Review Sheet Notes

Question 1

Nominal Data

Answer 1

a variable with named categories with no implied order. Refers to the absence or presence of something. Examples: eye color, blood types, zip code, organ system, academic degree.

Question 2

a variable with named categories with no implied order. Refers to the absence or presence of something. Examples: eye color, blood types, zip code, organ system, academic degree.

Answer 2

Nominal data

Question 3

Ordinal data

Answer 3

a variable with ordered categories where differences or distances between categories cannot be considered equal. Examples: Chile spiciness, horse race results, pain scale, depression scale, restaurant rating

Question 4

a variable with ordered categories where differences or distances between categories cannot be considered equal. Examples: Chile spiciness, horse race results, pain scale, depression scale, restaurant rating

Answer 4

Ordinal data

Question 5

Interval data

Answer 5

variable with equal distances between values but zero point is arbitrary. Examples: IQ, Fahrenheit, Celsius, pediatric growth charts, waist size.

Question 6

variable with equal distances between values but zero point is arbitrary. Examples: IQ, Fahrenheit, Celsius, pediatric growth charts, waist size.

Answer 6

Interval Data

Question 7

Ratio data

Answer 7

variable with equal intervals between values and a meaningful zero point. Examples: kelvin temperature, height, weight, blood pressure, alcohol content.

Question 8

variable with equal intervals between values and a meaningful zero point. Examples: kelvin temperature, height, weight, blood pressure, alcohol content.

Answer 8

Ratio data

Question 9

Mean

Answer 9

The arithmetic average of a set of numbers. Only works with continuous (interval or ratio) data. Mean is the most sensitive to bias from skewed data.

Question 10

What measurement of central tendency is the most sensitive to bias from skewed data

Answer 10

mean

Question 11

Median

Answer 11

The value that seperates the higher half of the data from the lower half of a data sample. It is the middle value if the data sample is ordered from highest to lowest. If two values are in the middle, take the average of these two values to get the median. Median works for continuous or ordinal data. Median is less sensitive to bias from skewed data than mean, but not as good as mode.

Question 12

The value that seperates the higher half of the data from the lower half of a data sample. It is the middle value if the data sample is ordered from highest to lowest.

Answer 12

Median

Question 13

Mode

Answer 13

the most common value in a set of numbers or categories. Works for any type of data. Mode is the lease sensitive to bias from skewed data.

Question 14

Least sensitive to skewed data?

Answer 14

mode

Question 15

Most common valuie in a set of numbers or categories

Answer 15

mode

Question 16

Mean absolute deviation

Answer 16

the average distance between each data value and the mean. Conceptually very similar to standard deviation

Question 18

Standard deviation

Answer 18

a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values. No need to calculate on exam.

Question 19

Variance

Answer 19

the average squared deviation of a random value from its mean. Variance is the square of standard deviation.

Question 20

Normal distribution

Answer 20

a brobability distribution of population level data that is bell shaped, symmetric, and asymptotic

Question 21

Standard normal distribution

Answer 21

a standardized verson of the normal distribution where the mean is set to 0 and the standard deviation is set to 1. The x axis for this distribution are z scores, which are units of standard deviation centered at 0.

Question 22

Z score

Question 23

95% of values from a population…

Answer 23

95% of values from a population fall within +/- 1.96 standard deviations (which for the purpose of this exam is about 2 standard deviations) Correspondingly, 97.5% of values fall below 2 standard deviations above mean.

Question 24

Sampling distribution

Answer 24

a probability distribution of a statistic obtained through a large number of samples drawn from a specific popoulation

Question 25

Standard error

Answer 25

the standard deviation of a sampling distribution. Its is equal to the standard deviation of the population data divided by the sample size.

Question 26

The central limit theorem

Answer 26

Tells us that, as a sample size increases, the distribution of sample means drawn from a population will become normally distributed. In other words it tell us that the sampling distribution will be normally distributed, which allows us to perform hypothesis tests even if the underlying population data is not perfectly normally distributed.

Question 27

What tells us that, as a sample size increases, the distribution of sample means drawn from a population will become normally distributed. In other words it tell us that the sampling distribution will be normally distributed, which allows us to perform hypothesis tests even if the underlying population data is not perfectly normally distributed.

Answer 27

central limit theorem

Question 28

Null hypothesis

Answer 28

a hypothesis st