Final Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
What is the most frequently occurring special education category?
A
SLD
2
Q
What percent of special education is identified as SLD?
A
40-50%
3
Q
What percent of of the total population is identified as SLD?
A
4-5%
4
Q
What schools do special education regulations apply to?
A
Only public/ private schools that get federal funding
5
Q
PL 94- 142 (1975)
A
Education for all Handicapped Children
6
Q
What law tripled LD?
A
PL 94- 142 (1975)
7
Q
What law enabled school-aged children to have right to FAPE?
A
PL 94- 142 (1975)
8
Q
(1986)
A
reauthorized as PL 99-457
extended age to birth- 21 (EI)
FAPE mandated for ages 3-21
9
Q
(1990)
A
IDEA PL 101-476
dropped handicapped - changed to disabilities
added Autism and TBI
Inclusion
10
Q
(1997)
A
Expanded LRE
11
Q
(2004)
A
IDEIA most recent aligned with NCLB 2001 focus on increasing expectations Changed SLD evaluation procedures
12
Q
What does the ‘I” in IDEIA stand for?
A
Improvement
13
Q
What was the LD definition based off of in the mid- late 1800s?
A
neurology, psychology, education, and clinicians observations
14
Q
How did Sam Kirk (1963) contribute to SLD?
A
defined LD
didn’t develop it, but played a part
15
Q
Alfred Strauss
A
“Brain injured child”
final brain damage
medical model - etiology (whats causing this issue)
16
Q
How can you show a discrepancy, but not be illegible for special education in school?
A
Child could be achieving fine in the classroom
17
Q
What did IDEA (2004) emphasize?
A
Underachievement
18
Q
What are the main classification systems (but not limited to)?
A
- Ability- Achievement
- MTSS/ TRI
- Research-Based Procedures
EX: Strengths/ Weaknesses Model
19
Q
Who was the father of the testing movement from England? Also what did he discover?
A
Sir Francis Galton
regression to the mean and correlation also found gain knowledge through senses, higher IQ = higher sensory discrimination
20
Q
Who created the product movement correlation from England?
A
Karl Pearson
21
Q
Who was James McKeen Cattle?
A
USA
Individual differences in behavior
Established lab at Penn
22
Q
What did Hermann Ebbinghaus discover? (Germany)
A
sent comp, presenter of group administered IQ tests, tests of memory, and math computation
23
Q
What did Carl Wernicke (Germany) discover?
A
brain localization, temporal, left, detection of ID
24
Q
Henry H Goddard?
A
introduced the Binet Simon scales to the US
Revised the 1908 scale and standardized it on 2000 American children
viewed intelligence as a single underlying function
binet viewed it as shifting
25
Lewis M Terman?
The Stanford revision and extension of the Binet Simon scale
used mental quotients
26
Robert M Yerkes
against the age-scale - items are standardized on different ages
published point scale- quality of responses and correctness
27
What is a mental quotient?
how far does IQ divert from others of his/her age
28
What is metacognition?
how we think about thinking
29
David Wechsler
wechsler-bellevus intelligence scale, form 1
point scale developed after reviewing the standardized test of the 1930s
Considered intelligence to be a part of the larger construct of personality
30
Common definitions of intelligence?
adaptions to the environments, basic mental processes, higher-order thinking
31
Differences in definitions of intelligence?
metacognition and executive processes
knowledge of the interaction between knowledge and mental processes
context, particularly the value culture places on intelligence
32
What was Terman's definition of intelligence?
ability to carry on abstract thinking
33
What was Binet's definition of intelligence?
collection of faculties, judgement, practical sense, initiative, and the ability to adapt to circumstances
34
What was Wechsler's definition of intelligence?
composed of the qualitatively different abilities
35
What is the factor analytic theory?
how items load
36
Cattle and Horn's fluid and crystallized intelligence
2 types of intelligence: fluid and crystallized
37
What is fluid intelligence?
Nonverbal, relatively culture-free mental efficiency, adaptive and new learning capabilities
More dependent on physiological structure
More likely to decline
Sensitive to TBI
38
What is crystallized intelligence?
