final Flashcards

(70 cards)

1
Q

What protein acts as a biological catalyst

A

enzymes

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2
Q

What is the role of a catalyst?

A

To speed up chemical reactions and lower activation energy

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3
Q

The compound that is being broken down and put together is referred to as

A

substrate

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4
Q

The site on the substrate where the enzyme attaches is called

A

active site/enzyme-substrate complex

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5
Q

In reference to the image, what happens to the enzyme and substrate during a chemical reaction?

A

The enzyme is either broken down or built (it changes) and the enzyme shape stays the same

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6
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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7
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

store energy

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8
Q

What are the polymers and monomers of lipids?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids, triglyceride

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9
Q

What are the functions of lipids in our bodies?

A

Provide energy: insulation, cushion organs, cell membranes

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10
Q

Beginning with macromolecules and ending with biosphere , what are the levels of organization?

A

Macromolecule-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organism/species-population-community-ecosystem-biome-biosphere

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11
Q

What are organelles?

A

Specialized membrane-bound structure within cells

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12
Q

What organelle helps to maintain homeostasis and boundary for the cell?

A

Cell membrane

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13
Q

What is homeostasis? Why does the body want to maintain it? Give an example of how the body maintains homeostasis. (Can’t use the one listed above)

A

Homeostasis is maintaining a stable environment. It is the optimal range for organisms to function. One example is sweating.

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14
Q

What does hyper mean?

A

above

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15
Q

what does hypo mean?

A

below

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16
Q

what does iso mean?

A

same

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17
Q

what is the difference between active and passive transport?

A

active: energy required, passive: no energy required

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18
Q

what is the difference between positive and negative feedback loops?

A

positive feedback loops enhance stimulus and cause less stability, negative feedback loops decrease stimulus and lead to more stability

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19
Q

organelle that’s responsible for photosynthesis?

A

chloroplast

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20
Q

organelle that’s responsible for cellular respiration?

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> glucose and O2

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22
Q

equation for cellular respiration

A

glucose + O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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23
Q

when does fermentation occur?

A

in the absence of oxygen

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24
Q

what’s broken down during fermentation?

A

glucose

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25
only useable source of energy (cellular level) of ALL living things:
ATP
26
how is energy released from the molecule
when a phosphate is broken off
27
describe the carbon cycle
carbon is in CO2, plants absorb it and use it, animals eat plants, release it back into the air, plants and animals return carbon when they die
28
phases of cell division
Interphase(G1, S, G2), Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
29
mitosis produces:
2 identical diploid cells
30
meiosis produces:
4 genetically different haploid cells
31
haploid:
half set, 23 chromosomes
32
diploid:
full test, 46 chromosomes
33
Mendel's Law of Segregation:
alleles separate randomly
34
Mendel's Law of Dominance
allele that's dominant masks the other
35
homozygous
same (TT or tt)
36
heterozygous
different (Tt)
37
what is a sex-linked trait?
trait that is carried on a sex chromosome (X or Y)
38
describe the makeup of a chromosome
DNA is tightly coiled around a histone protein which creates a nucleosome. Nucleosomes are linked together to create Chromatin, and Chromatin condenses to form a Chromosome.
39
monomer of DNA:
nucleotides
40
three parts of a nucleotide:
phosphate group, deoxyribose (sugar), and a nitrogenous (A, G, T, C)
41
What is replication, where does it occur?
when DNA is duplicated during interphase, occurs in the nucleus
42
what enzymes help with DNA replication
DNA helices, DNA polymerase, ligase
43
where does transcription occur and what is produced?
occurs in nucleus and mRNA is made
44
what are the three types of RNA?
messenger, transfer, and ribosomal
45
when and where are each of them used?
messenger is used for transcription, ribosomal forms ribosomes, and transfer is used for translation
46
amino acids are delivered by which type of RNA?
mRNA
47
amino acids are the monomers of what type of organic molecule?
proteins
48
why is the amino acid methionine so special?
it is a start codon which tells tRNA when to start bringing amino acids for protein synthesis
49
what gives amino acids their unique properties?
their side chain/ R Group
50
why are mutations in body cells NOT a source of the genetic variation
mutations in body cells would not be passed on to offspring
51
explain how mutation is one of the driving forces behind evolution
mutations are changes at the DNA level. evolution is a change in a species over time, so when the mutations are passed on to offspring evolution begins to happen
52
who is considered the father of our current theory of evolution?
Charles Darwin
53
What are forms of evidence that are used to develop evolutionary relationships?
fossil records, similarities in DNA, homologous and vestigial structures, similarities in embryological development
54
the peppered moth experiment
helps scientists see that animals adapt to their surroundings to survive by showing that the moth changes to avoid pollution and predation.
55
What is geographic isolation and how does it play into evolution?
occurs when 2 groups of organisms are separated by a natural barrier, because they are separated, they adapt and change according to the environment
56
How would Darwin have explained the difference in the tortoises on different islands of the Galapagos Islands?
The length of the neck makes a tortoise better or worse suited to survive and reproduce depending on the vegetation available.
57
what is a biotic factor?
a living thing
58
what is an abiotic factor?
a nonliving thing
59
what is an example of a biotic factor?
plant, animal, insect, flower
60
what is an example of an abiotic factor?
food, water, sunlight
61
what is a density dependent factor?
are affected by population density (food, disease)
62
what is a density independent factor?
are not affected by population density (weather)
63
what is biological magnification?
the organisms higher in the food chain have a more concentrated level of toxins than the organisms on bottom
64
list different trophic levels
primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers
65
what is a niche?
the role of an organism in its ecosystem
66
what is the 10% Law?
only 10% of energy is passed from 1 trophic level to the next
67
what is an invasive species?
a nonnative species being introduced to an area
68
what are "greenhouse gases"?
gas in the atmosphere that traps in heat
69
how does deforestation contribute to "greenhouse gases"?
trees use CO2 in the atmosphere, the fewer trees the more CO2 which increases the amount of greenhouse gas.
70
what is carrying capacity?
the maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can support