final

Question 1

how do human reproductive patterns compare to those of other animals according to deacon

Answer 1

humans are unique in that males and females live in sexually exclusive pairs in which males provide food to females and children, but these pairs exist within larger social groups

Question 2

which is a universal characteristic of all languages according to pinker

Answer 2

words are organized into phrases

Question 3

what is the specific problem of human group living according to deacon

Answer 3

males need to be away to hunt collectively and therefore can never be sure if the females are having sex with others, but these males will not prove food to females and children unless they can be sure that the children are their own

Question 4

what does a likeness do according to pierce?

Answer 4

focuses on a common quality and ignores differences

Question 5

why does specific language impairment demonstrate the existence of a language module according to pinker

Answer 5

people with specific language impairment have normal intelligence but cannot use grammar properly, indicating that their language module is defective

Question 6

what is the significance of the water episode for helen keller

Answer 6

she is able to understand a sign as a common noun

Question 7

for hobbes, universals are created by

Answer 7

common names

Question 8

what is the relationship between claim and reason

Answer 8

claim follows logically from the reason

Question 9

in his discussion of the origin of language, herder argues that ____ allows the human to focus attention on a specific quality of the sheep

Answer 9

a distinguishing mark

Question 10

how did use of symbols begin according to deacon?

Answer 10

symbol use began as a way of solving problems of sexual selection

Question 11

according to noam chomskys idea of universal grammar

Answer 11

there is a common set of grammatical super-rules that apply to all languages

Question 12

which of the following is an argument pinker uses to demonstrate that language is innate in children and not learned?

Answer 12

when young children grow up with a pidgin language they turn the pidgin language into a creole language with a proper grammar

Question 13

according to warburton, god must have taught humans language because

Answer 13

god taught them religion

Question 14

according to rousseau, human language differs from animal language because human language is based on

Answer 14

convention

Question 15

in “stove is black” what is not true according to peirce?

Answer 15

black can be dissociated from white

Question 16

which of the following is an argument that pinker uses to demonstrate that language is an instinct?

Answer 16

the ability to use human language is the same as general intelligence

Question 17

why is it difficult for animals to learn symbolic reference according to deacon?

Answer 17

the ability to use human language is the same as general intelligence

Question 18

why is it difficult for animals to learn symbolic reference according to deacon

Answer 18

they must first learn indexical relationships between signs and objects but then must stop paying attention to those indexical relationships in order to see the relationships between signs

Question 19

according to rousseau, human language begins with

Answer 19

passion

Question 20

which argument does pinker not use to demonstrate that there is a language module in the brain?

Answer 20

universal grammar also applies to animal languages

Question 21

how did language originate according to pinker?

Answer 21

natural selection

Question 22

why are children better learners of language than adults according to deacon

Answer 22

poor memory and short attention span are advantageous in language learning

Question 23

which of the following is similar to peirce’s idea of the interpretant?

Answer 23

warrant

Question 24

why do music and language have common origin according to rousseau

Answer 24

both music and language develop through the creation of articulations, which interrupt and differentiate the flow of sound

Question 25

what is the function of conceptions for pierce?

Answer 25

to reduce the manifold of sense impressions to unity

Question 26

how does warburton explain the development of universals?

Answer 26

a particular image becomes general through habitual use

Question 27

how does herder define reflection

Answer 27

the ability to concentrate attention on a particular thing at will

Question 28

how does pinker's description of human language differ from herder's

Answer 28

for pinker, language is a special adaptation but for herder language requires instincts and skills

Question 29

according to peirce, indexical reference is based on

Answer 29

seeing a similarity

Question 30

how does deacon explain origin of language

Answer 30

human brain and natural selection

Question 31

what kind of sign does a vervet monkey use to point out different predators

Answer 31

index

Question 32

how did helen keller see niagra falls

Answer 32

she felt the vibrations on the window and linked this experience to what she knew about the falls

Question 33

how does the human brain process language according to deacon

Answer 33

the different elements of every sentence are distributed across many parts

Question 34

why does reference to a ground imply reference to a correlate according to pierece

Answer 34

we can only know a quality by comparing or contrasting it to another quality

Question 35

which of the following is not a function of speech for hobbes

Answer 35

preventing incest

Question 36

which is not describing relationship

Answer 36

cousin

Question 37

which of the following is not true about the interpretant according to pierce

Answer 37

it is required for creating a likeness

Question 38

what kind of language do humans share with animals according to herder

Answer 38

language of gesture

Question 39

what makes articulation in language conventional according to rousseaue

Answer 39

articulation is not natural, requires more attention and skill

Question 40

rousseau uses the story of the giant to argue that ___ precedes literal language

Answer 40

figurative language

Question 41

how does the brain develop in an individual organism according to deacon

Answer 41

by initially producing more neurons than necessary and then killing off the ones that do not receive input information

Question 42

according to herder, the use of reason

Answer 42

requires language

Question 43

which example does warburton use

Answer 43

the delivery of a mouse, frog bird plow

Question 44

according to deacon, symbolic reference is based on

Answer 44

seeing a relationship of sign to an object that is determined by the relation of symbols to each other

Question 45

how does deacon explain the existence of universal grammar

Answer 45

universal grammar emerges spontaneously in every language because the selection pressures of the child's brain shapes language to what the brain can accomodate

Question 46

significance of the frost king epidose

Answer 46

a text she wrote was plagiarized

Question 47

how does symbolic system solve the specific problem of human group living according to deacon

Answer 47

marriage forms a symbolic system that allows public and verifiable promises about fidelity to a mate

Question 48

why is the human brain well suited for learning symbolic relationships according to deacon

Answer 48

the prefrontal cortex allows humans to direct attention in response to symbolic rather than sensory cues

Question 49

what does it mean that human language has a phase structure

Answer 49

in all language sentences can be broken up into group sof words that are organized into phrases, with each phrase having a seperate function into tree structure

Question 50

how does language develop according to a process of natural selection according to deacon

Answer 50

variation in language, the easiest variations for children to learn tend to survive

Question 51

according to peirce, a weather vane that shows the direction of the wind is an

Answer 51

index