Acquired skills and knowledge, dependent on exposure to culture
Continues and stays the same
39
Gardner's multiple Intelligence
8 competencies
40
What did Thordikes theory of intelligence include?
social, concrete, abstract (all separate)
41
What did Piaget's theory of intelligence include?
intelligence is a form of biological adaptations to one's environment
Assimilation and accommodations
42
What are learning disabilities?
Umbrella term for a wide variety of disorders
43
Dyslexia
inability to read
44
What are the 2 types of dyslexia?
Developmental and Acquired
45
What is developmental dyslexia?
acquired before or just after birth or from injury/ brain damage
46
What percentage of the school-aged population have a learning disability?
10-15%
47
What is acquired dyslexia?
Due to brain damage after learning to read
48
what fraction students lack fundamental reading skills?
1/3
49
What are some common symptoms associated with SLD?
```
hyperactivity
perceptual motor impairments
emotional libability
general coordination deficits
disorders of attention (short attention span, distractibility)
disorders of memory and thinking
disorders in speech and hearing
neurological signs and irregular EEG
```
50
What skills are required for reading?
1. Letter identification
2. phonological skills
3. Grapheme skills
4. Sequencing skills
5. Short-term memory
51
What is lexicon?
Your store of words and their meanings that you know
| you combine and use the words
52
Phonological Reading
being able to recognize and manipulate sound
decode by the sounds of words
converts a letter or group of letters into sounds
53
Graphemic Reading
word is memorized
| whole word reading
54
Phonemes
the smallest unit of sound in language
55
Morphemes
smallest unit that has meaning
| EX: pre
56
What does dyslexia in preschoolers look like?
articulation problems
trouble with phoneme awareness, rhyming, and saying polysyllabic words EX: animals
difficulty recalling basic information
57
What does dyslexia in elementary age children look like?
difficulty remembering the names of letters, then learning the sounds, and sound blending
automatic word recognition is more slow and labored
speed up and make more pronunciation errors or do not read every word in the text
58
What does dyslexia beyond 3rd grade look like?
difficulty correctly guessing low frequency words
59
What is phonological Dyslexia?
```
Poor phonological processing skills
Poor auditory processing
Poor receptive language
Difficulty with basic word attack skills
Poor pseudoword performance
likely significant history of ear infections
tend to activate the occipital lobe
```
60
What is orthographic dyslexia?
read in a slow, laborious matter
Problems with sight words
Left ventral stream important in orthography
61
What are the Feifer and Della Toffalo (2007) 4 subtypes of Dyslexia?
1. Dysphonetic
2. Surface
3. Mixed
4. Comprehension
62
What does Dysphonetic mean?
learn by the whole word
over reliant on picture words
inaccurate oral readers
63
What does Surface mean?
over reliance on the sound symbol relationship
| reading never become automatic
64
What does mixed mean?
dysphenetic and surface, so learn by picture and sound/ symbol relationship
65
Comprehension
difficulty with meaning
66
What is semantics?
individual words and sentence structure
67
What is pragmatics?
function of the message conveyed
68
What is a semantic subsection error?
words have similar meanings, but different word
69
What is phonemic substitution?
substitutes letters within words
70
What is configuration substitution?
Ssing beginning letters or whole word and making errors that way
EX: photography said as photograph
EX: Card said as cart
71
Sequencing/ reversal?
reserves word order for parts of words
72
Syntax errors?
ignores or adds punctuation
73
Metacognitive (executive) correction
automatically. corrects words
74
What are some causes of reading disabilities?
phonological deficiency, attention deficiency, sensory deficiency, motor deficiency, evaluating the theories
75
What is the prevalence of math LD?
