Final Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
What are the four main types of operant conditioning schedules?
A
- Fixed Ratio: Same number of desired responses required on each trial before receiving the reward
- Variable Ratio: The number of responses required for reward varies for each trial
- Fixed Interval: Same amount of time must pass on each trial before reward is received
- Variable interval: Reinforcement possibilities after varying amount of time
2
Q
Who was Albert Bandura and what did his Bobo Doll study tell us about learning?
A
- Albert Bandura conducted the Bobo Doll Experiment
- Had to do with how children play with a Bobo doll depending on watching a violent of non-violent program before.
3
Q
What is latent learning and how is this demonstrated in Tolman’s experiment with rats?
A
- Latent learning- is learning after trials, with motivations at the end
- The experiment put rats in mazes, time and time again, with the motivation of food or no motivation. As time increased the number of errors decreases, and the food learned faster when there was always food at the end
- The group that learned the fastest was the group where the first 10 days there was no food, but then they add food
4
Q
Explain encoding, storage, and retrieval with memories?
A
- Encoding: converting environmental and mental stimuli into memorable brain codes
- Storage: holding on to encoded information
- Retrieval: pulling information from storage
5
Q
What is the capacity and duration of holding information for sensory memory?
A
- Sensory Memory- hold information in its original form only for an instant
- Capacity- 9 to 12 terms
- Duration- is very brief with most gone in less than 1 second
6
Q
What was Sperling’s Experiment and how does it relate to sensory memory?
A
- Sperling’s Experiment put up a matrix of 12 letters in quick flashes
- Testing sensory memory
7
Q
What is the capacity and duration of holding information for short term memory?
A
- Short Term Memory- memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used
- Capacity- the digit span test suggests that the average capacity is between 5-9 items
- Duration- Only lasts (at best) 30 seconds
8
Q
What is the digit span and how does it relate to short term memory?
A
- There will be a list of numbers read out and you will try to remember the numbers afterwards, the list grows
- Shows short term memory’s duration and capacity
9
Q
What is the difference of maintenance and elaborative rehearsal of information?
A
- Maintenance rehearsal is the repetition of the word to remember it
- Elaborative rehearsal is using old concepts to remember the new concept
10
Q
How does chunking of information relate to memory?
A
-Chunking: grouping units into higher order units that can be remembered
11
Q
Why do levels of processing of information matter when storing memories?
A
-Levels of processing model: information that is more “deeply processed” or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time
12
Q
What is the capacity and duration of holding information for long term memory?
A
- Long Term Memory: permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time
- Storage and duration are thought to be unlimited
13
Q
What is the difference between declarative and non-declarative long term memories?
A
- Declarative memory (explicit): conscious recollection of information such as specific facts or events
- -Sematic Memory: involves general knowledge
- -Episodic Memory: retention of autobiographical information
- Non-declarative (implicit) memories: behavior is affected by prior experience without that experience being consciously recollected (remembered)
- -Procedural memory: memory of skills that often don’t require direct attention and continual conscious awareness to learn and improve
14
Q
How are semantic and episodic memories different from one another? Similar?
A
- Sematic memory: involves general knowledge
- Episodic memory: retention of autobiographical information
- Similar ?
15
Q
What are examples of procedural memories?
A
- Procedural memories- memory of skills that often don’t require direct attention and continual conscious awareness to learn and imporve
- Riding a bike
16
Q
How does priming impact memory?
A
-Priming: a type of incidental learning where exposure to events that influence future behavioral, emotional and/or cognitive responses which are generally unintentional
17
Q
What is the difference between recognition and recall tasks of memory retrieval?
A
- Recall- memory task without cues
- Recognition- memory task with cues to help recognize learned items
18
Q
What is state dependent memory and how does it work?
A
-State Dependent memory: people recall information better when they are in the same psychological state or mood as learning
19
Q
What is context dependent memory and how does it work?
A
-Context dependent memory is it is much easier to retrieve certain memories when they are in context, location or what not
20
Q
What is the serial position effect and how does it work?
A
-Serial Position Effect: our memory is better for items or experiences at the beginning or ending of a list.
21
Q
Who is Elizabeth Loftus and what have her studies shown us about memory?
A
- Conducted the Loftus study
- How fast where cars going using the words hit or smashed each other.
22
Q
What is the difference between encoding and retrieval errors in forgetting and how might we be able to test which is happening when someone forgets?
A
- Encoding Error is the brain not creating the memory
- Retrieval Error is failure to remember the memory
23
Q
What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference?
A
- Proactive Interference- information learned earlier interferes with information learned later
- Retroactive Interference- information learned later interferes with information learned earlier
- P.O.R.N
- Pro Old, Retro New
24
Q
What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?
