Final Flashcards
1
Q
- The textbook contends that many forms of media and culture cannot accurately be described using binary terms such as liberal and conservative or high culture and low culture. (page 33)
A
True
2
Q
- James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake challenges readers to decode its complex narrative. (page 22)
A
True
3
Q
- Which statement best describes mass media? (page 11)
A) Books by their very nature are culturally superior to other forms of mass media.
B) Television programs by their very nature are culturally inferior.
C) Billboards and broadcast satellites aren’t part of the mass media.
D) Any media form can provide content that is worthy or that panders to the worst in human nature.
E) Mass media evolve thanks to clever inventors, not to cultural, political, or economic circumstances.
A
D) Any media form can provide content that is worthy or that panders to the worst in human nature.
4
Q
- Most forms of culture demonstrate multiple tendencies; for example, a film could be both conventional and innovative. (page 21-22)
A
True
5
Q
5. In the interpretation stage of the critical process, an answer must be found to which of the following questions? (page 30) A) So what? B) How many? C) Who? D) When? E) Where?
A
A) So what?
6
Q
- Efficiency and individualism are both values of the modern period. (page 23)
A
True
7
Q
- The telegraph and newspapers transformed news into a salable commodity. (page 8)
A
True
8
Q
- Which of the following is the best way to characterize the transitions between the print, electronic, and digital eras? (page 6)
A) The exact lines between each era are clear.
B) As new technology was invented, the older forms of technology were rapidly discarded.
C) Each wave of newer technology came at the same time as more and more people moved from urban areas to rural areas.
D) In practice, the eras overlapped as newer technologies disrupted and modified older technologies.
E) Changes in the eras of mass communication had little effect on most people.
A
D) In practice, the eras overlapped as newer technologies disrupted and modified older technologies.
9
Q
- Which of the following is not considered a consequence of the printing press? (page 7-8)
A) The rise of the middle class
B) The concept of the nation-state
C) An increased sense of community and mutual cooperation
D) A decline of religious authority
E) An increase in literacy rates
A
C) An increased sense of community and mutual cooperation
10
Q
- Which of the following statements about cross-platform media convergence is false? (page 10)
A) A primary goal is to maximize profits.
B) A primary goal is to offer more choice to media consumers.
C) It can involve a single company owning various media holdings, such as radio and television stations, Internet service providers, and cable television systems.
D) A common result of this kind of convergence is using fewer employees to generate content for multiple outlets.
E) None of the statements about cross-platform media convergence are false.
A
B) A primary goal is to offer more choice to media consumers.
11
Q
- Most Web sites follow an “opt-in” data policy when collecting information from online consumers. (page 60)
A
False
12
Q
12. Which of the following is not part of Web 2.0? (page 45-47) A) Instant messaging B) Blogs C) Wiki Web sites D) The Semantic Web E) Social media sites
A
D) The Semantic Web
13
Q
- What is spyware and what does it do? (page 60)
A) It is a computer program that lets you access secret information from sources like Wikileaks.
B) It was software developed by the Defense Department’s Advanced Research Projects for spying on Russia.
C) It is a computer program that is secretly bundled with other software and then allows someone to collect private information.
D) It is a way for the government to figure out if you are accessing pornography online.
E) None of the options is correct.
A
C) It is a computer program that is secretly bundled with other software and then allows someone to collect private information.
14
Q
- Many Internet visionaries talk about Web 3.0 as the Romantic Web. (page 50)
A
B) False
15
Q
15. Which of the following is not a threat to privacy of personal information on the Internet? (page 59-62) A) Government surveillance B) Digital archiving C) Online fraud D) Data mining E) Cookies
A
B) Digital archiving
16
Q
- The turning point that led to the end of major record labels employing white performers to cover black rock-and-roll artists’ songs occurred with which event? (page 87)
A) Ray Charles had a No. 1 hit covering a country song in 1962.
B) The Marvellettes scored a No. 1 hit with “Please Mr. Postman” in 1961.
C) Little Richard had a hit, “Tutti-Frutti,” in 1956.
D) Lauryn Hill covered Frankie Valli’s old tune “Can’t Take My Eyes Off of You” in 1998.
E) None of the options is correct.
A
A) Ray Charles had a No. 1 hit covering a country song in 1962.
17
Q
- Which of the following statements about hip-hop music is true? (page 93-95)
A) It is a broad description of music and culture that includes rapping, sampling/cutting, and deejays.
B) It provides a way for artists to debate issues of gender, race, class, violence, and drugs.
C) It has been criticized for lyrics that degrade women and glorify violence.
D) Some of its most popular artists include Lupe Fiasco and Jay-Z.
E) All of the options are correct.
A
E) All of the options are correct.
18
Q
- Which of the following is true about the MP3 music file format? (page 77-78)
A) It creates music files that are very large and slow to download.
B) It was very important in the fight against the pirating of recorded music.
C) It makes recording, transferring, and downloading music quicker and easier.
D) It hasn’t been popular with consumers because MP3 players break easily.