6%
76
What are the 3 subtypes of math LD?
semantic memory, procedural, and visual-spatial
77
What does semantic memory in math LD look like?
poor number-symbol association, poor math fact automaticity, comorbid Res and language disorders
78
What does the procedural subtype in math LD look like?
poor strategy/ algorithm
poor working memory, limited flexibility
rely on immature strategies
comorbid ADHD
79
What does the visual-spatial subtype in math LD look like?
problems with column alignment, place values, and operand adherence
80
What is the developmental influence on learning disabilities, maturational log?
cognitive functions undergo hierarchically development
if 1 level lags, subsequent levels will be delayed
learning disabilities persistent after maturation
81
What is the developmental influence on learning disabilities, environmental deprivation
deprivation can have long lasting consequences on physical and intellectual devlopment
EX: books and talking
82
What is the birthday effect?
maturational age could aggravate performance in learning disabled children
83
What are the main concepts of the IDEA (2004) definition of SLD?
refers to a specific learning disability, implying that the disability or disorder affects specific academic skills or domains
disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes
84
Can you ever just use one classification system to identify SLD
no, because they are somewhat vague and ambiguous terms
85
Ability-Achievement Discrepancy
discrepancy between intellectual ability and academic achievement
Ysseldyke
wait to fail method
86
Can a child can have an SLD in only 1 academic area. True or False?
False
87
What are the 8 categories of SLD?
```
Oral Expression
Listening Comprehension
Written Expression
Basic Reading Skill
Reading Fluency Skill
Reading Comprehension
Mathematics Calculation
Mathematics Problem Solving
```
88
what percent of identified SLD students have deficits in reading skills?
80%
89
What does "lexia" mean?
word
90
What does aphasia mean?
loss of language ability resulting from a brain injury
91
Who created dyslexia strephosymbolia and what does it mean?
Samuel Orton
| tendencies to reverse or invert letters or words when learning to read or write
92
What is the description of ID?
impairment that affects adaptive functioning in conceptual social and practical domains
93
What is the description of a communication disorder/
impairment in verbal and nonverbal communication
94
What is the description of ASD?
impairment in social interactions; repetitive behavior pattern
95
What is the description of ADHD?
impairments in attention to detail, hyperactivity exemplified by excessive talking, fidgeting, or inability to remain seated in appropriate situations
96
What is the description of SLD?
persistent difficultuies in reading, writing, arithmetic or math reasoning skills during formal schooling
97
What is the ability to decompose words into their constituent speech sounds?
phonemic awareness
98
How does the cerebellum affect reading?
timing and attention
99
What loads into math problem solving on the WIAT?
Math Problem Solving
100
What loads into Math Calculation on the WIAT?
Math Fluency and Numerical Operations
101
What loads into Written Expression on the WIAT?
Spelling, Sentences, Essay, Alphabet
102
What loads into Oral Expression on the WIAT?
Sentence Repetition, Expressive Vocabulary, and Word Fluency
103
What loads into Listening Comprehension on the WIAT?
Receptive Vocabulary and Oral Discourse
104
What loads into Basic Reading on the WIAT?
Psuedoword and Word Reading
105
What loads into Reading Comprehension on the WIAT?
Reading Comprehension
106
Hyperlexia
unusual reading ability
107
What is habituation?
response to a stimulus weakens with repeated exposure
108
Geschwind-Galaburda Theory
gondola hormones may affect brain development and learning
109
What loads into verbal comprehension?
Similarities and Vocabulary
110
What loads into fluid reasoning?
matrix reasoning and figure weights
111
What loads into visual spatial?
Block Design and (visual puzzles)
112
What loads into working memory?
digit span and (picture span)
113
What loads into processing speed?
coding, (symbol search) and (cancellation)
114
What are the 3 conditions that must be met for the federal classification of SLD?
1. Underachievement
2. RTI or Psychoeducational Assessment
3. Exclusionary factors
115
What are some reasons ability-achievement is not always considered the ideal method?
1. assumption that IQ is a near perfect predictor or achievement
2. applied inconsistently
3. statistically significant but not clinically significant
4. wait-to-fail ---- usually not till 3 or 4 grade
5. doesn't always identify processing deficits
6. over identification on minority students
116
What is RTI/MTSS based on?
treatment validity
117
Dysgraphia
inability to produce the motor patterns needed for writing OR the inability to spell both novel and familiar words
118
oral language impairments
exhibit difficulties with written expression, handwriting, spelling. lack necessary lexical, morphological, orthographic, and syntactic knowledge to express their thoughts in writing
119
What are the 3 subtests of a writing disability?
Dyslexia
Oral Language Impairment
Dysgraphia
120
Subitizing
judge the numbers of objects in a group rapidly, accurately and confidently
