Midterm #1

Question 1

When a complaint is lodged against a member of a professional organization, the ethics committee:

launches an investigation and deliberates on the case, eventually reaching a disposition.

always dismisses specific charges within the complaint.

imposes sanctions nine times out of ten.

transfers the case to law enforcement.

Answer 1

Launches an investigation and deliberates on the case, eventually reaching a disposition.

Question 2

When practitioners devote a portion of their professional time and skills to services for which there is no expectation of significant financial return, they are:

using a sliding scale.

being financially irresponsible.

providing pro bono services.

suffering from a martyr complex.

Answer 2

providing pro bono services

Question 3

Robert runs into the office, unprepared and frustrated because he is late for his weekly appointment with his first client of the day. He is consistently late for his appointments. His behavior is:

immoral.

illegal.

unethical.

unprofessional.

Answer 3

unprofessional

Question 4

The highest standards of thinking and a professional’s willingness to reflect on the effects their interventions may have on the welfare of their clients describes what kind of ethics?

Mandatory ethics

Principle ethics

Aspirational ethics

Positive ethics

Answer 4

Aspirational Ethics

Question 5

Virtuous professionals:

are motivated to do what is right, but tend to ignore it.

function within their professional code of ethics because they fear the consequences if they do not.

possess vision and discernment, which involves sensitivity, judgment, and understanding and leads to decisive ethical actions.

typically focus on moral issues with the goals of solving a particular dilemma.

Answer 5

possess vision and discernment, which involves sensitivity, judgment, and understanding and leads to decisive ethical actions.

Question 6

The major duties of regulating boards include which of the following?

Completing investigations into the ethical practice of new members for a short period to determine the possibility of unethical practice in the future

Screening applications to determine appropriate candidates for the professional organization who will practice ethically and increase the positive image of the professional organization

Determining standards for admission into the profession, screening applicants applying for certification or licensure, conducting disciplinary proceedings involving violations of standards of professional conduct as defined by law, and regulating the practice of psychotherapy for the public good

Conducting evaluations of members’ financial stability

Answer 6

Determining standards for admission into the profession, screening applicants applying for certification or licensure, conducting disciplinary proceedings involving violations of standards of professional conduct as defined by law, and regulating the practice of psychotherapy for the public good

Question 7

Obtaining consultation is important because:

it creates a safety net when our actions are unethical.

it is better to have someone else know who your client is in case something happens.

our prejudices, biases, personal needs, or emotional investment creates an inability to view a situation objectively.

the ethical codes state it is important.

Answer 7

our prejudices, biases, personal needs, or emotional investment creates an inability to view a situation objectively.

Question 8

When practitioners weigh multiple and often competing demands and goals, they must use:

their attorneys to help them work through ethical issues.

their former advisors as sounding boards.

their professional judgment.

common sense.

Answer 8

their professional judgement

Question 9

The first essential step towards ethical decision making is:

identifying the problem or dilemma.

knowing the applicable laws.

choosing a solution.

reviewing the process.

Answer 9

identifying the problem or dilemma

Question 10

Elizabeth, a beginning practitioner, counsels in a manner in which she merely acts in compliance with the law and follows minimal ethical standards. She is at the first level of ethical functioning, which is:

personal ethics.

aspiration ethics.

mandatory ethics.

basic ethics.

Answer 10

Mandatory Ethics

Question 11

Ruth is counseling a woman who describes an extremely unhappy marriage. Ruth suggests she consider leaving her husband; however, the client has a deep spiritual conviction that marriage is for life and is not willing to consider divorce as an option. Ruth attempts to change her client’s viewpoint. In this case, Ruth is:

a. teaching her client to look at the negative consequences of her decision
b. exploring the client’s spiritual reasons for staying in the marriage.
c. imposing her values on the client instead of exploring the client’s reasons for staying in the marriage.
d. helping her client to explore healthy options.

Answer 11

c. imposing her values on the client instead of exploring the client’s reasons for staying in the marriage.

