Final Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
Why are children a growing medical population?
A
Due to increased survival rates.
2
Q
When will the Nursing Paediatric Specialty Certificate Exam start examining RNs?
A
November 2019 - they will notify these nurses if they have passed by January 2020
3
Q
What do child life specialists provide?
A
They provide evidence-based, developmentally and psychologically appropriate interventions including therapeutic play, preparation for procedures, and education to reduce fear, anxiety, and pain.
4
Q
What is the circle of care?
A
The group of professionals that are currently helping a patient.
5
Q
What are some of the rights you have as a health care consumer?
A
- Receive safe and proper care
- Give or refuse consent for any procedure, and for any reason
- Have a medical professional clearly explain health problems and treatments to you
- Participate in health care decisions
- Ask questions and express concerns
- Request a second opinion; within reason
- request to access your health information records
- be assured that personal info is confidential
- request the transfer of your health records to another medical professional
- make a complaint if any of these rights are violated
6
Q
What are the 7 broad standards that set the tone for the rest of the documents guiding best practices in nursing (in Ontario)?
A
- Accountability
- Continuing Competency
- Ethics
- Knowledge
- Knowledge Application
- Leadership
- Relationships
7
Q
What has the CNO (College of Nurses Ontario) decided that the most important values are when giving nursing care?
A
- Client well-being
- Client choice
- privacy and confidentiality
- respect for life
- maintaining commitments
- truthfulness
- fairness
8
Q
With most health professionals, documentation usually includes what?
A
- the needs or goals of the client or group
- the nurse’s actions based on the needs assessment
- the outcomes and evaluation of those action
9
Q
What is involved in informed consent?
A
- Involves the right of clients to be informed about the services they are going to receive, and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to them
10
Q
What does informed consent require?
A
requires that the client understands the information presented, gives consent voluntarily, and is competent to give consent to treatment
11
Q
What is a process that continues for the duration of the professional relationship?
A
Informed consent
12
Q
What are some of the informed consent key contents (which should be provided in writing and discussed fully):
A
- The process
- Background of professional
- costs involved
- the length of service and termination
- Consultation with colleagues
- Interruptions in service
- clients’ right of access to their files
- rights pertaining to diagnostic labeling
- the nature and purpose of confidentiality
- benefits and risks of treatment
- alternatives to traditional service
- Tape recording or videotaping sessions
13
Q
T or F: Informed consent is completed at the initial counselling session by having a client sign some forms
A
False: Informed consent is ongoing
14
Q
What does the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of the Child (2009) recommend?
A
- respect for the child’s right to express his or her views and to participate in promoting the healthy development and wellbeing of children
- This applies to individual health-care decisions, as well as to children’s involvement in the development of health policy and services
15
Q
T or F: Ontario legislation does not identify an age at which minors may exercise independent consent for health care or services
A
True
16
Q
What is decision-making capacity?
A
Professionals must make a determination of capacity to consent for a child just as they would for an adult.
17
Q
What are some of the reasons why it can be a tricky and legally complicated process when working with children?
A
- parental rights to information about a minor’s treatment
- Minors’ assent versus consent
- Involving parents in the counselling process with minors
18
Q
What is the definition for circle of care?
A
The ability of certain health information custodians to assume an individual’s implied consent to collect, use or disclose personal health information for the purpose of providing health care
19
Q
What are some examples of health information custodians?
A
- health care practitioners + registered social workers
- public or private hospitals
- pharmacies
- laboratories
- ambulance services community care access corporations
- Person’s providing care names in Power of Attorney or Legal Document
20
Q
T or F: record keeping is an essential standard of professional practice
A
true
21
Q
Talk about record keeping from a clinical perspective:
A
- record keeping provides a history that a professional can use in reviewing the course of treatment
22
Q
Talk about record keeping from an ethical perspective:
A
Records can assist practitioners in providing quality care to their clients or service users
23
Q
Talk about record keeping from a legal perspective:
A
Provincial laws require keeping a record
24
Q
_______________ is the practice of focusing on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of problems that may injure clients and lead
to filing an ethics complaint or a malpractice action.
Risk management
Informed consent
Termination
Standard of care
A
Risk management
25
Elena, your client of two years, has just received the news that she is losing her insurance coverage; however, she recently had a breakthrough in therapy and needs to continue working on her issues. As an ethical therapist, you should:
refer her to a community mental health center where she can get services at a low cost.
determine new payment terms so Elena can continue working with you.
terminate therapy and give Elena some good book references so she can work through her issues on her own.
terminate therapy and encourage Elena to look in the Yellow Pages for a new therapist who will accept a sliding scale arrangement.
determine new payment terms so Elena can continue working with you.
26
Most ethical codes specify that therapists should:
be available to their clients even when they are on vacation.
inform clients that their records are inaccessible to them.
inform clients that a diagnosis can become a permanent part of their file and have ramifications in terms of cost of insurance, long-term insurability, and employment.
alter case notes that are damaging to the client if they are subpoenaed into court.
inform clients that a diagnosis can become a permanent part of their file and have ramifications in terms of cost of insurance, long-term insurability, and employment.
27
Fran has decided to start an online counseling practice. Which of the following have the potential to result in unethical behavior?
Refusing to accept psychotic and/or seriously disturbed individuals as clients
Charging fees that are covered by insurance companies
Limiting and/or providing general diagnoses due to lack of behavioral clues
Promising confidentiality and privacy
Promising confidentiality and privacy
28
The definition of a minor varies from state to state; however:
all states agree a minor is under 18.
all states agree on the age a minor can consent to their own health care in all circumstances.
all states agree minors are incapable of consenting to any and all health care due to lack of maturity.
the upper range is 18 to 21 years of age, although some states authorize 16-year-olds to consent to their own health care in some circumstances.
the upper range is 18 to 21 years of age, although some states authorize 16-year-olds to consent to their own health care in some circumstances.
29
Regarding counseling with children and adolescents, informed consent of parents or guardians may NOT be legally required when a minor is seeking counseling for:
difficulties in school or at home.
a safe place to discuss normal changes adolescents experience throughout their developmental process.
assistance with planning their educational future.
dangerous drugs or narcotics, sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy and birth control, and examination following alleged sexual assault of a minor over 12 years of age.
dangerous drugs or narcotics, sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy and birth control, and examination following alleged sexual assault of a minor over 12 years of age.
