and behaviors to match a new situation in life. A. Conflicting socialization B. Pseudo-socialization C. Anticipatory socialization D. Resocialization
A
D. Resocialization
4
Q
Adolescence is a(n) A. natural age division B. Ancient invention C. Social invention D. obsolete age distinction
A
C. Social invention
5
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the level of analysis that socialogists use to focus on the broad features of society. A. Interactional sociology B. Macroscoiology C. Chaos theory D. Microsociology
A
B. Macrosociology
6
Q
In \_\_\_\_\_, the focus is on social interaction.. A. Microsociology B. Behavioral sociology C. Macrosociology D. Order theory
A
A. Microsociology
7
Q
A basic need addressed by \_\_\_\_ is to regulate reproduction. A. Medicine B. the family C. the economy D. education
A
B. The family
8
Q
\_\_\_\_\_ lays out what is expected of people. A. Roles B. Sociology C. Parts D. Master Status
A
A. Roles
9
Q
\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the standard or usual ways that a society meets its basic needs. A. religion B. social institutions C. status D. social class
A
B. social institutions
10
Q
For Durkheim, \_\_\_\_ referred to the way that people who perform similar tasks develop a shared viewing of life. A. mechanical solidarity C. impromtu solidarity C. organic solidarity D. social class
A
A. mechanical solidarity
11
Q
\_\_\_\_\_ is are the primary focus of microsociologists. A. hidden meanings and innuendo B. the broader features of society C. face to face interaction D. the demise of society as we know it.
A
C. face to face interaction
12
Q
\_\_\_\_ is the violation of norms. A. Negative sanction B. deviance C. social control D. Sigma
A
B Deviance
13
Q
Street crime refers to acts such as A. embesslement B. identity theft C. mugging, rape and robbery D. a corporation hiding large sums of money to acid paying taxes.
A
C. mugging, rape, and robbery
14
Q
A ____ is commited by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations.
A. street crime
B. white collar crime
C. victimless crime
D. crime that results in society’s most severe punishments
A
A. white collar crime
15
Q
In what is known as a \_\_\_\_\_, people experience intimate, long term face to face association and cooperation. A. secondary group B. category C. primary group D. tertiary group
A
C. primary group
16
Q
Secondary groups differ from primary groups in that secondary group s are A. not as important B. rare in contmporary society C. extremely informal D. larger and more anonymous
A
D. larger and more anonymous
17
Q
A(n) \_\_\_\_\_ has standards that we refer to as we evaluate ourselves. A. in group B. out group C. reference group D. aggregate
A
C. reference group
18
Q
The \_\_\_ of society refers to the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation. A. alientation B. Goal Displacement C. McDonaldsization D. Beauracracy
A
C. McDonaldization
19
Q
Marx used the term \_\_\_\_ to refer to workers lack of connection to the product of their labor. A. powerlessness B. alienation C. goal displacement D. McDonalization
A
B. Alienation
20
Q
\_\_\_\_\_ violates rules that are written into law. A. Crime B. Deviance C. Personality disorders D. Social order
A
A. Crime
21
Q
\_\_\_\_\_ states that the labels people are given affect their own and others perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformality A. Deviance theory B. control theory C. labeling theory D. neutralization . :
A
C. labeling theory
22
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_ may force a group to rethink its moral boundaries, helping the group to adapt to changing circumstances. A. Deviance B. straing theory C. white collar crime D. social disintergration
A
A. Deviance
23
Q
Sociologist Robert Merton developed A. deviance theory B. a defense of white collar crime C. strain theory D. modern sociology
A
C. strain theory
24
Q
Conflict theorists view the criminal justice system as
A. operating impartially to bring justice to all
B. A tool designed by the powerful to maintain their power and privilege
C. focusing on punishment of the powerful
D. an honest endeavor by society to settle disputes equitabaly.
A
B. A tool designed by the powerful to maintain their power and privilege.
25
```
The term coined by Charles Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing other's reactions to us is known as _____.
A. looking glass self
B. a stitch in time
C. significant other
D. precocius child
```
A. looking glass self
26
```
The unique human capacity to see ourselves "from the outside" the views we internalize of how we think others see us is known as _____.