Question 12

The reason why many counselor education programs encourage or require personal therapy for counselors in training is to engage in:

a. value imposition
b. personal values
c. value exploration
d. value conflicts

Answer 12

c. value exploration

Question 13

Client defined sense of spirituality

a. is not very important in therapy
b. can be a significant avenue for connecting with the client and can be an ally in the therapeutic change process
c. can create difficulty in the client’s therapeutic process
d. is more important if the therapist shares a similar definition

Answer 13

b.can be a significant avenue for connecting with the client and can be an ally in the therapeutic change process

Question 14

From a legal perspective, mental health professionals are expected to exercise “reasonable care” in working with clients who are considering abortion. If they fail to do so, clients can take legal action against them for:

a. Negligence
b. breach of confidentiality
c. being unreasonable
d. insufficient knowledge

Answer 14

a. Negligence

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT true about referrals?

a. Referrals have become common practice among mental health service providers at the expense of exploring other possibilities.
b. The overuse of client referral among mental health providers often involves discriminatory practices that are rationalized as ways to avoid harming the client and practicing beyond one’s level of competence.
c. Referring clients has been discussed frequently in professional journals
d. The psychological community needs to critically examine why mental health practitioners may refer clients over value conflicts and why these practitioners assume that such practices are appropriate, reasonable, and acceptable.

Answer 15

c. Referring clients has been discussed frequently in professional journals

Question 16

The Death with Dignity Act is a law in which state?

a. New York
b. Texas
c. Oregon
d. Cali

Answer 16

c. Oregon

Question 17

The ability for counselors to manage their personal values so they do not contaminate the counseling process is referred to as:

a. Value conflicts
b. Value exploration
c. Discrimination
d. Bracketing

Answer 17

d. Bracketing

Question 18

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

a. Spirituality and religion tend to fluctuate in importance to Americans
b. Freud believed that religious faith was important in the lives of his patients, which stemmed from his own strong religious beliefs
c. Counselors must understand their own spiritual/religious beliefs (or lack thereof) if they hope to gain an in-depth appreciation of the beliefs of their clients
d. When clients are searching for meaning in life, it is appropriate for therapists to strongly suggest they seek religion as an answer

Answer 18

c. Counselors must understand their own spiritual/religious beliefs (or lack thereof) if they hope to gain an in-depth appreciation of the beliefs of their clients

Question 19

It is NOT ethical to refer clients:

a. when the client’s issue is out of the counselor’s scope of work
b. when the client requests a referral
c. when the client no longer advances in treatment over a long period of time
d. based solely on a difference of values between the counselor and the client

Answer 19

d. based solely on a difference of values between the counselor and the client

Question 20

Marty believes that premarital sex is morally wrong. He has an agenda to convince his single clients to avoid having sexual intercourse before they are married. This is referred to as

a. value imposition
b. good sense
c. value exploration
d. duty to protect

Answer 20

a. value imposition

Question 21

The value system of the counselor

a. may be better than the client’s
b. is important to follow in therapy
c. can determine the direction of counseling if it is not monitored
d. never creates stress or unethical situations in the therapeutic relationship

Answer 21

c. can determine the direction of counseling if it is not monitored

Question 22

Which of the following is ethical when referring a client?

a. When a client discloses he or she consents in recreational sex
b. When the client’s values regarding same-gender sex differs from your own
c. When a client discloses he or she is engaging in Internet infidelity
d. When the therapist engages in supervision to diminish the effects of the value conflict, attempting to help the client in every way, but the client requests a referral because of his or her value differences

Answer 22

d. When the therapist engages in supervision to diminish the effects of the value conflict, attempting to help the client in every way, but the client requests a referral because of his or her value differences

Question 23

In dealing with clients who hold different values, you are advised to:

a. work collaboratively to identify and clarify their value system and determine the degree to which they are living in accordance with their core beliefs and values
b. persuade them to adopt your values.
c. persuade them to adopt the values of the counseling profession, which are based on the Judeo-Christian tradition
d. forget about your own values temporarily

Answer 23

a. work collaboratively to identify and clarify their value system and determine the degree to which they are living in accordance with their core beliefs and values

Question 24

Which of the following statements on spirituality and religion is true today
They are both ethically appropriate topics to discuss, can play a major part in the client’s life, and can be a significant source of strength.
The role of spirituality in counseling is not considered an appropriate topic for discussion
Spiritual and religious matters are not therapeutically relevant
The therapist does not need to be sincerely interested in the client’s spiritual beliefs to utilize them in the therapeutic process.