30
Because providing counseling services over the Internet (also known as remote services or distance counseling) is relatively new and controversial, a host of legal questions will NOT be addressed until:
the APA meets again to update the DSM.
the next ACA annual conference.
lawsuits are filed pertaining to its use, or misuse, in counseling practice.
clients are interviewed about the effectiveness of online counseling
lawsuits are filed pertaining to its use, or misuse, in counseling practice.
31
Joyce was hospitalized as a result of an attempted suicide. She tried to call her therapist before taking an overdose of pills, but he could not be reached because he was on vacation and did not make provisions for a replacement therapist while he was gone. This action constitutes the following type of professional negligence:
misdiagnosis.
client abandonment.
vicarious liability.
practicing beyond the scope of competency.
client abandonment.
32
____________ can result from unjustified departure from usual practice or from failing to exercise proper care in fulfilling one's responsibilities.
Malpractice
Professional negligence
Standard of care
Termination
Professional negligence
33
Which of the following would NOT be found in managed care contracts?
"Gag clauses" that prohibit practitioners from sharing any negative information about managed care policies
Informing the client the managed care company may request a client's diagnosis, results on any tests given, a wide range of clinical information, treatment plans, and perhaps even the entire clinical record of a client
Information regarding limits of confidentiality and the potential repercussions of disclosing personal information to insurance providers
Information regarding benefits, risks, and costs of various interventions
Information regarding benefits, risks, and costs of various interventions
34
Inappropriate socialization with clients, burdening clients with a counselor's personal problems, and putting clients in awkward business situations are examples of:
a. inappropriate crisis intervention.
b. established therapeutic practices.
C. unhealthy transference relationships
d. seeking balance in the counseling relationship.
C. unhealthy transference relationships
35
In the event that a practitioner is sued, he or she should:
a. try to resolve the matter directly with the client.
b. destroy or alter files or reports that may be incriminating..
c. enter into personal therapy.
d. promptly retain an attorney.
d. promptly retain an attorney.
36
In regards to unethical behavior of colleagues, the National Association of Social Workers states
a. "When rehabilitation counselors have reason to believe that another rehabilitation counselor is violating or has violated an ethical standard, they attempt first to resolve the issue informally with the other rehabilitation counselor if feasible, provided such action does not violate confidentiality rights that may be involved."
b. "Human service professionals respond appropriately to unethical behavior of colleagues. Usually this means initially talking directly with the colleague and, if no resolution is forthcoming, reporting the colleague's behavior to supervisory or
administrative staff and/or to the professional organization(s) to which the colleague belongs."
c. "Informal peer monitoring is one way to assume responsibility for watching out for each other."
d. Social workers should take adequate measures to discourage, prevent, expose, and correct the unethical conduct of colleagues."
d. Social workers should take adequate measures to discourage, prevent, expose, and correct the unethical conduct of colleagues."
37
Which of the following situations do NOT justify the use of remote services consistent with ethical practice and in keeping with regulatory standards?
a. When service is provided in the context of an existing therapy relationship
b. When in-person treatment is either difficult or impossible to access due to client's remote location
c. When remote services offer practical advantages over in-person treatment (i.e., a client's busy schedule makes remote sessions more efficient
d. When the client desires remote sessions and the therapist has insufficient information about the client
d. When the client desires remote sessions and the therapist has insufficient information about the client
38
California enacted a law in 2011 allowing mental health practitioners to treat minors (12 years or older) if:
a. a minor would like to enter into a counseling relationship; it is necessary to have informed parental or guardian consent or for counseling to be court ordered.
b. the practitioner is informed by the minor he or she would like to enter into a counseling relationship for minor educational purposes.
c. the practitioner determines the minor is mature enough to participate intelligently in outpatient treatment or mental health counseling. However, the statute does require parental (or guardian) involvement in the treatment unless the therapist finds, after consulting with the minor, that this would be inappropriate under the circumstances.
d. There is no reason for a minor to be treated without parent consent.
c.the practitioner determines the minor is mature enough to participate intelligently in outpatient treatment or mental health counseling. However, the statute does require parental (or guardian) involvement in the treatment unless the therapist finds, after consulting with the minor, that this would be inappropriate under the circumstances.
39
Ignoring evidence of peer misconduct is:
a. Self-preserving.
b. Ethical.
c. an ethical violation.
d. illegal, but not unethical.
c. an ethical violation.
40
Which of the following is NOT a professional association's ethical codes or guidelines in regards to technology and online counseling?
a. Psychologists who offer online services inform clients of the risks to privacy and the limits of confidentiality.
b. Competence to provide online counseling is the most important aspect of ethical codes or guidelines.
c. Counselors are expected to inform clients of the benefits and limitations of using technology in the counseling process.
d. Therapists must: (a) determine that electronic therapy is appropriate for clients, taking into account the clients' intellectual, emotional, and physical needs; (b) inform clients of the potential risks and benefits associated with electronic therapy; (c) ensure the security of their communication medium; and (d) only commence electronic therapy after appropriate education, training, or supervised experience using the relevant technology.
b. Competence to provide online counseling is the most important aspect of ethical codes or guidelines.
41
Of the following, which is an example of a behavior that might leave a mental health practitioner vulnerable to a malpractice suit?
a. Used a procedure within the realm of accepted professional practice
b. Employed a technique that he or she was not trained to use
c. Used a procedure to which the client did not respond favorably
d. Explained the possible consequences of treatment and the client still wanted to participate in the process
b. Employed a technique that he or she was not trained to use
42
In regards to record keeping, the _________________ states: "Mental health counselors create, maintain, store, transfer, and dispose of client records in ways that protect confidentiality and are in accordance with applicable regulations or laws."
a. National Association of Social Workers
b. American Mental Health Counselors Association
c. American Psychological Association
d. Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors
b. American Mental Health Counselors Association
43
Generally, the best way to proceed when you have concerns about the behavior of a colleague is to:
a. not address the problem until a client has been injured emotionally or physically.
b. speak with other colleagues to determine if they have the same concerns.
c. speak directly with the client about your colleague's behavior.
d. deal directly with the colleague, unless doing so would compromise a client's confidentiality.
d. deal directly with the colleague, unless doing so would compromise a client's confidentiality.
