Final pt 2

Question 1

proteins that fuction as biological catalysts

Answer 1

enzymes

Question 2

a substance that lowers the amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to proceed

Answer 2

catalyst

Question 3

when substrate molecules temporarily combine with enzyme molecules

Answer 3

enzyme-substrate complex

Question 4

the result of a chemical reaction

Answer 4

product

Question 5

the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Answer 5

substrate

Question 6

reactant

Answer 6

the substance being acted upon

Question 7

a special region of the enzyme where the substrate binds

Answer 7

active site

Question 8

when the enzyme’s structure is changed sufficiently to destroy its function

Answer 8

denatured

Question 9

nonprotein organic molecules an dmetal ions that are part of the structure of the active site, maing the formation of enzyme-substrate comlex possible

Answer 9

cofactors

Question 10

catalze only one particular reaction

Answer 10

enzyme specificity

Question 11

the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specific reaction

Answer 11

activation energy

Question 12

an enzyme that catalyzes the production of benzoquinone and water from catechol

Answer 12

catechol oxidase

Question 13

equation for the formation of benzoquinone from catechol and oxygen

Answer 13

catechol + 1/2 O2 —> benzoquinone + H2O

Question 14

equation for generalized enzymatic reaction

Answer 14

substrate —> enzyme-substrate complex —> products + enzyme

Question 15

factors that influence enzymatic activity

Answer 15

temperature and pH

Question 16

the effects of temperature on enzymatic activity

Answer 16

high temperatures slow down enzyme activity

Question 17

the effects of pH on enzymatic activity

Answer 17

pH 6 is most optimum for activity

Question 18

substance that other substances entering and leaving cells are dissolved into

Answer 18

solvent

Question 19

the substances dissolved in water

Answer 19

solutes

Question 20

the combination of a solvent and dissolved solute

Answer 20

solution

Question 21

membranes allow some substances to move easily while completely excluding others

Answer 21

selectively permeable

Question 22

the movement of solute molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration

Answer 22

diffusion

Question 23

occurs without the expenditure of cellular energy

Answer 23

diffusion

Question 24

the movement of water across selectively permeable membranes

Answer 24

osmosis

Question 25

a special form of osmosis, occurring from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration

Answer 25

osmosis

Question 26

the difference in concentration of ike molecules in two regions

Answer 26

concentration gradient

Question 27

diffusion and osmosis take place...

Answer 27

down concentration gradients

Question 28

when the concentration of solvent and solute molecules becomes equally distributed, the gradient ceases to exist

Answer 28

equilibrium

Question 29

when water moves into the cell

Answer 29

turgor pressure

Question 30

when turgor pressure presses the cytoplasm against the cell wall, cellsl are said to be...

Answer 30

turgid

Question 31

when the cell looses water it becomes...

Answer 31

plasmolyzed

Question 32

the process of a cell becoming plasmolyzed

Answer 32

plasmolysis

Question 33

describes on solution's solute concentration compared to that of another solution

Answer 33

tonicity

Question 34

the solution containing the lower concentration of solute molecules than another

Answer 34

hypotonic

Question 35

solutions containing equal concentrations of solute

Answer 35

isotonic

Question 36

when one solution contains greater concentration of solute relative to a second one

Answer 36

hypertonic

Question 37

plasmolysis in red blood cells

Answer 37

crenation

Question 38

red blood cells that have taken in water and have burst

Answer 38

hemolysis

Question 39

permanently attached to the biological membrane

Answer 39

integral protein

Question 40

adhere only temporarily to the biolgoical membrane with which they are associated

Answer 40

peripheral pronteins

Question 41

the main organ sof the skeletal system

Answer 41

bones

Question 42

straplike structures that hold together bones

Answer 42

ligaments

Question 43

primarilly dense connective tissue that ismore or less elastic

Answer 43

ligaments

Question 44

the places in the body where tow or more bones are connected

Answer 44

joints

Question 45

the mian organs of the muscular system and are composed primarily of skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 45

skeletal muscles

Question 46

dense fibrous connective tissue structures that connect skeletal muscles to bones

Answer 46

tendons

Question 47

tension of the skeletal muscles

Answer 47

muscle tone

Question 48

the ability to hold the body erect and to keep the position of its parts, all against the pull of gravity

Answer 48

posture

Question 49

immovable joints that connect the bones of the roof of the skull of young adults

Answer 49

sutures

Question 50

joints that allow the freest moement

Answer 50

synovial joints

Question 51

shaft

Answer 51

diaphsis

Question 52

two knobby ends of the shaft

Answer 52

epiphyses

Question 53

solid and dense and is found on the surface of the femur

Answer 53

compact bone

Question 54

latticelike and found on the inside of the femure, primarily in the epiphyses and surrounding the marrow cavity

Answer 54

spongy bone

Question 55

the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored

Answer 55

marrow cavity

Question 56

each bone is a...

Answer 56

lever

Question 57

one end of a skeletal muscle that remains stationary

Answer 57

origin

Question 58

moves along with the bone and surrounding body part

Answer 58

insertion

Question 59

the movement produced by the contraction

Answer 59

action

Question 60

a contraction of a skeletal muscle that results in movement

Answer 60

isotonic contraction

Question 61

a contraction of a skeletal muscle in which tension increases but no movement results

Answer 61

isometric contraction