A.The significant other
B. the self
C. the generalized other
D. the id
```
B. the self
27
```
The term generalized other refers to
A. our ideal of a person
B. our perception of how people in general think of us
C. role models
D. the certainty that no one likes us
```
B. your perception of how people in general think of us
28
```
Learning the gender map, the paths in life set out for us because we are male or female, is known as
A. socialization out of gender
B. gender socialization
C. the preconcentional stage
D. cultural imposition
```
B. gender socialization
29
```
Individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests and orientations make up a
A. peer group
B. society
C. gender
D. transgendered group
```
A. peer group
30
```
Individuals and groups that influence our orientations to life are called
A. the looking glass self
B. agents of socialization
C. the ego
D. nature
```
B agents of socialization
31
```
The manifest function of formal education refers to
A. education's unintended consequences
B. the hidden curriculum
C. the corridor curriculum
D. education's intended purpose
```
D. education's intended purpose
32
```
An example of a total institution is a
A. School
B. family
C. law firm
D. prison
```
D. prison
33
```
_____ are people who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another.
A. Categories
B. groups
C. formal categories
D. aggregates
```
B. Groups
34
```
In what is known as a ____, people experience intimate, long term, face to face association and cooperation
A. secondary group
B. category
C. primary group
D. tertiary group
```
C. primary group
35
```
The tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self perpetuating elite is known as
A. six degrees of separation
B. voluntary association
C. the iron law of oligarchy
D. soft power
```
C. the iron law of oligarchy
36
```
A group towrds which one feels loyalty is known as a
A. in group
B. out group
C. reference group
D. aggregate
```
A. in group
37
```
A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, impersonality of positions and written down pre
A. a bureaucracy
B. the opposite of McDonaldization
C. an example of goal displacement
D. a merticoracy
```
A. A bureaucracy
38
```
When sociologists group people into categories based on their age, gender, educational level, job and income, they are trying to determine ________.
A. social network
B. social location
C. social personality
D. social skills
```
A. Social nework
39
```
Karl Marx suggested that the force that drives human history and is at the core of human society is _____.
A religion
B class conflict
C family
D education
```
b class conflict
40
Which groups of social threorists would focus most on macro level analysis when examining patterns of society?
A symbolic interactionists and structural functionalists
B conflict throtists and structural functionalists
C symbolic interactionalists and conflict theorists
D. Conflict theorists and symbolic internationalists
B conflict theorists and structural functionalists
41
```
Functionalists refer to how parts of a society fit together to form a whole as ______.
A a symbol
B. an intefration
C. a structure
D. a variable
```
C structure
42
```
The unique human capacity to see ourselves "from the outside" the views we internalzie of how we think others see us is known as ______:
A the significant other
B the self
C the generalized other
D the id
```
B the self
43
```
Individuals and groups that influence our orientations to life are called
A the looking glass self
B. agents of socialization
C. the ego
D. nature
```
B agents of socialization
44
```
A group towards which one feels loyalty is known as an
A in group
B out group
C reference group
D aggregate
```
A in group
45
```
In an _____, preconceived ideas of what someone is like actually lead to the person behaving in ways to match those ideas.
A hidden corporate culture
B open corporate culture
C self fulfilling stereotype
D diverse workplace setting
```
C self fulfilling stereotype
46
```
Social class is based on
A. income, education, and occupational prestige
B. girth
C. marriage
D religion
```
A income education and occupational prestige
47
```
______ are pople who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another.
A. categories
B. groups
C. Primary categories
D. aggregates
```
B Groups
48
```
A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, impersonality of positions, and written down procedures is
A. a bureaucracy
B the opposite of McDonaldization
C. an example of goal displacement
D a meritocracy
```
A a bureaucracy
49
```
_____ is the violation of norms
A. negative sanction
B deviance
C social control
D stigma
```
B Deviance
50
```
In what is known as a _____, people experience intimate, long term, face to face association and cooperation
A. secondary group
B. category
C. primary group
D. tertiary group
```
C. primary group
51
```
The term generalized other refers to
A. our ideal of a perosn
B. our perception of how people in general think of us
C. role models
D. the certainty that no one likes us
```
B our perception of how people in general think of us
52
```
_____ is the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power and prestige.
A Social stratification
B. Bonded labor
C. Ideaology
D. Caste system
```
A. Social stratification
53
```
The total value of everything that someone owns, minus debts, is
A. income
B. property
C wealth
D. power
```
C. wealth
54
```
When workers identified with the interests of capitalists, Marx called it _____ class consciousness.