44
Samuel has been planning a two week vacation to Europe for months. He is a private practitioner and has a caseload of clients who have dependency issues. As an ethical practitioner, Samuel should:
A. not inform his clients until a few days before he leaves.
B. not go on vacation so as to not increase his clients' anxiety levels.
C. provide his clients with another therapist in case of need.
D. bring back a souvenir for each client to show them how important they are to him.
C. provide his clients with another therapist in case of need.
45
___________ are essentially the same as psychotherapy notes. They address the client's transference reactions and the therapist's subjective impressions of the client.
a. Process notes
b. Progress notes
c. Diagnostic notes
d. Treatment summary
a. Process notes
46
What are some record keeping guidelines?
- report only essential and relevant details
- refrain from using emotive or derogatory language
- acknowledge the basis of professional opinion
- protect clients privacy and that of others involved in the visit.
47
Where should client records be stored?
In a secure place, preferably double locked system or encrypted system.
48
How long must records be retained for in Ontario?
- 7 years following the patient's last visit
OR
- If the patient was under the age of 18, the records should be kept until they turn 25.
49
What are some advantages to online counselling?
- offers counselling to those unable to attend sessions, those in rural areas, homebound
- users often find it easier to access as they don't have to leave their offices
- privacy
50
What are some disadvantages of online counselling?
- concerns about confidentiality, privacy and unreliable technology
- In most cases, online professionals cannot see facial expressions, vocal signals or body language
51
Jolene tells her counselor that she is depressed about the break-up of her relationship and "just wishes she could go to sleep and never wake up." In this case, the counselor needs to:
immediately commit Jolene to a psychiatric facility.
assess if Jolene is suicidal and intervene if necessary.
recognize that her statement is only a "cry for help" and should not be taken seriously.
see if there is any chance for reconciliation.
assess if Jolene is suicidal and intervene if necessary.
52
James is in court facing drug-related charges and his therapist was subpoenaed to testify in court regarding any discriminating evidence concerning the case. His therapist came to court but refused to answer questions regarding the case or produce James's records. The therapist used the following legal concept to protect himself from forced disclosure:
confidentiality.
privileged communication.
client privacy.
taking the 5th amendment.
privileged communication.
53
An African-American woman was interacting with her child in a domestic abuse shelter when she is over-heard saying to her child, "Keep touching that and I'm going to whoop you." The social worker that heard this statement should:
immediately report the mother to Child Protective Services.
tell the mother that she will be evicted from the shelter if she continues to talk to her child that way.
recognize that what constitutes abuse in one culture may not be viewed as abuse in another culture and is not reportable until it is determined that the child is in danger.
remove the child from the mother's care until the mother can learn how to talk to her child with respect.
recognize that what constitutes abuse in one culture may not be viewed as abuse in another culture and is not reportable until it is determined that the child is in danger.
54
_______________ extends the duty to warn in California to a foreseeable, identifiable person who might be near the intended victim when the threat is carried out and thus might also be in danger.
Bradley Center v. Wessner
Jablonski v. United States
Tarasoff v. University of California Board of Regents
Hedlund v. Superior Court
Hedlund v. Superior Court
55
In the case of disclosing confidential information when working with an HIV-positive client, several writers state that the therapist has a duty to protect when the following condition exists:
the client is engaging in safe-sex with a committed partner.
clear and imminent danger must exist.
all potential victims must be warned, even if there have been multiple sexual partners over the years.
all persons who have exchanged needles with the client must be found and warned of possible danger.
clear and imminent danger must exist.
56
A counselor working in an AIDS-related case:
has a legal duty to warn according to the Tarasoff decision.
is obliged to protect all third parties of the threat of HIV transmission according to ethical codes.
must report the case to the Department of Public Health.
has few legal guidelines to help determine when or how to inform a potential victim of the threat of HIV transmission.
has few legal guidelines to help determine when or how to inform a potential victim of the threat of HIV transmission.
57
It is illegal and unethical for a therapist to disclose confidential information when:
the client consents to disclosure.
there is a duty to warn or to protect third parties.
an emergency exists.
an employer requests disclosure to determine the mental status of an employee without their consent.
an employer requests disclosure to determine the mental status of an employee without their consent.
58
Most counseling centers and community mental health agencies now have guidelines regarding the duty to warn and protect when the welfare of others is at stake. These guidelines generally specify how to deal with:
emotionally healthy individuals with non-violent behavior.
emotionally disturbed individuals, violent behavior, threats, suicidal possibilities, and other circumstances in which counselors may be legally and ethically required to breach confidentiality.
documentation and assessment of school children.
non-suicidal individuals seeking assistance with living arrangements.
emotionally disturbed individuals, violent behavior, threats, suicidal possibilities, and other circumstances in which counselors may be legally and ethically required to breach confidentiality.
59
As a matter of law, __________ refers to the constitutional right of an individual to be left alone and to control their personal information.
self-disclosure
privileged communication
privacy
confidentiality
privacy
60
Which of the following is NOT identified in the text as a guideline for counselors using the telephone?
Exercise caution in discussing confidential or privileged information with anyone over the telephone and especially
when employing digital and mobile technologies.
Set firm boundaries with clients from the beginning and address matters such as avoiding interruptions and privacy.
After addressing the ethical guidelines and ensuring absolute privacy, counselors may speak to their clients as freely as they desire without fear that their conversations will be used in legal proceedings.
Disclose the limits of confidentiality with clients if wireless telephones are used.
After addressing the ethical guidelines and ensuring absolute privacy, counselors may speak to their clients as freely as they desire without fear that their conversations will be used in legal proceedings.
61
According to professional codes of ethics, sexual relationships between client and counselor are considered to be ethical under which of the following circumstances?
If the therapist is really in love with the client.
If there is consent by the client.
These relationships are not considered to be ethical under any circumstances.
If the sexual relationship begins within six months of termination.
These relationships are not considered to be ethical under any circumstances.
62
Which of the following is NOT a code of ethics in regards to sexual contact and the therapeutic relationship from various professional organizations?
Sexual intimacy with current clients, or their spouses or partners, is prohibited. Engaging in sexual intimacy with individuals who are known to be close relatives, guardians or significant others of current clients is prohibited.
Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current clients/patients; however, if a client/patient has not been treated within two years a relationship may become ethically approved.
Sexual or romantic counselor-client interactions or relationships with current clients or their family members are prohibited.
Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with individuals they know to be close relatives, guardians, or significant others of current clients/patients. Psychologists do not terminate therapy to circumvent this standard.
Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current clients/patients; however, if a client/patient has not been treated within two years a relationship may become ethically approved.