A
- Anterograde- You cannot form new memories, living in the moment
- Retrograde- You cannot remember old memories, prior to the traumatic even
25
What are three main questions posed by developmentalists?
- What is attachment?
- How does it happen?
- How do we measure the quality of attachment
26
What are reflexes; make sure to be able to describe all of those mentioned in class
- Rooting Reflex- infants turn their heads towards the direction of something touch their cheeks
- Sucking reflex- something placed on a baby's lips leads the infant sucking
- Moro Reflex- when the infant because of a startling event would lead to the babies trying to hug something
- Palmer grasp Reflex- something touches the palms of the hands and leads to the infant grabbing the object and holding on to it hard
- Stepping reflex- take an infant and hold him up and slide them across the surface they will do a walking motion
- Babinski reflex- stroking the soles of the feet will lead to the toes curl out and then curl back in
- Tonic neck reflex- placing the infant on their back will lead the infant putting their hands on the hip and extend the other hand outwards (fencing reflex is the other name)
27
What is the cephalacaudal and proximodistal trends in physical development?
- Cephalacaudal trend (top to bottom)- you get control fo your head and then work downwards
- Proximodistal trend (center outwards)- you gain control of your trunk then out towards your limbs
28
How does Piaget explain quantitative stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
- Schemas "the files"- a concept or framework that organizes and interprets the information
- Adaptation
- -Assimilation- interpreting one's new experiences in terms of existing schemas
- -Accommodation- Significant modifications to existing schemas based on new information
29
What are each of the qualitative stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor (Stage 1: Birth to 2): exploration of the world through their senses
- Preoperational (Stage 2: 2-7 years): Development and use of internal images and symbols, animistic thinking (providing human characters and traits to objects), ands transductive thinking: simple cause and effect thinking
- Concrete operational (Stage 3: 7-12): children think more logically to draw conclusions, look for patterns and consistency, can complete the volume task.
- Formal Operational (Stage 4: 12+): Now use abstract reasoning about hypothetical events and deductive reasoning. Metacognition grows
30
What is object permanence and when does it occur?
- Object Permanence- you understand that if you do not see something it still exists
- Occurs at the end of Sensorimotor stage (stage 1 around 2 years old)
31
Why are preoperational children considered to be egocentric?
- Egocentrism: the mountain study
- -hard to see from other's perspective
- -Children look at one side, looks at the other side of the mountain before experiment
- --Child then sits on one side, and Piaget on the other, while child is asked to describe what Piaget sees, they often describe their side even thought they have been shown both sides;
32
What is metacognition and how does it initially result in some "speed bumps" of cognitive development?
- act of thinking about thinking
| - Speed Bumps: imaginary audience, personal fable and optimism bias, pseudo-stupidity
33
How should we define attachment?
-emotional bond that connects one person to another over time
34
What is the difference between the Drive Reduction and Contact Comfort theories of attachment?
- Drive Reduction- when the caregiver provides their psychological needs, if not the drive is reduced
- Contact Comfort- emotional comfort provided by the mother to the baby through psychical interactions
35
What is the design of the Strange Situation and what does it tell us about attachment?
- Mom and stranger enter a room with a child, the mom leaves and you measure the toddlers reaction when the mom leaves, while the mom is gone, and when the mom returns
- This tells us the attachment style
36
How are Secure and Insecure attachment types different from one another?
.-Secure Attachment- If mom gets up and moves the toddler will follow
- -Secure Base Phenomenon: mom is a secure base, and the toddler will go back to check every once in a while
- Insecure Avoidant- Mom comes into the room and doesn't show any hesitation
- -No secure base phenomenon
- Insecure Ambivalent- Toddle will not go out an explore, will show goal directed behavior and will get more upset then shown in secure attachment
37
How are each of the four main parenting styles unique qualitatively different from one another?
- Authoritative: High Responsiveness, High Demandingness, provides high level of warmth within a structured environment
- Permissive: High Responsiveness, Low Demandingness, rarely uses punishment but may use love withdrawal to influence behavior
- Authoritarian: Low Responsiveness, High Demandingness, warmth and responsiveness is ow but behavior expectation is high
- Uninvolved: Low Responsiveness, Low Demandingness, provides no rules or comfort
38
How does Kohlberg's model assess morality? What are some criticisms of his model?
- Provided ethical dilemma's and studied the responses
- Levels or Morality
- -Pro-conventional: all about reward and punishment
- -Conventional: obeying laws and protecting image in social relationships
- -Post-conventional: protection of higher universal principles
- Criticisms: Scenarios don't depict typical real-life experiences (ran another study with same outcomes), these are hypothetical situations and we don't always do what we say
39
How do psychologist define abnormal?
