Final Flashcards
(124 cards)
Define inflammation and infection
Inflammation: protective immune response that is triggered by any type of injury or irritant
Infection: invasion of microorganisms into tissue that causes cell or tissue injury
What are the signs of inflammation? Use an example
Ex. Sunburn Redness (red skin) Heat (warm to the touch) Swelling (swollen and blisters) Pain (painful to touch) Loss of motion (uncomfortable when moving)
What are the signs of infection? Give an example
Ex. Infected wound Redness (skin is red) Heat (warm to the touch) Swelling (swollen with blisters) Pain (painful to touch) Drainage of pus
How are inflammation and infection related?
When you cut your skin the tissue around the cut will undergo mild inflammation. Skin bacteria invade the cut tissue causing infection. Bacteria will cause more irritation causing more inflammation
What is Reye’s syndrome?
Caused by aspirin given to children causing swelling in brain and liver
Describe a virus
Smallest infectious agent
Genome in a capsid sometimes with a lipid envelope acquired from the host
Variable size
How are viruses classified?
Nucleic acid structure, structural configuration, and biological characteristics
What are the possible effects of a viral infection?
Asymptomatic latent viral infection (herpes) Slowly progressive cell injury (HCV) Acute cell necrosis and degeneration Cell hyperplasia and proliferation Neoplasm
Measles
D: one of the most serious childhood diseases due to complication (1/1000 die and get encephalitis)
E: acute viral disease spread via airborne droplets, highly contagious, in: 7-14, sp: 4-4
S: Fever, runny nose, inflammation of resp mucous membrane, machlopapular rash over body trunk and extremities, koplik spots
D: koplik spots
T: relief of symptoms, prevent dehydration, fever, spread
P: immunization
Rubella
D: usually mild in kids but serious in pregnant women during 1st tri
E: airborne droplets, rubella virus, in:14-21
S: rash (pink), lymph node enlargement, nasal discharge, joint pain, chills and fever
D: blood test for antibodies
T: symptoms, rest, nutrition, prevent spread
P: immunization
Roseola
D: kids under 2, high fever (39-40) last 3-4d, fever drops and pink rash appears lasting hours
E: human herpesvirus 6, contact with saliva or respiratory secretions, in: 14-21
S: high fever, sometimes flu like, pink rash
D: high fever and age of child, blood test
T: symptoms, rest, nutrition
Prevention: hand washing
Mumps
D: infection of parotid glands
E: mumps virus spread by saliva and airborne droplets, in: 16-18, inf: 6-8 since clinical onset
S: swelling, pain when swallowing, chills, fever, ear pain
D: swollen glands, blood test
T: symptoms, complications include deafness and orchitis in males
P: immunization
Varicella
D: most common childhood infectious disease
E: Herpes varicella-zoster virus, in: 10-21, highly contagious, spread by airborne particles or direct contact
S: macular rash on face, trunks, and extremities, extremely itching
D: physical exam
T: alleviation of itching, complications include secondary infection, encephalitis, or death
P: vaccine
Poliomyelitis
D: one of the most devastating childhood diseases before 1952, crippled thousands of children in pandemics
E: poliovirus spread through oral-fecal route, may be latent, 1 in 200 develop symptoms, in: 3-6 (abortive), 7-21 (severe), sp: 7-10 b&a
S: fever, headache, sore throat, abdominal pain, stiffness in neck, trunk, and extremeties, paralysis
D: weakness in arms/legs, stool sample
T: no curs, physical therapy, symptoms, ventilator support
P: vaccine
Influenza
D: acute respiratory disease
E: orthomyxoviridae family spread by contact or airborne droplets, inf:5-14
S: sudden high fever, cough, chills, headache, joint muscle pain, runny nose
D: physical exam, rapid assay test
T: symptoms, antiviral drug in vulnerable pop
P: vaccine
Common cold
D: most frequently occurring disease
E: human rhinovirus most common, transmission by direct or droplet contact
S: rhinitis, runny nose, coughing, sneezing, low grade fever, watery eyes
D: physical exam
T: symptoms, rest, hydration, nutrition
P: hand washing
Respiratory syncytial virus
D: viral infection of airways, most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia and hospitalization of infants
E: RSV, in:2-8, con: 8
S: cold-like symptoms
D: symptoms
T: none
P: avoiding those with infection and good hand washing
Fifth disease
D: more common in kids than adults (ages 5-15)
Etiology: parvovirus (B19) spread by airborne droplets, blood, skin, or contaminated surface, in: 4-14
S: low fever, runny nose, swollen joints, rash on cheeks and trunk and extremeties
D: symptoms
T: symptoms, rest, fever and pain relief, complications include chronic anemia (weakened immune system), aplastic crisis (sickle cell), hydrops fetalis (pregnant woman)
P: avoidance of infectious people, hand washing
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
D: mild contagious viral infection common in kids under 10
E: coxsackievirus A16 spread by person to person contact, most contagious 7 days
S: fever, sore throat, malaise, painful red blister-like lésions inside mouth, red rad with blisters on palms, soles, and but, irritability, loss of appetite
D: age and symptoms
T: fever and pain relief, avoid dehydration
P: hand washing, disinfection of common areas, isolation
Gastroenteritis
D: highly contagious viral disease, stomach flu, inflammation of stomach and intestines
E: commonly rotavirus and norovirus spread through close contact, contagious at onset and 3 days after recovery (Rota) or 2 before and 2 weeks after (noro)
S: noro (repeated vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach pain, low grade fever), rota (intense diarrhoea, vomiting, stomach pain, fever)
D: symptoms and stool sample
T: none
P: handwashing, isolation, disinfection, rota vaccine
Define primary and secondary infection
Primary: pathogenic bacteria
Secondary: a consequence of another disease
What characteristics are used to classify bacteria?
Shape
Gram-stain
Biochemical/cultural characteristics
Antigenic structure
How are bacteria classified by shape?
Spherical (coccus): clusters (staphylococci), pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci)
Rod shaped (bacillus)
Spiral/corkscrew
Compare gram stain reactivity
Gram positive: remain purple after alcohol wash
Gram negative: pink after safranin staining