63
Ted is a counselor educator and also acts as therapeutic agent for his students' personal development, since personal awareness is considered to be an intrinsic part of developing counselor skills in the program at the university in which he teaches. Ted is:
totally unethical in attempting to guide his students towards self-awareness.
involved in a situation in which he will become so subjective that he will be unable to teach his students.
involved in role blending, which is inevitable in the process of educating and supervising counselor trainees.
in a situation that automatically leads to a conflict of interest.
involved in role blending, which is inevitable in the process of educating and supervising counselor trainees.
64
The notion that certain actions will inevitably lead to a progressive deterioration of ethical behavior is commonly referred to as:
the slippery slope phenomenon.
therapist decay.
the ethical deterioration phenomenon.
role erosion.
the slippery slope phenomenon.
65
Which of the following is NOT a controversy of boundary issues?
Age, diagnosis, life experiences such as abuse, and culture are key elements of the therapeutic relationship.
An unfortunate reality is that some practitioners have difficulty distinguishing where appropriate boundary lines should be drawn.
The goal of ethical decision making is to take a position where the potential for exploitation is minimized.
Failing to establish clear boundaries can be very dangerous to both the client and the therapist.
Age, diagnosis, life experiences such as abuse, and culture are key elements of the therapeutic relationship.
66
Clients can file a legal complaint against a therapist for sexual misconduct by all of the following methods EXCEPT:
filing a malpractice suit.
filing an ethical complaint with the therapist's licensing board.
lodging a complaint with the AARP.
filing a criminal complaint or a civil suit.
lodging a complaint with the AARP.
67
Therapists can deal with powerful attractions to clients by:
repressing their feelings of attraction.
asking the client if the feeling is mutual.
terminating the relationship immediately.
monitoring boundaries by setting clear limits on physical contact, self-disclosure, and client requests for personal information.
monitoring boundaries by setting clear limits on physical contact, self-disclosure, and client requests for personal information.
68
In regards to boundaries in the counseling relationship, Lazarus takes the position that:
certain ethics and boundaries actually diminish therapeutic effectiveness.
all boundaries should be eliminated because they destroy the counseling relationship.
strong boundaries must be maintained in order to avoid malpractice suits.
traits such as flexibility, spontaneity, and warmth tend to be characteristics of therapists who maintain strong boundaries.
certain ethics and boundaries actually diminish therapeutic effectiveness.
69
Few professional codes of ethics specifically address the topic of giving or receiving gifts in the therapeutic relationship. The AAMFT does have such a guideline and it states that marriage and family therapists:
cannot give to or receive from clients gifts of substantial value or that impair the integrity or efficacy of the therapeutic relationship.
can give to or receive from clients small gifts of little monetary value.
can give to or receive from clients gifts when given during an appropriate and healthy therapeutic relationship.
cannot give or receive gifts under any circumstances.
cannot give to or receive from clients gifts of substantial value or that impair the integrity or efficacy of the therapeutic relationship.
70
APA ethics codes offer three helpful criteria in making decisions about multiple relationships in a small community setting. These include each of the following EXCEPT:
risk of exploitation.
loss of therapist objectivity.
prospective multiple relationships fit into a single category.
harm to the professional relationship.
prospective multiple relationships fit into a single category.
71
______________ is a voluntary attempt by a group to promote a professional identity.
a. Certification
b. Licensure
c. Registration
d. Accreditation
a. Certification
72
As a part of the process of screening candidates for a therapist training program, counselor educators should complete all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Provide candidates with information about what will be expected of them
b. Encourage candidates to screen the program to ensure a good fit
c. Place most of the emphasis on candidates’ GRE scores
d. Inform candidates they are expected to engage in self disclosure and to participate in various self growth activities
c. Place most of the emphasis on candidates’ GRE scores
73
According to the authors, a good training program encourages students to:
a. Build on their life experiences and personal strengths and provides opportunities for expanding self awareness
b. Emphasize skill training without consideration of personal development
c. Achieve a high enough GPA to pursue a doctorate
d. Specialize in one theory with the techniques and strategies that are unique to that theory
a. Build on their life experiences and personal strengths and provides opportunities for expanding self awareness
74
According to the American Counseling Association, counselors practice only within the boundaries of their competence, based on:
a. their knowledge, skills, and practices in the following areas: foundations, diversity and politics, assessment, research and evaluation, and diagnosis.
b. psychology does not currently have methods to readily or reliably assess the performance of professional functions.
c. peer review boards or other appropriate bodies.
d. their education and training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials, and appropriate professional experience.
d. their education and training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials, and appropriate professional experience.
75
In ___________, the Supreme Court considered that the student had been informed of the faculty's dissatisfaction with her clinical performance, and the student knew that unless she made significant improvement in this area, she would be dismissed from the program. The Court held that the decision to dismiss the student from medical school was based on a careful and deliberate evaluation by the faculty, and thus the student's dismissal was not a violation of her constitutional rights.
a. Board of Curators of the University of Missouri v. Horowitz
b. Shuffer v. Trustees of California State Universities and Colleges
c. Jablonski v. the United States
d. Hedlund v. Superior Court
a. Board of Curators of the University of Missouri v. Horowitz
76
Olivia, a new supervisor, is creating a template for a supervisory contract she can use with supervisees. In the contract, she should include information related to all of the following EXCEPT:
a. goals and objectives.
b. her personal religious and sexual values.
c. evaluation of job performance.
d. cultural and advocacy competencies.
b. her personal religious and sexual values.
77
Confidentiality in online supervision is:
a. filled with potential problems such as the possibility of computer-savvy individuals hacking into confidential communications between supervisor and supervisee and the risk of confidential content being sent or forwarded to others in error.
b. not a concern and online supervision is a better form of supervision than face-to-face supervision.
c. discussed in all professional journals; they all agree it is not an issue and online supervision is becoming the best form of supervision.
d. may be minimally difficult to adhere to; however, the benefits of online supervision far outweigh the possible breach in confidentiality.
a. filled with potential problems such as the possibility of computer-savvy individuals hacking into confidential communications between supervisor and supervisee and the risk of confidential content being sent or forwarded to others in error.
