Midterm 2

Question 1

How is phantom limb syndrome thought to be associated with the brain?

Answer 1

• Feeling of a limb that has been amputated
• Section for hand and cheek are close on the sensory cortex. leading to feelings on the cheeks that could be felt on the hand

Question 2

How is unilateral neglect thought to be associated with the brain?

Answer 2

-Loss of attention to one side of space opposite side of the brain

Question 3

Who was Phineas Gage and what happened to him?

Answer 3

• Rod shot through his head and did not kill him -Still had consciousness
• Lost his ability to solve problems. lost vision in left eye, acted like a kid and lost his old self

Question 4

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

Answer 4

• Sensation: activation of the receptors
• Perception: method by which the sensation are organized and interrupted

Question 5

What is a subliminal message and what does the research suggest about plausibility of them to influence behavior

Answer 5

-Subliminal Messages: a stimulus that is found below the threshold

Question 6

What is the difference between an absolute threshold and just noticeable difference?

Answer 6

• Absolute Threshold: weakest stimulation of the sense that is detected 50% of time when presented
• Just Noticeable difference: Smallest change between multiple stimuli that is perceived 50% of the time

Question 7

How might someone test for an absolute threshold? Just noticeable difference?

Answer 7

• AT: Play a sound at a level and test how many times the patients hears the sound
• JND: change the brightness by a small increment and test how many people see the difference

Question 8

Can you explain Weber’s law using examples?

Answer 8

• Weber’s Law: Always a constant percentage change rather than a constant amount change
• Sound increases by 10% each time you increase the volume one increment

Question 9

What are the differences between habituation and sensory adaptation?

Answer 9

• Habituation: the brain stops attending to constant, unchanging auditory stimuli
• Sensory Adaptation- sensory receptors become less responsive with time when exposed to constant non- auditory sensory stimuli (biological)

Question 10

Why is paying attention important for perceiving stimuli?

Answer 10

-Ground and Figure?

Question 11

Why is there a blind spot at the back of the retina?

Answer 11

-Lack of photo receptors where the optic nerve is

Question 12

What are the three layers of the retina?

Answer 12

• Photoreceptors (rods and cones)
• Bipolar Cells
• Ganglion Cells

Question 13

Compare and contrast the major differences between rods and cones?

Answer 13

• Rods help you see black and white, more rods then cons, periphery, scotopic vision
• Cones help you see color, located centrally, photopic vision

Question 14

What is the visual pathway from the retina to the visual cortex?

Answer 14

-Optic Nerve –> Optic Chiasm –> visual area of the thalamus –> Visual Cortex

Question 15

What is meant by contralateral processing? Parallel Processing?

Answer 15

-Parallele Processing breaks down what we see in different parts sime

Question 16

What is the difference between ventral and dorsal visual streams?

Answer 16

• Ventral Stream: what we’re looking at (Visual Cortex –> Temporal Lobe) Dmg here can lead to prosopagnosia
• Dorsal Stream: where it is located, (Visual Cortex –> Parietal Lobe), Dmg here can lead to loss of depth perception

Question 17

What is the difference between additive and subtractive coloring?

Answer 17

• Subtractive Coloring: removing wavelengths of light being reflected, such as when you mix colored paints
• Additive Coloring: Increasing wavelengths of light being reflected form the surface with mixing colored lights

Question 18

Can you explain the trichromatic theory and how it relates to translating color vision?

Answer 18

• Color vision is based on three photopigments: red, green, blue -3 different photoreceptors are used for each wavelengths
• Describes processing at the retinal level but not cortical
• We have 3 diff cones (For Blue, Green, and Red) other colors are interpreted by using a mixture of the three cones

Question 19

Why do afterimages demonstrate that the trichromatic theory can’t completely explain color vision?

Answer 19

-?

Question 20

Can you explain the opponent processing theory and what it says about color vision?

Answer 20

• Colors arranged in specific antagonist pairs (Blue and Yellow or Red and Green)
• These colors that are paired are specialized by the same cones
• Explains color processing on the cortical lane

Question 21

How can the trichromatic theory and opponent processing theory both be correct when it comes to color vision?

Answer 21

-When looking at cones. trichromatic is right, when looking elsewhere opponent processing is right

Question 22

What are some of the signs of sleep deprivation?

Answer 22

-Memory, Reaction Time, Decision Making, Impulse Control, Concentration, Stress. Weight Gain, Emotional Volatility, Immune System

Question 23

How long can we go without sleep and who were Peter Tripp and Randy Gardner?

Answer 23

• Longest 11 days -Peter Tripp went for 8 days, and had long term damage
• Randy Gardner went for 11 days but had no long term damage

Question 24

What is the Evolution theory of why we sleep?

Answer 24

-Preservation Theory: Animals evolved sleep patterns based on predatory/prey designations and how well they could escape being killed by other animals

Question 25

What is the developmental theory's explanation on why we sleep?

Answer 25

-?

Question 26

What is the developmental phase shift or preference of sleep in adolescences?

Answer 26

-Our body produced melatonin (helps us fall asleep), melatonin has a peak point in the evening, the peak point will shift later to 3 hours later, so the body is telling you that your body is tired 3 hours later. We will not be awake, alert until later in the day.

Question 27

What is the biological theory's explanation of why we sleep?

Answer 27

-Maturation Theory: Sleep provides our body with unique period of time to focus on growing

Question 28

What is the cognitive theory's explanation of why we sleep?