Answer 24

They are both ethically appropriate topics to discuss, can play a major part in the client’s life, and can be a significant source of strength.

Question 25

According to researchers, counselors personal religious values: a. don’t affect the therapeutic relationship b. only affect the therapeutic relationship when discussing spiritual issues c. should be ignored at all times d. may affect their therapeutic work, directly or indirectly, with clients presenting with end-of-life issues.

Answer 25

d.may affect their therapeutic work, directly or indirectly, with clients presenting with end-of-life issues.

Question 26

The U.S. District Court, in Julea Ward vs. Eastern Michigan University, ruled that a. the university was justified in dismissing the student for violating provisions of the code of ethics that prohibit discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, disability, marital status/partnership, language preference, or socioeconomic status. b. the university was justified to enforce standards expected of students in a counseling program, even when a student objects on religious grounds. c. the university was not justified in dismissing the student for violating provisions of the code of ethics that prohibit discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, disability, marital status/partnership, language preference, or socioeconomic status d. the university was not justified to enforce standards expected of students in a counseling program, even when a student objects on religious grounds

Answer 26

a. the university was justified in dismissing the student for violating provisions of the code of ethics that prohibit discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, disability, marital status/partnership, language preference, or socioeconomic status.

Question 27

Value discrimination could be defined as: a. when a counselor is too eager to suggest a referral when the client shares differing values on race, religion, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, disability, marital status/partnership, language preference, or socioeconomic status b. considering a referral only when you clearly lack the necessary skills to deal with the issues presented by the client. c. a counselor directly attempting to influence a client to adopt their values, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior. D.  the ability of counselors to manage their personal values so they do not contaminate the counseling process.

Answer 27

a. when a counselor is too eager to suggest a referral when the client shares differing values on race, religion, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, disability, marital status/partnership, language preference, or socioeconomic status

Question 28

Disagreeing with a client or not liking what a client is proposing can create a a. value imposition b. value exploration c. value conflict d. personal value.

Answer 28

c. Value conflict

Question 29

Referring a client for differing religious beliefs, sexual orientation, or cultural background is called a. appropriate referral b. value imposition c. discriminatory referral d.  value conflict

Answer 29

c. discriminatory referral

Question 30

The authors of this text view referrals: a. as the best option when they face a clash of values with their clients b. as a moral imperative c. as the last resort

Answer 30

c. as the last resort

Question 31

Neither the clients' and therapists' ____________, nor the interactions between the two, were significantly associated with the clients' perceptions of their therapists' level of multicultural competency. Ethnicity Multiculturalism cultural empathy unintentional racism