78
__________ can be incurred when the actions of supervisors are the cause for harm.
a. Breach of confidentiality
b. Breach of informed consent
c. Direct liability
d. Vicarious liability
c. Direct liability
79
Those who are responsible for educating and training mental health professionals are ethically and professionally obligated to:
a. focus exclusively on mentoring trainees
b. invest all of their efforts into mentoring trainees and being advocates for them and their clients
c. balance their roles as advocate and mentor of trainees with their gatekeeping role
d. focus exclusively on their gatekeeping responsibilities
c. balance their roles as advocate and mentor of trainees with their gatekeeping role
80
___________ is an organized system by which practitioners within a profession assess one another's services.
a. Networking
b. Mentoring
c. Monitoring
d. Peer Review
d. Peer Review
81
. Effective supervisors understand that
a. the supervisory relationship is key to the effectiveness of supervision as well as to the personal development of the supervisee
b. supervision is not as important as people think. It is the supervisees' past that makes the difference
c. supervisees may be nervous, but it is not their responsibility to help them work through the nerves to become a better therapist
d. they are competent to supervise trainees in all areas of counseling whether they have experience or not
a. the supervisory relationship is key to the effectiveness of supervision as well as to the personal development of the supervisee
82
Professional codes of ethics for supervisors agree that
a. social interaction with supervisees is essential to effective counselor training.
b. all dual or multiple relationships with supervisees are unethical
c. sexual relationships between supervisors and students are unethical unless the student freely consents.
d. supervisors occupy a position of power and should not engage in sexual relationships with the student
d. supervisors occupy a position of power and should not engage in sexual relationships with the student
83
Which of the following topics would NOT be appropriate to discuss during the initial supervisory session?
a. The supervisor's expectations regarding supervisee preparedness for supervisory meetings
b. The supervisor's expectations regarding formal and informal evaluations
c. The supervisor's expectations regarding the structure and/or the nature of the supervisory sessions
d. The supervisor's marital and family issues
d. The supervisor's marital and family issues
84
Critics of technology-assisted distance supervision argue that
a. technology is a part of the future and the ability to supervise many trainees at one time is important
b. the inability of distance supervisors to physically assist their supervisees in a crisis response is unacceptable
c. it is important for supervisors to become adept at utilizing technology in their supervisory relationships because it will become a necessity in the near future.
d. all professionals must begin educating on technology-assisted distance supervision because all states now have regulations for this issue
b. the inability of distance supervisors to physically assist their supervisees in a crisis response is unacceptable
85
From an ethical perspective, counselor educators and trainers are expected to present varied theoretical positions. Training programs would do well to offer students:
a. a variety of therapeutic techniques and strategies that can be applied to a wide range of problems with diverse clients.
b. the opportunity to specialize in one theoretical approach.
c. a program with few bureaucratic constraints when teaching.
d. the opportunity to learn to diagnose clients to fit the basic concepts of the theory being taught.
a. a variety of therapeutic techniques and strategies that can be applied to a wide range of problems with diverse clients.
86
Most professional organizations support efforts to:
a. require pro bono work at the rate of at least 20 percent of the work week for all professionals.
b. write regulations that encourage competition.
c. make continuing education a mandatory condition of re-licensing.
d. require personality tests from all practitioners to ensure that those who enter the field are in good mental health.
c. make continuing education a mandatory condition of re-licensing.
87
When therapists extend the boundaries of their practice, or when they branch out into an area requiring specialty competence, they should:
a. be sufficiently prepared if they read books and journal articles pertaining to the new specialty area.
b. seek consultation with a competent practitioner.
c. return to graduate school and receive another degree.
d. gain competence on their own before consulting with other
b. seek consultation with a competent practitioner.
88
____________ is an effective way to assist school counselors in maintaining and enhancing their clinical skills development.
a. Confidentiality
b. Competence
c. Supervision
d. Liability
c. Supervision
89
Leanne began to feel overwhelmed with her job at the counseling center. In addition to her regular duties, she was responsible for supervising all trainees. To manage her time, she spent a disproportionate amount of time with certain trainees and neglected others, assuming they had the skills to fend for themselves. If a client of one of her neglected trainees decided to file a lawsuit, it is likely that Leanne would bear:
a. breach of confidentiality.
b. breach of informed consent.
c. no liability because her employer would be held responsible.
d. vicarious and direct liability.
d. vicarious and direct liability.
90
In general, supervision should address trainee's personal concerns:
a. on a daily basis.
b. only to the extent that they may impede their ability to effectively work with clients.
c. when the trainee is experiencing personal difficulties.
e. never.
b. only to the extent that they may impede their ability to effectively work with clients.
91
___________ is a developmentally informed process that provides useful feedback during one's training and throughout one's professional career.
a. Formative assessment
b. Summative assessment
c. Developmentally-informed assessment
d. Technique assessment
a. Formative assessment
92
____________ is a basic component of practitioner competence
a. Competence
b. Accreditation
c. Technique
d. Training
d. Training
93
According to the American School Counseling Association, in order to apply our knowledge and skills competently
a. professional school counselors must be perfectly healthy
b. professional school counselors monitor emotional and physical health and practice wellness to ensure optimal effectiveness.
c. self-care routines must be rigidly adhered to by professional school counselors on a daily basis
d. professional school counselors must attend to physical and emotional well-being more often than mental or spiritual well-being
b. professional school counselors monitor emotional and physical health and practice wellness to ensure optimal effectiveness.
94
Even though mental health professionals may not intend to harm clients, _________ is often a major contributing factor in causing harm
a. Incompetence
b. unconscious impulses of an aggressive nature
c. participation in a training program that is not CACREP accredited
d. a decreased emphasis on ethics in training programs
a. Incompetence
95
It is essential that a good portion of the supervisory sessions focus on
a. the personal stress experienced by the supervisee during client–counselor interactions
b. the interpersonal relationship between supervisor and supervisor's family
c. the supervisee's personal life
d. the supervisor's countertransference to the supervisor's clients
a. the personal stress experienced by the supervisee during client–counselor interactions
96
Registry is generally a voluntary listing of individuals who use a title or provide a service. ________ represents the least degree of regulation of professional practice.
Certification
Licensure
Registration
Accreditation
Registration
97
___________ is a developmentally informed process that provides useful feedback during one's training and throughout one's professional career.