A. false
B misguided
C. optimistic
D. budding
```
A false
55
```
In ____ mobility, many people move up the social class ladder, and many move down, with the social class system showing little change
A. downward
B. structural
C. exchange
D. upward
```
C. exchange
56
```
The corners in life that people occupy because of their place in a society are referred to as
A. social location
B. social affiliation
C. social empowerment
D. dominant groups
```
A social location
57
```
The language, belief, values, norms and behaviors passed from one generation to the next make up a group's
A. identity
B. ethnocentrism
C. culture
D. material culture
```
C. culture
58
```
Nonmaterial culture refers to a group's
A. art
B. weapons
C. ways of thinking and doing
D. eating utensils
```
C. ways of thinking and doing
59
```
To try to understand a culture on its own terms is called
A. ethnocentrism
B. cultural relativism
C. folklore
D cultural education
```
B cultural relativism
60
```
_____ refers to learning new norms values attitudes and hehaviors to match a new situation in life.
A. conflicting socialization
B. Pseudo socialization
C. Anticipatory socializaiton
D. resocialization
```
D. resocialization
61
```
Ex-spouse, school dropout, and debarred lawyer are examples of
A. ascribed status
B. social classes
C. lack of status
D. achieved status
```
D achieved status
62
```
______ refers to the standard or usual ways that a society meets its basic needs.
A. religion
B. social institutions
C. status
D. social class
```
B social institutions
63
```
Our assumptions about what people are like are known as
A. educated guesses
B stereotypes
C. roles
D. status set
```
B stereotypes
64
```
Role strain is
A. conflict between roles
B. Conflict within a role
C. compatibility between roles
D. a vain attempt to find a role
```
B conflict within a role
65
```
Secondary groups differ from primary groups in that secondary groups are
A. not as important
B. rare in contemporary society
C. extremely informal
D. larger and more anonymous
```
D larger and more anonymous
66
```
The ____ of society refers to the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such htings as food preparation.
A. alienation
B. goal displacement
C. McDonaldization
D. bureaucracy
```
C. McDonaldization
67
```
_____ violates rules that are written into law.
A. Crime
B Deviance
C. Personality disorders
D.Social order
```
A crime
68
```
_____ is the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power and prestige.
A. social stratification
B. Bonded labor
C. ideology
D. Caste system
```
A. Social stratification
69
```
______ refers to beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements.
A. social stratification
B. Ideology
C. Endogamy
D. Apartheid
```
B Ideology
70
Marx used the term class consciousness to refer to awareness of a common identity based on one's
a. race
b. caste
c. position in the means of production
d. education level
c. position in the means of production
71
In a meritocracy, all positions are awarded on the basis of
a. power
b. social standing
c. education level attained
d. merit
d. merit
72
____is the process by which one nation takes over another, usually in order to exploit its labor and natural resources.
a. Colonialism
b. The culture of poverty
c. World system theory
d. Capitalism
A. Colonialism
73
According to socioloist Michael Harrington, when colonialism went out of style, it was replace by
a. functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. multinational corporations
d. neocolonialism
d. neocoloialism
74
Which of the following is most effective in maintaining society's stratification?
a. Brute force
b. Controlling people's ideas
c. control of food supplies
d. Elites without limits
B Controlling people's ideas
75
To maintain their power, elites attempt to ____ information.
a. freely distribute
b. honestly convey
c. shut off all
d. control
d. control
76
____ ,according to Weber, is are a large group of people who rank close to one another in property and prestige.
a. status consistency
b. Social class
c. the Proletariat
d. Capitalists
b. Social class
77
The money that someone receives, usually fom a job, business, or assets, is referred to as
a. capital
b. property
c. wealth
d. income
d. income
78
What percentage of the nation's wealth is owned by the wealthiest 10% of Americans?
a. 10%
b. 22%
c. 58%
d. 77%
d. 77%
79
_____ is the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others.
a. social class
b. status
c. power
d. prestige
c. power
80
As you go up the social class ladder, what happens to your health
a. it improves
b. it stays the same
c. there is no change
d. it worsens
a it improves
81
C Wright Mills called the top people in US corporations the military and politics who make the nation's major decisions the
a. power elite
b. intelligentsia
c. nations finest
d. bourgeoisie
a power elite
82
____ refers to beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements.
a. social stratification
b. ideology
c. endogamy
d. apartheid
b ideology
83
In a class system, what is the main basis for social stratification
a. secual orientation
b. money
c. appearance
d. kindness
b money
84
_____ believes that stratification exists because it is funcional for society.
a. all sociologists
b. funcionalists
c. no one
d. conflict theorists
b functionalists
85
____ refers to a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups.
a. ethnicity
b. race
c. minority group
d. dominant group
b race
86
The difference between ethnicity and race is that ethnicity refers to ____ characteristics, and race to _____ characteristics, distinguishing one group of people from another.
a. cultural; inherited physical
b. inherited physical; cultural
c. dominant group; minority group
d. minority group; dominant group
a. cultural; inherited physical
87
A(n) ____ group is the group with the most power, greatest privileges, and higest social status.