Answer 31

Ethnicity

Question 32

``` The word ________, interpreted broadly, is associated with a racial or ethnic group as well as with gender, religion, economic status, nationality, physical capacity or disability, and affectional or sexual orientation. Ethnicity Diversity Stereotype Culture ```

Answer 32

Culture

Question 33

______________ refers to a practitioner's level of awareness, knowledge, and interpersonal skill needed to function effectively in a pluralistic society and to intervene on behalf of clients from diverse backgrounds. Cultural encapsulation Multicultural skill-level Cultural diversity competence Interpersonal cognizance

Answer 33

Cultural diversity competence

Question 34

______________ moves beyond cultural awareness and focuses on active support and advocacy, including promoting equality and justice for underserved and oppressed groups of people Social justice Cultural pluralism Colour blindness Cultural tunnel vision

Answer 34

Social justice

Question 35

___________ is a three-stage developmental sequence, from multicultural awareness to knowledge and comprehension to skills and applications. Culture-centered counseling Oppressed Counseling Cultural Immersion Social justice work in counseling

Answer 35

Culture-centered counseling

Question 36

The _____________'s ethics code indicates that part of competence implies understanding diversity NASW Canadian Counseling Association APA Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors

Answer 36

APA

Question 37

According to the authors, the first step in the process of acquiring multicultural counseling skills in a training program should be that students: become involved in a self-exploratory journey to help identify their cultural and ethnic blind spots. start a social advocacy campaign and become politically involved on campus free themselves from all racist thoughts, actions and feelings have their value system conform to an "acceptable norm."

Answer 37

become involved in a self-exploratory journey to help identify their cultural and ethnic blind spots.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is FALSE? It is important to understand that homosexuality and bisexuality are not indicative of mental illness. To date, the APA has not developed a separate set of guidelines for psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients The ethics codes of the ACA, the APA, and the NASW clearly state that discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is unethical and unacceptable Therapists have an ethical obligation to confront their personal prejudices, myths, fears, and stereotypes regarding sexual orientation.

Answer 38

To date, the APA has not developed a separate set of guidelines for psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients

Question 39

People with chronic medical, physical, and mental disabilities represent a. the second largest minority and disadvantaged group in the United States b. the largest minority and disadvantaged group in the United States c. the smallest minority and disadvantaged group in the United States. d. a diminishing minority and disadvantaged group in the United States

Answer 39

b. the largest minority and disadvantaged group in the United States

Question 40

The concepts of unintentional racism and microaggressions are related and usually involve a. training in multicultural and social justice perspectives for both the therapist and client b. exploring in-depth the meaning behind the cultural differences. c. C. flexibility and understanding on the therapist's part. d. demeaning implications perpetrated against clients on the basis of their race, gender, sexual orientation, or ability status.

Answer 40

d. demeaning implications perpetrated against clients on the basis of their race, gender, sexual orientation, or ability status.

Question 41

___________ refers to individual differences on a number of variables that place clients at risk for discrimination based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, or socioeconomic status. a.     Diversity b.     Multipluralism c.     Discriminatory variables d.     Oppression

Answer 41

a.     Diversity

Question 42

A set of knowledge and skills that are essential to the culturally skilled practitioner are called a.     coursework. b.     culturally appropriate strategies c.     multicultural competencies d.     multicultural relationship

Answer 42

c.     multicultural competencies

Question 43

____________ influences every facet of our existence, so it is essential that culturally responsive practice be central in all that we do. a.     Oppression b.     Stereotypes c.     Racism d.     Culture

Answer 43

d.     Culture

Question 44

___________ includes factors such as culture, religion, race, ability, age, gender, sexual orientation, education, and socioeconomic level. a.     Cultural empathy b.     Diversity c.     Stereotypes d.     Racism

Answer 44

b.     Diversity

Question 45

Counsellors practice unintentional racism when they: a.     show sensitivity to cultural variations among individuals b.     challenge stereotypes associated with culturally diverse clients c.    claim to be free of any traces of racism d.   accept unreasoned assumptions about other cultures without proof and without regard to rationality

Answer 45

c.    claim to be free of any traces of racism

Question 46

Children with childhood disabilities such as autism and ADHD; children with the cumulative lifestyle factors that lead to obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and cancers; and people with chronic medical, physical, and mental disabilities are part of the: A.    mental health workers community B.     disability community C.     gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender community D.    social justice community