Formative assessment
Summative assessment
Developmentally-informed assessment
Technique assessment
Formative assessment
98
From an ethical perspective, counselor educators and trainers are expected to present varied theoretical positions. Training programs would do well to offer students:
a variety of therapeutic techniques and strategies that can be applied to a wide range of problems with diverse clients.
the opportunity to specialize in one theoretical approach.
a program with few bureaucratic constraints when teaching.
the opportunity to learn to diagnose clients to fit the basic concepts of the theory being taught.
a variety of therapeutic techniques and strategies that can be applied to a wide range of problems with diverse clients.
99
Barriers to dismissing a student who demonstrates dysfunctional interpersonal behavior from a training program include all of the following EXCEPT:
lack of adequate procedures in place to support a dismissal decision.
concern about the heightened resistance or defensiveness in the trainee.
fear of legal reprisal by the institution.
the potential for receiving criticism from other faculty members who were not involved in the trainee's remediation.
the potential for receiving criticism from other faculty members who were not involved in the trainee's remediation.
100
Those who are responsible for educating and training mental health professionals are ethically and professionally obligated to:
focus exclusively on mentoring trainees.
invest all of their efforts into mentoring trainees and being advocates for them and their clients.
balance their roles as advocate and mentor of trainees with their gatekeeping role.
focus exclusively on their gatekeeping responsibilities.
balance their roles as advocate and mentor of trainees with their gatekeeping role.
101
Critics of technology-assisted distance supervision argue that:
technology is a part of the future and the ability to supervise many trainees at one time is important.
the inability of distance supervisors to physically assist their supervisees in a crisis response is unacceptable.
it is important for supervisors to become adept at utilizing technology in their supervisory relationships because it will become a necessity in the near future.
all professionals must begin educating on technology-assisted distance supervision because all states now have regulations for this issue.
the inability of distance supervisors to physically assist their supervisees in a crisis response is unacceptable.
102
To ensure an optimal learning experience, a supervisee is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT:
coming prepared to each supervision session.
being an active participant in supervision.
taking the initiative to ask for what is needed from your supervisor during supervision.
establishing flexible boundaries with your clients.
establishing flexible boundaries with your clients.
103
Which of the following is NOT a reason clinical supervisors are increasingly vulnerable and at risk for ethical and legal liability?
Clinical supervisors are legally responsible for the welfare of those clients counseled by their trainees.
Clinical supervisors have a legal and ethical obligation to respect the confidentiality of client communications.
Clinical supervisors must see that trainees provide the information to clients they need in order to make informed choices.
There are no formal courses a clinician can take to become a clinical supervisor.
There are no formal courses a clinician can take to become a clinical supervisor.
104
Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?
Supervisors are ultimately responsible, both ethically and legally, for the actions of their trainees.
Supervisors should not supervise more trainees than they can responsibly manage at one time.
Supervisors are not expected to maintain records pertaining to their work with supervisees.
It is essential that supervisors are familiar with the caseloads of their supervisees.
Supervisors are not expected to maintain records pertaining to their work with supervisees.
105
___________ pertains to the responsibilities supervisors have to oversee the actions of their supervisees.
Breach of confidentiality
Breach of informed consent
Direct liability
Vicarious liability
Vicarious liability
106
____________ is a general term covering the process of identifying an emotional or behavioral problem and making a statement about the current status of a client.
a. Medical diagnosis
b. Differential diagnosis
c. Psychdiagnosis
d. Cognitive appraisal
c. Psychdiagnosis
107
The acronym for DSM-5 stands for:
a. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: 5th edition
b. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental diseases: 5th ed
c. Diagnostic and statistical manual of muscle disorders: 5th ed
d. Deviant syndromes manual: treatment and remediation: 5th ed
a. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: 5th edition
108
___________ were developed for a wide range of psychological disorders. Their success ushered in the movement toward empirically supported treatments and evidence-based practice.
a. Family systems therapies
b. Cognitive therapies
c. Treatment manuals
d. Behavioural therapies
c. Treatment manuals
109
According to professional ethical principles on testing, it would be unethical for a counselor to:
a. Perform testing and assessment services for which they have not been adequately trained
b. Develop, administer, score, interpret, or use assessment procedures that are appropriate for the situation.
c. test within the client's socialized behavioral or cognitive patterns.
d. consider the validity of a given test and interpret data in the context of the cultural characteristics of the client.
a. Perform testing and assessment services for which they have not been adequately trained
110
When considering administrating or interpreting testing, in order to increase the likelihood you are practicing in a culturally sensitive manner, it is important to pay attention to all of the following points EXCEPT:
a. be familiar with any test you use, preferably taking it yourself first.
b. know the standards pertaining to testing in your professions' codes of ethics
c. select, with your client's help, appropriate tests while keeping in mind cultural issues with testing.
d. give clients the test scores only, suggesting they look online for results
d. give clients the test scores only, suggesting they look online for results
111
____________ is when the counselor facilitates communication and understanding between culturally diverse human systems that aid the educational progress of all students.
a. Outreach activities
b. Cultural mediation
c. Change agent
d. Paraprofessional work
b. Cultural mediation
112
The foundation of all ethical practice is promoting the welfare of clients. To overlook the abilities, strengths, and resources within the community is doing a great disservice to the individuals we serve. If we hope to bring about significant changes within individuals and communities, we:
a. need to use community resources as a way to quicken therapy
b. must change the people who are affected by these conditions so they will accept them.
c. need to change conditions that affect people rather than merely changing people who are affected by these conditions.
d. must not work with client problems in their cultural context.
c. need to change conditions that affect people rather than merely changing people who are affected by these conditions.
113
Counselors who base their practice on aspirational ethics oppose all forms of :
a. community services
b. discrimination and oppression.
c. Client support systems
d. Codes of ethics
b. discrimination and oppression.
114
The ___________ in a community agency are more complex and difficult to resolve than ones pertaining to individual counseling. If a worker is not motivated, the system may tolerate this lack of motivation. If the system violates the rights of the client (community), then this is a real challenge to address.
a. Ethical violations
b. Individual violations
c. Systemic ethics
d. Community ethics
a. Ethical violations
115
Cultural mediators in a school system do NOT serve which of the following functions?
a. Communicating with families and community organizations regarding marital issues and abuse
b. Facilitating access to community resources and social service agencies
c. Creating and encouraging a supportive and culturally diverse school and community climate
d. Serving as an information hub for culturally diverse families
a. Communicating with families and community organizations regarding marital issues and abuse
116
A _____________ assigned to clients can have implications for their employment or future employability status.
a. Diagnosis
b. Empirically supported treatment
c. Assessment
d. Treatment manual
a. Diagnosis
117
Contemporary theories of counseling:
a. are grounded on assumptions that are a part of Eastern culture.
b. emphasize the uniqueness of the individual, self-assertion, and ego strength.
c. focus on interdependence and losing self in the totality of the cosmos.
d. emphasizes the social and cultural facts of human existence.
b. emphasize the uniqueness of the individual, self-assertion, and ego strength.
