Final

Question 1

Levels of Measurement

Answer 1

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

Question 2

Nominal

Answer 2

Can be Categorized (Where were you born? What is your favorite color?)

Question 3

Ordinal

Answer 3

Can be Ranked/Ordered (How hard is the playing field? How often do you attend concerts?)

Question 4

Interval

Answer 4

Separated by a uniform distance–add and subtract (How much warmer is it today than it was yesterday? Numerical values)

Question 5

Ratio

Answer 5

Has a true zero–the presence of zero is the absence of the quality. (What are the dimensions of our textbook?)

Question 6

Use for nominal variables

Answer 6

Lambda

Question 7

Use for two ordinal variables

Answer 7

Gamma

Question 8

Use for a nominal and an ordinal variable

Answer 8

Chi-Square (Cramer’s V)

Question 9

Use for interval/ratio variables

Answer 9

Correlation (Pearson’s r)

Question 10

All tables are similar and show the same relationship

Answer 10

Replication

Question 11

Original relationship disappears, and variable z causes variable x and variable y.

Answer 11

Explanation (Spurious)

Question 12

Original relationship disappears, and variable x causes variable z, which then causes variable y.

Answer 12

Interpretation (Mediating)

Question 13

Partial tables are different from each other, variable z affects the relationship between x and y.

Answer 13

Specification

Question 14

Requirements for causation

Answer 14

Cause precedes effect, correlated, not spurious