Final Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
the amount that an object’s image is enlarged
A
magnification
2
Q
the extent to which detail in an image is preserved during the magnifying process
A
resolving power
3
Q
the degree to which image details stand out against
A
contrast
4
Q
the circle of light you see when looking into the microscope
A
field of view
5
Q
once an objective has been focused, you can rotate to another one and the image will remain in coarse focus, requiring only slight movement of the fine focus knob
A
parfocal
6
Q
the distance through which you can move the specimen and still have it remain in focus
A
depth of field
7
Q
the center of the field of view remains about the same for each objective
A
parcentral
8
Q
objectives are…
A
parcentral
9
Q
the space between the objective lens and the slide
A
working distance
10
Q
Light source
A
provides light to see slide
11
Q
Condenser
A
focus light on slide
12
Q
Stage
A
holds slide
13
Q
focusing knobs
A
bring slide into focus
14
Q
objectives
A
magnify
15
Q
ocular(s)
A
enable you to see slide
16
Q
ObMP low power
A
4x
17
Q
ObMP medium-power
A
10x
18
Q
ObMP high-dry
A
40x
19
Q
ObMP oil-immersion
A
100x
20
Q
How do you calculate Total Magnifying Power
A
ObMP x OcMP
21
Q
total magnifying power low power
A
40x
22
Q
total magnifying power medium power
A
100x
23
Q
total magnifying power high dry
A
400x
24
Q
total magnifying power oil immersion
A
1000x
25
numerical aperture low power
0.10
26
numerical aperture medium power
0.25
27
numerical aperture high dry
0.65
28
numerical aperture oil immersion
1.25
29
image orientation
upside down and backwards
30
a stable internal environment
homeostasis
31
straw-colored fluid that blood cells are suspended in
plasma
32
carries oxygen-depleted blood to the capillary beds of the lungs, where oxygen is loaded and where excess carbon dioxide is unloaded
pulmonary circuit
33
takes oxygen-rich blood from the heart and conveys it to the rest of the body's capillary beds, where oxygen is unloaded and excess carbon dioxide is picked up
systemic circuit
34
connects two sets of capillary beds
portal vein
35
the clumping of erythroctes
agglutination
36
the force that the blood exerts on the walls of the arteries
blood pressure
37
veins use these to prevent the backflow of blood away from the heart
valves
38
the primary pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium that functions independently of the nervous system, firing rhythmically. Every time it fires in initiates a message to contract
sinoatrial node
39
the size of the thorax and the pleural sacs decreases, the pressure in the lungs increases, and air flows out of the bod down its concentration gradient
positive pressure exhalation
40
when the thoracic cavity expands during inspiration, first the pressure outside the body is now higher than that in the lungs, and assuming the connecting ventilatory ducts are not blocked, air flows into the lungs
negative pressure inhalation
41
the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during breathing. it normally varies from a minimum at rest to a maximum during strenuous exercise
tidal volume
42
the volume of air you can voluntarily inhale after inhalation of the tidal volume
forced inhalation volume
43
the volume of air you can voluntarily exhale after an exhalation of the tidal volume
forced exhalation volume
44
the volume of air that cannot be exhaled from the lungs
residual volume
45
tidal volume + forced inhalation volume + forced exhalation volume
vital capacity
46
stretch receptors in the ventilatory ducts
chemoreceptors
47
receptors for chemicals such as O2, CO2, and hydrogen ions
chemoreceptors
48
the movement of gases in the respiratory system
inhalation
49
the movement of gases out of the respiratory system
exhalation
50
the rhythmical contraction of skeletal muscles
breathing
51
percent packed red blood cell volume
hematocrit
52
types of blood vessels
1. arteries
2. arterioles
3. capillaries
4. venules
5. veins
53
1. receive blood from heart
2. deliver blood to more numerous muscular arteries
3. maintain blood pressure between contractions of the heart
Elastic arteries
54
1. deliver blood to more numerous and smaller arterioles
| 2. regulate blood flow to organs
Muscular arteries
55
1. deliver blood to more numerous and smaller capillaries
2. regulate peripheral resistance