Answer 46

B.     disability community

Question 47

Cultural Differences are: a.     objective, simple, and apathetic b.     objective, complex, and dynamic c.     subjective, simple, and apathetic d.     subjective, complex, and dynamic

Answer 47

d.     subjective, complex, and dynamic

Question 48

Statements such as "Minority groups need to take responsibility for their own predicament" and "In order to succeed, people need to stop complaining and start working" do not take into account environmental factors. These are examples of: a.     stereotypical beliefs b.     guiding principles for action c.     cultural tolerance d.     challenging culture-bound values

Answer 48

a.     stereotypical beliefs

Question 49

Brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities (whether intentional or unintentional) that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of other races is the definition of: a.   racial microaggressions b.     cultural diversity c.     cultural pluralism d.     social justice work

Answer 49

a.   racial microaggressions

Question 50

Client dependence is less of an issue: with the growth of managed care brief treatment and restricted number of sessions. if the therapist is experiencing problems and is unaware of these problems. when the therapist is in control of the session. when the therapist is not practicing self-care.

Answer 50

with the growth of managed care brief treatment and restricted number of sessions.

Question 51

When counselors become overly concerned with meeting their own needs or pushing their own personal agendas, their behavior becomes: annoying to the client. unethical. illegal. helpful to the client.

Answer 51

unethical.

Question 52

Ongoing self-care is an essential part of a therapist's professional competence and: legal requirements. personal wellness program. social justice. client autonomy.

Answer 52

personal wellness program.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a sign of therapist decay? An absence of boundaries with clients Accepting clients within one's scope of competence Living in isolated ways Being unwilling to seek professional help when experiencing personal distress

Answer 53

Accepting clients within one's scope of competence

Question 54

Self-care involves: compassion for and dedication to serving others. searching for positive life experiences that lead to zest, peace, excitement, and happiness. good public relations skills and an outgoing personality. high verbal reasoning abilities and a high I.Q.

Answer 54

searching for positive life experiences that lead to zest, peace, excitement, and happiness.

Question 55

Ronald directs his clients toward solutions instead of encouraging them to seek alternatives for themselves. He is likely to have a strong need: for approval and/or to feel a sense of achievement and accomplishment. to allow the client to come up with solutions. to empower his client. to nurture his client.

Answer 55

for approval and/or to feel a sense of achievement and accomplishment.

Question 56

________ is the process whereby clients place past feelings or attitudes they had toward significant people in their lives onto their therapist. Transference Countertransference Projection Mirroring

Answer 56

Transference

Question 57

The authors state that, in many ways, therapeutic encounters serve as mirrors in which therapists can see their own lives reflected. As a result: therapy can become a catalyst for change in the therapist as well as in the client. many therapists become narcissistic. therapists tend to commit ethical violations stemming from blurred boundaries. the therapist cannot experience change.

Answer 57

therapy can become a catalyst for change in the therapist as well as in the client.

Question 58

Self-compassion involves: searching for positive life experiences. a basic component of many counseling programs, providing students with the opportunity to share their values. developing attitudes of caring, being nonjudgmental, being accepting, and being kind to ourselves. rejecting clients.

Answer 58

developing attitudes of caring, being nonjudgmental, being accepting, and being kind to ourselves.

Question 59

An ethical issue arises when: a new client temporarily experiences a period of dependence on the counselor. counselors encourage clients to come up with solutions to problems with minimal help from the counselor. a client develops an unhealthy dependence on their counselor and the counselor deals with it therapeutically, without blaming the client. counselors encourage and promote dependence on the part of their clients.

Answer 59

counselors encourage and promote dependence on the part of their clients.

Question 60

What is the difference between ethics and law?

Answer 60

Ethics pertains to the standards that govern the conduct of its professional members; law is the body of rules that govern the affairs of people within a community, state, or country.

Question 61

Define: Values

Answer 61

pertains to beliefs and attitudes that provide direction to everyday living

Question 62

Define: ethics

Answer 62

pertains to the beliefs we hold about what constitutes right conduct. Ethics are moral principles adopted by an individual or group to provide rules for right conduct.

Question 63

Define: Morality

Answer 63

Morality is concerned with perspectives of right and proper conduct and involves an evaluation of actions on the basis of some broader cultural context or religious standard.