118
____________ consists of evaluating the relevant factors in a client's life to identify themes for further exploration.
a. Differential diagnosis
b. Psychological diagnosis
c. Assessment
d. Psychometric testing
c. Assessment
119
Some practitioners may over-diagnose, under-diagnose, or misdiagnose clients from marginalized groups. In order to avoid these issues, counselors need to:
a. carefully consider all aspects of clients' culture without considering clients' past and present life circumstances.
b. carefully consider the clients' past and present life circumstances only.
c. carefully consider the clients' decisions in life with no regard of culture.
d. carefully consider all aspects of clients' culture in conjunction with clients' past and present life circumstances.
d. carefully consider all aspects of clients' culture in conjunction with clients' past and present life circumstances
120
The ____________ is relevant to all communities, but it is particularly relevant to underserved communities. By addressing the cause of the problem within the community, we can help change the lives of many individuals — not just the one person sitting in our office or clinic.
a. Community workers
b. Community agencies
c. Community approach
d. Community work
c. Community approach
121
In regards to helpers working in the community, providing services in ________________ may be clinically and ethically indicated and may be most beneficial to clients.
a. Mental health offices
b. Mental health institutions
c. School counselor offices
d. Nontraditional settings outside the office
d. Nontraditional settings outside the office
122
Tony, a recently relocated Mexican-American man, is seeking help from a Spanish-speaking organization designed to meet the needs of newly arriving legal immigrants. Tony is quite depressed, but reluctant to talk to his counselor about his problems. The counselor refers him to an indigenous resource who is more likely to be trusted by Tony. He was most likely referred to:
a. A paraprofessional worker
b. either religious leaders and institutions, energy healers, or respected community leaders.
c. an intern from a counseling program.
d. a community organizer.
b. either religious leaders and institutions, energy healers, or respected community leaders.
123
____________ uses assessment to understand the client's pattern of thinking and to identify self-defeating beliefs.
a. Feminist therapy
b. Cognitive-behavioural approaches
c. Behaviour therapy
d. Systemic therapies
b. Cognitive-behavioural approaches
124
Which of the following statements has NOT been supported by research?
a. Therapy is helpful to the majority of clients
b. Most people achieve some change relatively quickly in therapy.
c. Generally speaking, therapies achieve similar outcomes.
d. People change more due to specific factors.
d. People change more due to specific factors.
125
____________ is based on a medical model of mental illness that defines problems as residing with the individual rather than in society. It does not take into account the political, economic, social, and cultural factors in the lives of clients.
a. The DSM
b. V-codes
c. Confidentiality
d. Informed Consent
a. The DSM
126
Therapists have a legal, professional, and ethical obligation to assess whether clients may:
a. become completely healthy mentally within six sessions of treatment, never needing therapy again.
b. be covered by insurance only.
c. complete a treatment plan, including their goals for therapy, before the initial assessment.
d. pose a danger to themselves or others.
d. pose a danger to themselves or others.
127
The goal of counseling from a social justice perspective is:
a. to promote the empowerment of people who are marginalized and oppressed in our society.
b. to study each agency's philosophy and policies.
c. to be prepared to conduct intensive medical treatment.
d. to promote the empowerment of people who are not marginalized and oppressed.
a. to promote the empowerment of people who are marginalized and oppressed in our society.
128
____________ involves access and equity to ensure full participation in the life of a society, particularly for those who have been systematically excluded on the basis of race/ethnicity, gender, age, physical or mental disability, education, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, or other characteristics of background or group membership and involves addressing the realities of oppression, privilege, and social inequities.
a. Case management
b. Eco-psychology
c. Social interest
d. social justice
d. social justice
129
____________ include any institution — public or private, nonprofit or for-profit — designed to provide a wide range of social and psychological services to the community:
a. community perspective
b. community workers
c. community agencies
d. community work
c. community agencies
130
The movement toward grounding psychotherapy practice on a scientific foundation led to the concept of:
a. differential diagnosis
b. psychometric testing
c. psychological diagnosis
d. empirically supported treatments
d. empirically supported treatments
131
Developing an approach to counseling is an ongoing and fluid process. Counselors in training tend to be drawn to a particular theory initially but modify it as they gain experience. Ultimately, your counseling orientation and style must:
a. include some aspects of psychoanalytic theory.
b. be appropriate for the unique needs of your clients and for the type of counseling you do.
c. be a combination of all theories in the counseling field.
d. be appropriate for some clients; other clients will change to fit your counseling orientation and style.
b. be appropriate for the unique needs of your clients and for the type of counseling you do.
132
Practitioners who favor the use of diagnostic procedures argue that such procedures enable the therapists to:
a. attach a label to the client, which stigmatizes them.
b. identify a diagnosis that will follow the client for the rest of their life, possibly keeping them from being accepted by any future insurance company.
c. identify a particular emotional or behavioral disorder, which helps in designing an appropriate treatment plan.
d. pick and choose which symptoms truly fit the client's problems in order to create a diagnosis that will be reimbursed by insurance and remain on the client's record for possible future problems.
c. identify a particular emotional or behavioral disorder, which helps in designing an appropriate treatment plan.
133
Mario's job entails going to middle schools within the county to run counseling groups for students identified as having the potential for aggression. He is providing:
a. direct client services.
b. indirect client services
c. direct community services.
d. indirect community services.
a. direct client services.
134
The process of systemic change can be defined as:
a. increasing personal awareness and making better choices for oneself.
b. increasing public awareness, affecting public policy, and influencing legislation.
c. an impossible and futile goal.
d. replacing one system or method with a new and improved system or method, which is relatively easy to do.
b. increasing public awareness, affecting public policy, and influencing legislation.
135
Practicing counseling without an explicit theoretical rationale is somewhat like:
a. driving a car with a GPS device.
b. trying to sail a boat without a rudder.
c. flying a plane without a co-pilot.
d. taking a train ride.
b. trying to sail a boat without a rudder.