3. precapillary sphincters of smooth muscle regulate blood flow into particular capillary beds
Arterioles
56
1. exchange dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes, etc. with fluid surrounding cells (interstitial fluid)
2. form interstitial fluid
Capillaries
57
1. drain blood into fewer and larger veins
| 2. serve as a blood reservoir
Venules
58
1. drain blood into fewer and larger veins, and finally back to heart
2. serve as a blood reservoir
Veins
59
contain hemoglobin, which transports oxxygen, and carbonic anhydrase, which romotes transport of carbon dioxide
erythrocytes
60
white blood cells (leukocytes)
1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basophils
4. lymphocytes
5. monocytes
61
leave the blood early in an inflammation to become phagocytes (cells that eat bacteria and debris)
neutrophils
62
phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes; numbers are elevated during allergic reaction
eosinophils
63
granules contain a substance (histamine) that makes blood vessels leaky and a substance (heparin) that inhibits blood clotting
basophils
64
perform many functions central to immunity
lymphocytes
65
leave the blood to form phagocytic cells called macrophages
monocytes
66
theh state of being aware of the things around you, your responses, and your own thoughts
consciousness
67
carry messages from receptors to the spinal cord and brain
sensory neurons
68
carry messages from the CNS to effectors
motor neurons
69
muscles or glands that respond to stimuli
effectors
70
control skeletal muscles
somatic motor neurons
71
control smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands
autonomic motor neurons
72
a junction between two neurons (or between a neuron and an effector) that are separated by a small gap)
chemical synapse
73
the function of the interneurons and the processing of messages received from receptors via sensory neurons and the activation of the appropriate motor neurons
integration
74
knowledge of the position and movement of the various body parts
proprioception
75
the particular sensation that results from the stimulation of a particular receptor
modality
76
receptors for fine touch and low-frequency vibration
Meissner's corpuscles
77
receptors for pressure and high-frequency vibration
Pacinian corpuscles
78
Before the conscious mind receives a sensation, it is assigned back to its source
projection
79
it allows the conscious mind to perceive the body as part of the world around it
projection/phantom pain
80
eye is nearsighted
myopia
81
caused when one of the transparent surfaces of the eye is not uniformly curved in all planes
astigmatism
82
farsighted
hyperopia
83
objects appear smaller and smaller
presbyopia
84
receptors sensitive not only to light intensity but also to particular groups of wavelengths of light, which the brain interprets as color)
photoreceptors
85
a voluntary response to the reception of a stimulus
reaction
86
an involuntary response to the reception of a stimulus
reflex
87
connect the sensory and motor neurons
interneuron
88
each pience of information received by a receptor
stimulus
89
the ability to discern numbers or letters at a certain distance
visual acuity
90
the study of tissues
histology
91
structure of epithelial tissue
1. squamous (flat
2. cubodial
3. columnar
4. can have on layer of cells (simple) or two or more (stratified)
92
structure of connective tissue
1. fibers embedded in ground substance
2. collagen (tough, flexible, inelastic)
3. elastic (stretch when pulled)
4. contain blood cells
93
structure of muscle tissue
1. cells can shorten and cause change in position of body parts
2. cellular, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
3. cells stuch together and in direct communication
94
structure of nervous tissue
impulses through nervous system, cell body, axon, dendrite - within spinal cord
95
functions of epithelial tissue
1. protection and transport
| 2. sensory reception and maintenance of body's gametes carry on rapid cell division
96
functions of connective tissue
1. cell division in adult
2. loose connective (fill spaces between other tissues)
3. make up skin
4. prevent wall from closing on lumen
5. bone tissue makes up bone
97
functions of muscle tissue
conscious mind can order muscles to contract
| unconscious > involuntary
98
functions of nerous tissue
1. point to point transmission of information
| 2. accessory cells help neurons function