Question 64

Define: Mandatory ethics

Answer 64

Mandatory ethics describes a level of ethical functioning wherein counselors act in compliance with minimal standards, acknowledging the basic “musts” and “must nots.” The focus is on behavioral rules, such as providing for informed consent in professional relationship

Question 65

Define: Aspirational ethics

Answer 65

Aspirational ethics describes the highest standards of thinking and conduct professional counselors seek, and it requires that counselors do more than simply meet the letter of the ethics code. It entails an understanding of the spirit behind the code and the principles on which the code rests.

Question 66

Define: Principle ethics

Answer 66

Principle ethics is a set of obligations and a method that focuses on moral issues with the goals of (a) solving a particular dilemma or set of dilemmas and (b) establishing a framework to guide future ethical thinking and behavior. Principles typically focus on acts and choices, and they are used to facilitate the selection of socially and historically acceptable answers to the question “What shall I do?”

Question 67

Define: Virtue Ethics

Answer 67

Virtue ethics focuses on the character traits of the counselor and nonobligatory ideals to which professionals aspire rather than on solving specific ethical dilemmas. Simply stated, principle ethics asks “Is this situation unethical?” whereas virtue ethics asks “Am I doing what is best for my client?” Even in the absence of an ethical dilemma, virtue ethics compels the professional to be conscious of ethical behavior.

Question 68

What are the steps that may help you think through ethical problems?

Answer 68

1. Identify the problem or dilemma. 2. Identify the potential issues involved 3. Review the applicable laws and regulations. 4. Know the applicable laws and regulations. 5. Obtain consultation 6. Consider possibly and probable courses of action 7. Enumerate the consequences of various decisions. 8. Choose what appears to be the best course of action

Question 69

What do we mean by the "greyness" of ethics?

Answer 69

- the ethics of professional issues are often situationally-dependent - A lack of clear cut answers can be viewed as anxiety-producing - Engaging with codes of ethics as professional "guidelines" - the importance of critical thinking

Question 70

What is the difference between law and ethics?

Answer 70

- Law: Defines the minimum standards society will tolerate and is enforced by government - Ethics: represents the ideal standards set and is enforced by professional associations

Question 71

What are the major duties of regulating boards?

Answer 71

- determine standards for admission into profession - Screen applicants applying for certification or licensure - Regulate the practice of profession for the public good - conduct disciplinary proceedings involving violations of standards of professional conduct as defined by law

Question 72

Define: Values

Answer 72

beliefs and attitudes that provide direction to everyday living

Question 73

Define: Ethics

Answer 73

ideal standards of right conduct, possibly by profession

Question 74

Define: Law

Answer 74

Body of rules that govern the affairs of a community of people

Question 75

Define: Morality

Answer 75

evaluation of actions based on broader cultural context

Question 76

Define: Ethical conduct

Answer 76

knowledge of a clear code and acting in accordance

Question 77

Define: Community Standards

Answer 77

differ based on location

Question 78

Define: Positive ethics

Answer 78

the idea that we shouldn't just focus on how we harm clients, or how they harm, but now we can do better in helping, what the worker can do best, not what they shouldn't do

Question 79

Define: reasonableness

Answer 79

the care that's exercised by others practicing within that speciality

Question 80

Define: unethical

Answer 80

anything that is an infraction in ethics

Question 81

Define: self-care

Answer 81

what you as an individual need for your health

Question 82

Define: Professionalism

Answer 82

it is possible to act unprofessionally, yet still act ethically

Question 83

Define: Mandatory Ethics

Answer 83

Mandatory ethics: professionals comply with minimal standards, acknowledging the basic “musts” and “must nots” - Providing informed consent to clients, patients, students, users of services

Question 84

Define: Aspirational Ethics

Answer 84

the highest professional standards of conduct to which counselors can aspire related to positive ethics - Providing services pro bono for those in need

Question 85

Define: Principle ethics

Answer 85

focuses on moral issues with goal of solving a particular dilemma and establishing a framework to guide future ethical thinking and behaviour - Asks “is this situation unethical”

Question 86

Define: Virtue Ethics

Answer 86

focuses on character traits of the counsellor and non-obligatory ideals - Asks “am I doing what is best for my client”

Question 87

Define: Ethical problems/issues

Answer 87

conflicts between one or more values and uncertainty about the course of action, professionally and/or personally - Questions about what is right or good to do at individual, interpersonal, organizational and even societal levels

Question 88

Define: Ethical (or moral) uncertainty

Answer 88

Lack of clarity about what the specific moral problem is, and how to proceed

Question 89

Define: Ethical (or moral) distress

Answer 89