- Statistically rare- not a lot of people demonstrates these actions
- Social Norm Deviance- Someone who practices cutting themselves we would put them as abnormal, unless if it is normal for tribes (all in terms of society)
- Subjective Discomfort- Highly emotionally distressed
- Maladaptive- Is it interfering with their normal life (sleeping/eating habits)
- Danger to self or others
40
What is the DSM and what purpose does it serve?
- The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Outline of diagnoses
- Used for consistency
- Contains: Criteria in order to diagnose others, symptoms,., related disorders, dissociative features, treatments
41
What are some concerns regarding the use of the DSM
- Not everyone can agree with the symptoms, criteria, what disorders to include
- A lot of false-positives (over diagnosing)
42
Differentiate among the five main models for explaining disorders?
- Biological Model-rooted in biological changes in chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body
- Cognitive Model- Abnormal behavior comes form irrational beliefs and illogical pattern of thought
- Behaviorism Model-Abnormal behavior is learned
- Psychodynamic Model- Abnormal behavior stems form repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious
- Biopsychosocial Model- abnormal behavior is the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences
43
Why is general anxiety disorder considered "free floating"?
- GAD
- Persistent "free-floating" worrying, which is difficult to control
- Influenced by both biological and environmental factors
- Often comorbid with other conditions
44
How is general anxiety disorder influenced by both biological and environmental factors?
-Environmental factors include: school, job, relationship etc.
Biological: family background and life experiences
45
What are the main symptoms and known biological and cognitive factors linked to panic disorders?
- Anxiety level increases out of nowhere
- Panic attacks: high levels of anxiety that appears suddenly and escalates to intense levels quickly
- Symptoms: includes multiple physical and cognitive symptoms
- Frequency and length of panic attacks vary
- Causes: linked to both biological markers (e.g. neurotransmitters) as well as cognitive factors (catastrophic bias)
46
How are phobic disorders different than panic disorder or general anxiety disorder?
- Phobic disorders are:
- An irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of specific object or situation
- Excessive and disproportionate to the situation
- Tend to over predict danger and are overly sensitive to threat cues
- Causes are primarily linked to behavioral learning, but other thearies exist
- Treatment is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
47
What is the difference between obsessions and compulsions in OCD?
-OCD- A compulsive disorder in which the symptoms of anxiety are triggered by intrusive, repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain ritualistic actions
48
What are the main symptoms of schizophrenia?
-A severe psychological disorder characterized by distortions and psychotic symptoms at various levels including: though (delusions) and Perception (hallucinations), emotions (blunt or inappropriate), communication (world salad) and Social skills (impulsive versus withdrawn)
49
What is the difference between positive and negative symptomolgy in schizophrenia
- Negative symptoms- symptoms becoming mute (removing thoughts)
- Positive symptoms- adding symptoms (adding delusions or hallucinations)
50
Who were the Genain quadruplets and what do they tell us about the role of genetics in schizophrenia?
- Quadruplets that all had schizophrenia
| - Showed the genetical aspect of schiz
51
How does the diathesis stress model apply to the likelihood of developing a disorder?
-Diathesis Stress Model: An approach which takes into account both the biological (nature) and environmental (nurture) components of developing schizophrenia
52
What are the main neurological links to schizophrenia?
- Enlarged ventricles represent loss of neurons in adjacent ares
- Hippocampal cell bodies in a participant diagnosed with schizophrenia appear relatively disorganized
53
Why do psychologists believe dopamine is linked to schizophrenia?
- Dopamine agonists (cocaine, amphetamine) produce symptoms of psychosis
- Dopamine antagonists reduce psychotic behavior
- Patients may have abnormalities involving dopamine auto receptors
54
What are the five factors of the Big 5 theory of personality and how do they represent one's personality?
- Openness (creativity)
- Conscientiousness (organization)
- Extraversion (sociability)
- Agreeableness (likability)
- Neuroticism (stability)
- O.C.E.A.N.
55
Why do schizoid and schizotypal personality disorder considered part of the odd-eccentric cluster?
- Odd-Eccentric Cluster- Ppl with these disorders have symptoms including inappropriate affect, odd thought and speech and paranoia. However, they maintain their grasp on reality
- Schizoid Personality Disorder- Detachment from social relationships and restricted emotional expressions; aloof, cold and humorless loner
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder- Distinguished by their cognitive and perceptual distortions as well as odd and eccentric behaviors
56
How is the histrionic personality disorder different than the narcissistic personality disorder? How are they similar?
- Dramatic-emotional Personalities-People with theses disorders engage in dramatic and impulsive behaviors often showing little regard for the safety or feelings of others
- Histrionic Personality Disorder- Excessive attention seeking and overly emotional behaviors with a strong need for approval and to constantly be the center of attention
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder- Patterns of grandiosity need for admiration and lack of empathy; entitled, arrogant and displaying explosive behaviors and attitudes