a. racial
b. established minority
c. ethnic
d. dominant
d. dominant
88
People who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination make up a(n)
a. dominant group
b. ethnic group
c. minority group
d. race
c. minority group
89
_____ is an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group.
a. racism
b. contact theory
c. discrimination
d. prejudice
c. Discrimination
90
____ refers to prejudice and discrimination based on race.
a. contact theory
b. racism
c. instituational discrimination
d. unintended discrimination
b. racism
91
The unequal access of males and females to property, power, and prestige is refferd to as
a. gender stratification
b. sex
c. gender
d. secondary sex characteristics
a. gender stratification
92
The behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females are known as
a. primary sex characteristics
b. sex
c. gender stratification
d. gender
d. gender
93
____ refers to the biologicial characteristics that distinguish females and males.
a. gender
b. sex
c. gender stratification
d. nurture
b. sex
94
A vagina, penis and other organs related to reproduction make up the
a. secondary sex characteristics
b. sociological significance of gender
c. primary sex characteristics
d. tertiary sex characteristics
c. primary sex characteristics
95
The annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity is known as
a. genocide
b. racial superiority
c. racial purification
d. ethnic work
a. genocide
96
When it comes to prejudice
a. we are born with it.
b. heredity and environment play about equal parts.
c. we learn it from the people around us.
d. it has all but been eliminated
c. we learn it from the people around us.
97
___ is person to person or face to face discrimination.
a. institutional discrimination
b. individual discrimination
c. racism
d. prejudice
b individual discrimination
98
Built into society's institutions, ___ is negative treatment of a minority group.
a. institutional prejudice
b. unintentional discrimination
c. institutional discrimination
d. contact theory
c. institutional discrimination
99
Someone with an authoritarian personality tends to be
a. tolerant of others
b. secure
c. submissive to superiors
d. free of prejudice
b. submissive to superiors
100
In patriarchy, who has the authority?
a. Democratically elected leaders
b. women
c. men
d. everyone
c. men
101
The philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal is
a. sexist
b. referred to as gender tracking
c. called feminism
d. accepted at all levels of society and government
c. called feminism
102
The author's testosterone bonus states that on average, employers start men out at ____ salaries than women, and ___ catch up.
a. lower; men soon
b. higher; women soon
c. higher; women never
d. lower; men never
c. higher; women never
103
The abuse of one's position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone is known as
a. sexual harrassment
b. sexual orientation
c. unfortunate but legal
d. the glass ceiliing
a. sexual harrassment
104
The ____ is a political entity that claims a monopoly on the use of violence in a country.
a. charismatic authority
b. state
c. arm
d. court
b. state
105
Rational legal authority is based upon
a. oral tradition
b. coercion
c. written rules
d. custom
c. written rules
106
```
A small group of individuals holds power in a
a. oligarchy
b. representative democracy
c. dictatorship
d direct democracy
```
a. oligarchy
107
In _____, the diffusion of power among many different interest groups prevents any one group from gaining control of the government.
a. the conflict perspective
b. the power pyramid of c wright mills
c. pluralism
d. anarchy
c. pluralism
108
Conflict theorists take the position that ____dominates the United States.
a. lobbyists
b. functionalists
c. anarchy
d. a ruling class
d. a ruling class
109
C Wright Mills used the term ___ to refer to the top people in US corporations, the military, and politics who make the country's main decisions.
a. pluralism
b. power elite
c. autocracy
d. masses
b. power elite
110
____ is a form of marriage in which women have more than one husband.
a. the family of procreation
b. polyandry
c. polygyny
d. the family of orientation
c. polygyny
111
Two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage or adoption make up a
a. family of orientation
b. family
c. nuclear family
d. family of procreation
b family
112
A group's approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort is called
a. endogamy
b. exogamy
c. nuclear family
d. marriage
d. marriage
113
Authority is held by females in a_____ society.
a. patriarchal
b. egalitarian
c. houshould
d. matriarchal
d. matriarchal
114
Representative democracy use____ of the voters to discuss the issues and make decisions
a. the rulers
b. representatives
c. children
d. friends
b. representatives
115
A ____ is a person who influences legislation on behalf of his or her clients.
a. special interest group
b. PAC
c. third party supporter
d. lobbyist
d. lobbyist
116
A system of producing and distributing goods and services is known as a
a. subsistence economy
b. market
c. economy
d. hunting and gathering society
c. economy
117
The main critisism leveled against capitalism is that is
a. focuses too much on the public good.