When a professional knows or believes he/she knows the right thing to do, but for various reasons does not, or cannot, take the right action or prevent a particular harm - when values and commitments are compromised, the professionals identity and integrity are affected and he/she feels moral distress

Question 90

Define: Ethical (or moral) disengagement

Answer 90

When a professional begins to disregard his/her ethical commitments

Question 91

Define: Ethical (or moral) residue

Answer 91

- The result of an experience when a professional seriously compromises him/herself or allows themselves to be compromised - The moral residue that a professional may carry forward from such experiences either drain the professional or help them reflect on what they would do differently in similar situations in the future

Question 92

Define: Ethical (or moral) courage

Answer 92

When a professional stands firm on a point of moral principle or a particular decision about something in the face of overwhelming fear or threat to himself or herself

Question 93

What can conflict between competing values and possible courses of action be caused by?

Answer 93

- Distribution of scarce resource - Professional competence of colleagues - Policies and procedures of the agency - Behaviour of clients - Competing values, needs and ethical requirements

Question 94

Define: Autonomy

Answer 94

refers to the promotion of self-determination, or the freedom of clients to be self-governing within their social and cultural framework - Involves values of individualism, independence, interdependence, self-determination and making choices for oneself

Question 95

What are the essential elements of self-determination?

Answer 95

- Freedom to choose - Control and informed consent - Knowledge and information - Involvement in decision making - Access to resources

Question 96

Define: Nonmaleficence

Answer 96

- Nonmaleficence means avoiding doing harm, which includes refraining from actions that risk hurting clients - Professionals have a responsibility to minimize risks for exploitation and practices that cause harm or have the potential to result in harm

Question 97

Define: Beneficence

Answer 97

- doing good for others and promoting the well-being of clients - Also includes the welfare of society and doing good for society Doing something vs. nothing

Question 98

Define: Justice

Answer 98

Justice means to be fair by giving equally to others and to treat others justly The idea of equitability-fairness isn’t sameness Trauma informed practices

Question 99

Define: Fidelity

Answer 99

Fidelity means that professionals make realistic commitments and do their best to keep promises Hard to serve clients-contracting

Question 100

Define: Veracity

Answer 100

- Veracity means truthfulness, which involves the practitioner’s obligation to deal honestly with clients - Unless practitioners are truthful with their clients, the truth required to form a good working relationships will not develop

Question 101

Define: Self-care

Answer 101

Taking adequate care of ourselves so that we are able to implement the moral principles and virtues that are fundamental to ethical concepts What are some ways that not taking care of ourselves might get in the way of us caring for others

Question 102

What are the steps in ethical decision making?

Answer 102

1. Identify the problem or dilemma 2. Identify the potential issues involved 3. Review relevant ethics codes 4. Know applicable laws and regulations 5. Obtain consultation 6. Consider the possible and probable courses of action 7. Enumerate and consider the possible consequences of each solution 8. Choose what appears to be the best course of action

Question 103

What is involved with the first step of ethical decision making?

Answer 103

Identify the problem or dilemma: - Determine the nature of the problem and gather information - it is useful to look at the problem from many perspectives

Question 104

What is involved with the second step of ethical decision making?

Answer 104

Identify the potential issues involved: - List critical issues and discard irrelevant ones - Evaluate the rights, responsibilities and welfare of everyone involved - Consider multiple dimensions-individual characteristics, culture, race socioeconomic status and religious background - Consider the 6 ethical principles - When appropriate and to the degree possible, involve your client in the decision making process

Question 105

What is involved with the third step of ethical decision making?

Answer 105

Review relevant ethics codes: - consult available guidelines/professional guidelines that could apply in your situation - document thinking process and reasoning

Question 106

What is involved with the fourth step of ethical decision making?

Answer 106

Know applicable laws and regulations: - Keep up to date on provincial and federal law - Particularly relevant in issues of keeping or breaching confidentiality, reporting child or elder abuse, dealing with issues pertaining to danger or self of others, parental rights, record keeping, assessment, diagnosis, licensing statues and grounds for malpractice

Question 107

What is involved with the fifth step of ethical decision making?

Answer 107

Obtain Consultation: - You do not have to make ethical decisions alone - gain multiple perspectives

Question 108

What is involved with the sixth step of ethical decision making?

Answer 108

Consider the possible and probable courses of action: - generate a variety of possible solutions - Consider the ethical and legal implications of each option you are considering

Question 109

What is involved with the seventh step of ethical decision making?

Answer 109

