Final Flashcards
What are the four main types of operant conditioning schedules?
- Fixed Ratio: Same number of desired responses required on each trial before receiving the reward
- Variable Ratio: The number of responses required for reward varies for each trial
- Fixed Interval: Same amount of time must pass on each trial before reward is received
- Variable interval: Reinforcement possibilities after varying amount of time
Who was Albert Bandura and what did his Bobo Doll study tell us about learning?
- Albert Bandura conducted the Bobo Doll Experiment
- Had to do with how children play with a Bobo doll depending on watching a violent of non-violent program before.
What is latent learning and how is this demonstrated in Tolman’s experiment with rats?
- Latent learning- is learning after trials, with motivations at the end
- The experiment put rats in mazes, time and time again, with the motivation of food or no motivation. As time increased the number of errors decreases, and the food learned faster when there was always food at the end
- The group that learned the fastest was the group where the first 10 days there was no food, but then they add food
Explain encoding, storage, and retrieval with memories?
- Encoding: converting environmental and mental stimuli into memorable brain codes
- Storage: holding on to encoded information
- Retrieval: pulling information from storage
What is the capacity and duration of holding information for sensory memory?
- Sensory Memory- hold information in its original form only for an instant
- Capacity- 9 to 12 terms
- Duration- is very brief with most gone in less than 1 second
What was Sperling’s Experiment and how does it relate to sensory memory?
- Sperling’s Experiment put up a matrix of 12 letters in quick flashes
- Testing sensory memory
What is the capacity and duration of holding information for short term memory?
- Short Term Memory- memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used
- Capacity- the digit span test suggests that the average capacity is between 5-9 items
- Duration- Only lasts (at best) 30 seconds
What is the digit span and how does it relate to short term memory?
- There will be a list of numbers read out and you will try to remember the numbers afterwards, the list grows
- Shows short term memory’s duration and capacity
What is the difference of maintenance and elaborative rehearsal of information?
- Maintenance rehearsal is the repetition of the word to remember it
- Elaborative rehearsal is using old concepts to remember the new concept
How does chunking of information relate to memory?
-Chunking: grouping units into higher order units that can be remembered
Why do levels of processing of information matter when storing memories?
-Levels of processing model: information that is more “deeply processed” or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time
What is the capacity and duration of holding information for long term memory?
- Long Term Memory: permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time
- Storage and duration are thought to be unlimited
What is the difference between declarative and non-declarative long term memories?
- Declarative memory (explicit): conscious recollection of information such as specific facts or events
- -Sematic Memory: involves general knowledge
- -Episodic Memory: retention of autobiographical information
- Non-declarative (implicit) memories: behavior is affected by prior experience without that experience being consciously recollected (remembered)
- -Procedural memory: memory of skills that often don’t require direct attention and continual conscious awareness to learn and improve
How are semantic and episodic memories different from one another? Similar?
- Sematic memory: involves general knowledge
- Episodic memory: retention of autobiographical information
- Similar ?
What are examples of procedural memories?
- Procedural memories- memory of skills that often don’t require direct attention and continual conscious awareness to learn and imporve
- Riding a bike
How does priming impact memory?
-Priming: a type of incidental learning where exposure to events that influence future behavioral, emotional and/or cognitive responses which are generally unintentional
What is the difference between recognition and recall tasks of memory retrieval?
- Recall- memory task without cues
- Recognition- memory task with cues to help recognize learned items
What is state dependent memory and how does it work?
-State Dependent memory: people recall information better when they are in the same psychological state or mood as learning
What is context dependent memory and how does it work?
-Context dependent memory is it is much easier to retrieve certain memories when they are in context, location or what not
What is the serial position effect and how does it work?
-Serial Position Effect: our memory is better for items or experiences at the beginning or ending of a list.
Who is Elizabeth Loftus and what have her studies shown us about memory?
- Conducted the Loftus study
- How fast where cars going using the words hit or smashed each other.
What is the difference between encoding and retrieval errors in forgetting and how might we be able to test which is happening when someone forgets?
- Encoding Error is the brain not creating the memory
- Retrieval Error is failure to remember the memory