136
A ____________ focuses on problems to be solved and holes to fill. It is concerned more with maintaining rather than changing conditions and is oriented toward fixing problems rather than preventing them. A service orientation relies on experts and reinforces power imbalances, whereas a developmental approach relies on partnerships and equalizes power relationships.
a. developmental approach
b. community approach
c. service approach
d. individual approach
c. service approach
137
When a counselor works in a managed care system, client's goals need to be:
long-term and all encompassing.
aimed at character reconstruction.
geared toward the client gaining insight into his or her problems and movement toward self-actualization.
highly specific, limited to reduction of problematic symptoms, and often aimed at teaching coping skills.
highly specific, limited to reduction of problematic symptoms, and often aimed at teaching coping skills.
138
Many professionals struggle with the issue of how to work within a system while retaining their dignity, vitality, and convictions. The most important component in any effort to bring about change is to:
engage in honest self-examination to determine the degree to which the "system" is actually a hindrance.
start the process of changing the system by speaking to the director of the organization.
make assumptions about the reasons for the problems in the organization.
scold those who appear to be at the root of the problem.
engage in honest self-examination to determine the degree to which the "system" is actually a hindrance.
139
Prevention programs that help people develop a wider range of competencies, such as interpersonal skills training or marriage education, are considered:
direct client services.
indirect client services.
direct community services.
indirect community services.
direct community services.
140
Which perspective is based on the assumption that all people have a right to equitable treatment and a fair allocation of societal resources.
Social Justice Perspective
141
______ assumes that society consists of separate groups possessing different levels of power and control over resources.
empowerment
142
How childhood trauma affects health across a lifetime - Nadine Burke
TedTalk Video
143
What are the 3 C's of IPE and IPP?
1. Communication
2. Cooperation
3. Collaboration
144
What does IPE stand for?
Interprofessional Education
145
Family therapy training programs use three primary methods of training. They include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Didactic coursework
b. Direct clinical experiences with families
c. regular supervision by an experienced family supervisor who, together with trainees, may watch the session behind a one-way mirror or through videotaped sessions.
d. famogram work.
d. famogram work.
146
In ____________, sexist attitudes and patriarchal assumptions are examined for their impact on family relationships.
a. Narrative therapy
b. Gender-sensitive couples and family therapy
c. Reality therapy
d. Brief solution focused therapy
b. Gender-sensitive couples and family therapy
147
Some people are reluctant to engage in family therapy because:
a. they are not qualified for therapy due to minimal symptoms.
b. they are mandated by law to not attend therapy.
c. they fear they will be the main target of the sessions and will suffer negative consequences from having divulged certain information.
d. they are difficult people and want to undermine their family.
c. they fear they will be the main target of the sessions and will suffer negative consequences from having divulged certain information.
148
Most family therapy training programs encourage __________ work and other processes designed to engage students with their own family-of-origin issues.
a. Anagram
b. Genogram
c. Famogram
d. Pathogram
b. Genogram
149
Feminists remind us that patriarchy has:
a. positive effects on both women and men.
b. negative effects on both women and men.
c. positive effects on women and negative effects on men.
d. negative effects on women and positive effects on men.
b. negative effects on both women and men.
150
Which of the practitioners described below would NOT be an effective family therapist?
a. One who demonstrates acceptance, interest, and caring
b. One who is courageous and a risk-taker
c. One who downplays the influence of diversity
d. One who is assertive and confident
c. One who downplays the influence of diversity
151
Gender sensitive models of training family therapists are aimed at:
a. raising consciousness concerning the role of cultural and ethnic factors in influencing the outlooks and behaviors of individuals and families.
b. overcoming trainee gender bias and sex-role stereotyping.
c. understanding the collaborative nature of family therapy.
d. direct clinical contact with all members of the family system.
b. overcoming trainee gender bias and sex-role stereotyping.
152
_____________, with regard to family-of-origin issues, is particularly critical for family therapists.
a. Self Knowledge
b. Learning basic counseling techniques
c. Learning and practicing specialities
d. Understanding effective intervention techniques
a. Self Knowledge
153
In which form of supervision do supervisors watch their trainees conduct family sessions from behind a one-way mirror and offer feedback and consultation to them?
a. Vicarious supervision
b. Live supervision
c. Family consultation
d. Online supervision
b. Live supervision
154
____________ is raised in establishing criteria of psychosocial dysfunction, assessing the problems of the identified patient in the family context, and devising treatment strategies.
a. Ethical issues
b. Informed consent
c. A “no secrets” policy
d. Family consultation
a. Ethical issues
155
In working with couples and families, opportunities for ethical practice are increased by combining a systems perspective with traditional approaches. Due to the paradigm shift in the field of psychology to accommodate the changing needs of service recipients:
a. the family systems perspective must focus on individualism, autonomy, and independence.
b. systemic approaches must be taught side-by-side with individualistic approaches because many cultural groups are collectvistic
c. the idea that the identified client's problem is a symptom of the individual's maladjustment and psychosocial development must be reinforced.
d. the therapist must view the individual's behavior in the session only.
b. systemic approaches must be taught side-by-side with individualistic approaches because many cultural groups are collectvistic
156
In the case of domestic violence, clinicians agree that conducting couples therapy while there is ongoing domestic violence:
a. presents a potential danger to the abused and is unethical.
b. is a clinically sound idea
c. is about as effective as conducting couples therapy when abuse is not occurring.
d. is illegal, but not unethical.
a. presents a potential danger to the abused and is unethical.
157
Competence in working with couples and families only comes with:
a. a graduate course in family systems therapy.
b. fully resolving one's own family-of-origin issues.
c. years of training and supervision.
d. natural ability to think systemically.
c. years of training and supervision.
158
____________ views psychological and relational problems as arising from within the individual's present environment and the intergenerational family system.
a. Family consultation
b. Informed consent
c. A "no secrets" policy
d. Systems theory
d. Systems theory
159
_____________, with regard to family-of-origin issues, is particularly critical for family therapists.
a. Self-knowledge
b. Learning basic counseling techniques
c. Learning and practicing specialties
d. Understanding effective intervention techniques
a. Self-knowledge
160
Most family therapy training programs employ both didactic and experiential methods and supervised practice. Experiential methods include:
a. classroom lectures and readings.
b. both personal therapy and working with one's own family of origin.
c. films and videotapes of family therapy sessions.
d. discussion.
b. both personal therapy and working with one's own family of origin.