Enumerate and consider the possible consequences of each solution: - Consider the implications of each solution for everyone involved - Examine the probable outcomes of various actions, considering the potential risk and benefits of each course of action

Question 110

What is involved with the eighth step of ethical decision making?

Answer 110

# Choose what appears to be the best course of action: - Make the best decision you can with the information you have at the time - Evaluate your course of action by reviewing how it might fit within your professional code of ethics, how it might be received by others and what you have learned

Question 111

What are some examples of personal needs of professionals?

Answer 111

Need to be liked and not upset individuals Need to tell people what to do Strong desire to relieve all pain from clients Need to have all answers and be perfect Intense need to be recognized and appreciated Need to get the job done no matter what

Question 112

What can failing do develop self-awareness lead to?

Answer 112

Projection of feelings onto individual you are helping Inability to be objective Defensiveness and taking things personally Poor-limit or boundary setting Practicing outside of scope of competence Doing one’s ‘own work’ when working with individuals Being inflexible in approach and thus, not meeting individual’s needs

Question 113

How can someone increase self-awareness?

Answer 113

Explore your strengths and limitations Know how you think, act and feel Self-reflection and self-care are very important in the self-awareness process Consult with colleagues, supervisors for constructive feedback Remaining calm, non-defensive, and committed to self-limits helps to maintain the professional role when receiving negative feedback from individuals

Question 114

Define: Transference

Answer 114

The process whereby clients project onto the professional past feelings or attitudes they had toward significant people in their lives - “Any reaction of the client to the worker, on the cognitive, affective, physical, social, and/or spiritual dimensions…usually rooted both in the past and present; the here and now reaction is often distorted or modified by similar past experiences in the client’s life

Question 115

Define: Counter transference

Answer 115

The practitioner’s total emotional response to a client including feelings, associations, fantasies and fleeting images

Question 116

How do you know if you are experiencing counter-transference?

Answer 116

Lose objectivity because own conflicts are triggered Being unduly concerned about an individual Having persistent fantasies or dreams about an individual Dreading or unrealistically pleasurable anticipation about meetings with an individual Being consistently late or forgetting appointments with certain individuals Feelings of protective, or uncomfortable about, discussing certain problems with an individual Feeling persistently bored or drowsy or tuning out an individual Arguing with or feeling defensive by an individual’s criticisms or accusations

Question 117

Define: Secondary traumatic stress

Answer 117

continually exposed to traumatic stories of individuals the professional works with and difficulty engaging in self-care

Question 118

What are the 4 quadrants of self-care?

Answer 118

Spiritual: value clarification and commitment, study, meditation, prayer Emotional: service, empathy, synergy, intrinsic security Physical: Exercise, nutrition, stress, management Educational: Reading, visualization, planning, writing

Question 119

What are the 4 most common areas of dietetic practice?

Answer 119

- Hospitals (24%) - Long term care (10%) - Diabetes education centre (9%) - Private Practice (9%)

Question 120

What does DORM stand for when managing a conflict of interest?

Answer 120

D- Disclosure O- Options R- Reassurance M- Modifications

Question 121

Referring to reflective practice, what are Borton's three questions?

Answer 121

- What - So what - Now what

Question 122

What are Schon's 2 types of reflective practice?

Answer 122

- Reflection- on action (reflecting back on an experience about what you could do differently) - Reflection- in- action (reflecting on what you're doing while doing it and adjusting your actions to practice, or continuing to do what you're doing as it is best practice)

Question 123

What are the components of Gibbs' reflective cycle?

Answer 123

Description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusions, action plan

Question 124

Define Value assumptions

Answer 124

Beliefs about what is good and important form a basis of opinions on issues Many arguments between individuals and groups are primarily based on strongly held values that need to be understood, and, if possible, respected An issue that continues to be unresolved or bitterly contested often involves cherished values on both sides

Question 125

Define: value imposition

Answer 125

Attempts by helping professional to have individual adopt or share their beliefs, values, course of action Never the right thing to do

Question 126

Define: Bracketing

Answer 126

The ability of the professional to manage their personal values so they don’t contaminate the helping process

Question 127

Define: Value Neutrality

Answer 127

Not imposing one’s own values, beliefs or judgments It may be an issue: Attention may not be paid by the professional to potentially self-destructive or other destructive acts Failure on the part of the professional to challenge a client’s behaviour may result in a client thinking you accept the behaviour Value neutrality, is itself a value