Answer 28

-Memory Sorage Theory: Sleep provies the opportunity to effectively organize our memories and experiences from the day =Resorative Theory: Sleep provies a time for the body to restore, seplenish and rebuild the brain and body, which the day's waking actives may have worn out

Question 29

How long is a circadian rhythm and what are some examples?

Answer 29

-24 Hour bodily cycle in the biological system -Hormone Levels

Question 30

What is the purpose of zeitgebers?

Answer 30

- Cues to help entrain our rhythms - Sunlight, Clock, Temp, Food/Hunger

Question 31

What happened when scientists put participants on a free running cycle?

Answer 31

-Patients go on a 27 or 28 hour cycle

Question 32

What area of the brain is thought to be the biological wristwatch of the brain?

Answer 32

-Suprachiasmatic Nuclease

Question 33

What are the three main components of a polysomnograph?

Answer 33

- Left Eye Movment - Right Eye Movements - EMG (muscle tension) - EEG (brain Waves)

Question 34

Which sleep stages are associated with beta, alpha, delta, and theta waves?

Answer 34

- Beta (smaller/faster): wakeful activities and engages state - Aplha waves (larger/slower): brain waves displayed in a relaxes or lightly . sleeping state - Theta waves are introduces in N1 (light sleep) - Delta waves are in N3 (deep sleep)

Question 35

How do the various stages (N1, N2, N3 and REM sleep) progress through the night?

Answer 35

-N1,N2,N3 decrease and REM increases

Question 36

Why is REM sleep often referred to paradoxical sleep?

Answer 36

-Polysomnograph demonstrates a wakeful pattern

Question 37

What is the difference between parasomnias and dysomnias?

Answer 37

- Parasominas: sleep difficulties where the main symptom is associated with a specific stage of sleep - Dysomnias: not a sleep disorder, just a category. Sleep latency and sleep continuity

Question 38

What are the major features of insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy?

Answer 38

- Insomnia: difficulties with initiating and or maintaining sleep - Sleep Apnea: Intermittent periods of suffocation during sleep, leading to continual interruptions of deep sleep - Narcolepsy: excessive sleepiness

Question 39

How are nightmares different than night terrors?

Answer 39

-Nightmare could be sleep disorder if causing distress and psychological trauma Night terror: screaming, fast heart rate, tend not to remember

Question 40

What are somnambulisms, somniloques, and REM behavior disorder?

Answer 40

- Somnilques: fragmented nonsenscial sleep talking, most lightly to cocur in light sleep - Somnambulisms: sleep-walking typically occurs in deep sleep and earlier developmentally - Rem heavior disorder: failure to inhibit musvles during REM sleep, typically occurs later developmentaly

Question 41

What is Freud's explanation of why we dream?

Answer 41

- Psychoanalytic - Dreams provide a mental sketchpad to play out our deepest desires and fears - Manifest Content: reflects the dream itself, what they do and how you feel - Latent Content: underlying true meaning of the dream hidden underneath the manifest content

Question 42

Why do we dream according to the cognitive theory and the AIM theory?

Answer 42

- Cognitive Theory: dreams provide the context to try and problem solve current issues in our lives - AIM: dreams reflect the brain trying to make sense of random firing of sensory brain areas during sleep

Question 43

What is classical conditioning and who discovered it?

Answer 43

-Classical Conditioning: A type of learning where an organism comes to create associations between multiple stimuli -Ivan Pavlov

Question 44

What is the terminology used in classical conditioning to explain learning?

Answer 44

- Unconditioned Stimulus: something that automatically triggers an involuntary response without any learning needed - Unconditioned Response: The involuntary response elicited by the stimulus in without any learning needed - Conditioned Stimulus: An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus - Conditioned Response: The response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus: it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 45

What is generalization in classical conditioning?

Answer 45

-Generalization: A new stimulus resembling the original elicits a response similar to CR

Question 46

What are extinction and spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

Answer 46

- Extinction: Weakening of the relationship between the CR and the CS by continual presentation of the CS alone - Spontaneous Recovery: CR recurring after a time delay

Question 47

Who was John Watson and what did he do with Little Albert?

Answer 47

- Watson used classical conditioning to create a fear of a white rat in 11 month old Little Albert - Alberts fear of white rat was generalized to other similar looking objects such as a fuzzy white coat, white furry dog, etc.

Question 48

How could researches have removed the conditioned phobia in Little Albert's Case?

Answer 48

-Extinction or Counter-Conditioning

Question 49

What was John Garcia's study on conditioned taste aversion and how does it relate to real-life experiences of food poisoning?

Answer 49

-Rats, Radiation, and Sweet Water -Eat burrito, get sick, hate all Mexican food

Question 50

What is learned helplessness and why does it occur?

Answer 50

- Learned helplessness:tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures - Classical Conditioning

Question 51

Who was Edward Thorndike and what was his main contribution to learning?

Answer 51

-Taught Operant Conditioning with cats, cage, trap door, and food

Question 52

What is the difference between classical condition and operant conditioning?

Answer 52

-Operant conditioning is changes in conscious and voluntary decisions based on experienced consequences

Question 53

What is the difference between a reinforcement and punishment in operant conditions?

Answer 53

- Reinforcement: The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens increases the probability of the response that it follows - Punishment: The process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows

Question 54

How are positive and negative reinforcements different from one another?

Answer 54

- Positive: Getting something (reinforcement: money for grades, punishment: getting yelled at for something u did) - Negative: Removing something (reinforcement: removing headache, punishment: if you do this I will take away something you like)