Final

Question 1

Cohort studies

Answer 1

compare disease incidence over time between groups that differ on exposure.
Select subjects based on exposure and follow them longitudinally over time

Question 2

compare disease incidence over time between groups that differ on exposure.
Select subjects based on exposure and follow them longitudinally over time

Answer 2

cohort study

Question 3

Prospective cohort study

Answer 3

study started before outcome had occur

Question 4

retrospective cohort studies

Answer 4

study started after outcome has occurred. All data already collected

Question 5

Cohort study initiation

Answer 5

must exclude subjects with outcome

Question 6

What does cohort study use for association

Answer 6

relative risk

Question 7

Advantages of cohort studies

Answer 7

great for rare exposure. Can obtain incidence rates of disease. Assured that exposure occurred before onset of disease (temporality) can study multiple diseases related to one exposure

Question 8

Disadvantages of cohort studies

Answer 8

inefficient for rare outcomes. Inefficient for long latency from exposure to onset of disease

Question 9

possible bias of cohort studies

Answer 9

CONFOUNDING - if you don’t measure the confounders you cant control for them
Exposed and unexposed may not be representative of ALL subjects leading to a biased result (selection bias); measurement error; healthy worker effect (the ppl who are at work are the healthy ones. sick ppl are at home)

Question 10

The point in which a rational and informed person has no preference among 2 or more interventions in an RTC refers to what condition?

Answer 10

Equipoise

Question 11

Equipoise

Answer 11

not decided as whether or not the intervention may be better than existing
reasonable doubt about which option is good

Question 12

Stratification

Answer 12

used in small RCTs. increased likelihood you will have more even distribution

Question 13

RCTs are always

Answer 13

prospective

Question 14

What might be a valid criterion for including or excluding a patient from a RCT

Answer 14

comorbidity

Question 15

Surrogate endpoint

Answer 15

You chose an endpoint that may be earlier than outcome (like death or cardiovascular disease)

Question 16

What distinguished a systematic review from a meta analysis?

Answer 16

a meta analysis combines data from 2 or more studies of similar design
a systematic review does not have to be quantitative

Question 17

Systematic reviews improve upon narrative reviews in what way

Answer 17

Systematic reviews offer a transparent and reproducible summary of existing research on managing a focused clinical situation

Question 18

What kind of bias involves including only positive studies during the search for evidence to support systematic reviews

Answer 18

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