b. leads to social equality
c. does not respect individual rights
d. leads to social inequality
d. leads to social inequality
118
The intent of terrorism is to produce ____ in order to obtain ____.
a. fear; political objectives
b. chaos; order
c. fear; reconciliation
d. alarm; attention
a. fear; political objectives
119
What kind of family consists of husband, wife and children?
a. household
b. extended family
c. nuclear family
d. polygymous family
c. nuclear family
120
The ____prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives.
a. incest taboo
b. nuclear family
c. patrilineal system
d. family of procreation
a. incest taboo
121
In an _____ system authority is divided more or less equally between people or groups.
a. matrilineal
b. incest taboo
c. egalitarian
d. patrilineal
c egalitarian
122
Homogamy refers to
a. the tendency of people with similar characteristics to seek people with contrasting characteristics.
b. gay men
c. the tendency of people with similar characteristics to marry one another
d. interracial marriage
c. the tendency of people with similar characteristics to marry one another.
123
The term blended family means
a. family whose members were once part of other families.
b interracial family
c. family of first generation immigrants to the United States
d. extended family of at least three generations
a family whose members were once part of other families
124
____ refers to a function of education that funnels people into a society's various positions.
a. home schooling
b. social placement
c. manifest function
d. promoting the brightest
b social placement
125
Conflict theorists look at
a. the benfits of education
b. reproduction of the social class structure by the education system
c. the usefulness of the hidden cirriculum
d. the way that education helps undermine the dominance of the elite.
b reproduction of the social class structure by the educational system
126
Part of the hidden curriculum. according to conflict theorists, is
a. obedience to authority
b. to make the US the top nation in the world in math scores
c. actually forbidden by law
d. questioning authority
a. obedience to authority
127
Regardless of whether children have high or low ability, they are more likely to go to college if their parents
a. did not go to college
b. have high income
c. come from a lower social class
d. have low income
b. have high income
128
In a classic study by Ray Rist, it was determined by observation that each child's journey through school was essentially
a. haphazard and unpredictable
b. completely like the other children's
c. determined by the eighth day of kindergarten
d. determined by the end of fifth grade
c. determined by the eighth day of kindergarten
129
_____ refers to higher grades given for the same work.
a. social promotion
b. grade inflation
c. rising standards
d. grade deflation
b. grade inflation
130
___ refers to high school graduates who have never mastered things they should have learned in grade school.
a. mediocrity
b. grade inflation
c. functional literacy
d. IQ adjustment
c. Functional illiteracy
131
_____ for Durkheim, meant things connected with the supernatural.
a. church
b. sacred
c. profane
d. belief
b sacred
132
In religion, _____ is are observances or rites often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred.
a. symbols
b. rituals
c. sacred texts
d. artwork
b rituals
133
The number of children that the average woman bears is known as
a. fecundity
b. the fertility rate
c. mortality
d. the demographic transition
b. the fertility rate
134
Cultural capital refers to privileges accompanying a social location that help someone in life such as
a. having to work to help support your family while in school
b. highly educated parents
c. parents with a grade school education
d. speaking more than one language
b. highly educated parents
135
___ refers to women bearing only enough childred to reproduce the population.
a. slow population growth
b. negative population growth
c. zero population growth
d. an inverted population pyramid
c. zero population growth
136
Conflict theorists look at
a. the benefits of education
b. reproduction of the social class structure by the educational system
c. the usefulness of the hidden curriculum
d. the way that education helps undermine the dominance of the elite
c. the usefulness of the hidden curriculum
137
Demography is the study of the size, composition, growth , and distribution of
a. animal species
b. culture
c. sociologists
d. human populations
d. human populations
138
Things that are not connected with religion, but are instead part of ordinary, everyday life, Durkheim called
a. profane
b. sacred
c. profound
d. the church
a profane
139
___ is a decision by a bank not to make loans in a particular area
a. urban renewal
b. redlining
c. disinvestment
d. deindustrialization
b redlining
140
____ describes the relationship between people and their environment, such as land and structures.
a. environmentalism
b. the multiple nuclei model
c. invasion succession cycle
d. human ecology
d. human ecology
141
In the process of _____, people move from cities to suburbs.
a. urbanization
b. gentrification
c. suburbanization
d. rural rebound
c. suburbanization
142
When a city has 10 million or more residents, it is a
a. evolved city
b. megacity
c. megaregion
d. metropolitan statistical area
b megacity
143
_____, which can be as high as 30, refers to the number of children a woman is capable of bearing.
a. fertility
b. the population pyramid
c. fecundity
d. the crude birht rate
c. fecundity