E) None of the options is correct.
A
C) It makes recording, transferring, and downloading music quicker and easier.
19
Q
- Sugarhill Gang’s 1979 hit “Rapper’s Delight” ______. (page 94)
A) became the first No. 1 hip-hop album on the popular charts
B) infused hip-hop with a political take on ghetto life
C) sampled part of another song, a practice common to hip-hop
D) was part of the subgenre known as gangster rap
E) was covered more successfully by white artists
A
C) sampled part of another song, a practice common to hip-hop
20
Q
- Which statement best describes the relationship between small independent music labels and the huge major music labels? (page 96, 102)
A) Each survives only by trying to put the other out of business.
B) They never cooperate to distribute music.
C) Major labels rely on resourceful independents to discover new talent and trends.
D) Independents distribute only mainstream music while the majors cover niche markets and discover new talent.
E) There are no independent labels left because they’ve all been purchased or run out of business by the four major labels.
A
C) Major labels rely on resourceful independents to discover new talent and trends.
21
Q
- Because they are smaller, independent record companies are reluctant to invest in commercially unproven artists. (page 96)
A
False
22
Q
- Little Richard became the first African American artist to chart higher with his own song than a white cover artist because ______. (page 87)
A) he cleaned up the music and lyrics so white audiences wouldn’t be offended
B) he pretended to be white
C) nobody cared about race anymore
D) he wrote and performed a song with lyrics and a style that “clean-cut” white artists like Pat Boone couldn’t imitate
E) he made a deal with white cover artists so they would respect his creative efforts
A
D) he wrote and performed a song with lyrics and a style that “clean-cut” white artists like Pat Boone couldn’t imitate
23
Q
24. Which of the following boundaries did rock and roll not blur in the 1950s? (page 83-85) A) The country and the city B) Sacred and secular C) Masculinity and femininity D) North and South E) Old and young
A
E) Old and young
24
Q
- Congress passed the Radio Act of 1912 in response to the sinking of the British ocean liner Titanic. (page 114)
A
A) True
25
```
26. What time period is considered the “golden age” of radio? (page 120-121)
A) 1950s
B) Early 1900s
C) 1930s and 1940s
D) 1890s
E) 1990s
```
C) 1930s and 1940s
26
27. Which statement indicates why radio typically has its biggest audiences between 6 and 9 A.M. and between 4 and 7 P.M.? (page 128)
A) It's because the funniest shows are on at those times.
B) It's because radio stations want it to be that way.
C) It's because many people listen to the radio as they drive to and from work.
D) It's because the lucrative teenage audience listens most during those times.
E) None of the options is correct.
C) It's because many people listen to the radio as they drive to and from work.
27
28. Nonprofit radio today is ______. (page 133)
A) prospering
B) struggling to survive government funding cuts
C) accepting liquor advertising
D) converting to analog equipment to save money
E) buying up commercial radio stations
B) struggling to survive government funding cuts
28
29. Internet radio stations are those that either stream or simulcast a version of their on-air signal over the Web, or create a station exclusive to the Internet. (page 134-135)
A) True
29
30. Payola is the practice of record promoters paying deejays to play certain songs on the air. (page 136)
A) True
30
31. Which of the following indicates how radio listeners today are different from radio listeners in the 1930s? (page 128)
A) Listeners today are loyal to specific stations or formats rather than to specific shows.
B) Listeners today tune in at a specific time to hear their favorite radio programs, rather than cruising through stations.
C) Peak listening occurs in the evening hours today, rather than during drive time.
D) Today, people listen to their radio at home more than people did in the 1930s.
E) None of these options is correct.
A) Listeners today are loyal to specific stations or formats rather than to specific shows.
31
32. In the late 1920s, which of the following was not a part owner of the National Broadcasting Company? (page 117)
A) CBS
B) Westinghouse
C) RCA
D) General Electric
E) All of the companies were owners of the National Broadcasting Company.
A) CBS
32
33. Thomas Edison's first attempt to create talking pictures in the late 1800s was an immediate commercial success. (page 190)
B) False
33
34. What is a typical characteristic of independent films? (page 204)
A) They tend to be made on a shoestring budget.
B) They often need help from major studios for successful distribution.
C) They often rely on real-life situations and non studio settings.
D) They are now easier and cheaper to make because of new digital movie cameras.
E) All of the options are correct.
E) All of the options are correct.
34
35. Which of the following is true about shooting movies with digital video? (page 214-215)
A) Directors typically have to wait several hours to see the results of a day of shooting footage.
B) The digital cameras are typically much bulkier than those that use film.
C) It can be very expensive to capture additional footage with digital cameras if someone makes a mistake.
D) Digital cameras are more accessible and less expensive, opening the door to more independent filmmakers.
E) None of the options is correct.
D) Digital cameras are more accessible and less expensive, opening the door to more independent filmmakers.
35
36. Movie palaces looked beautiful on the outside, but were often very shabby on the inside (page 199).
B) False
36
37. Although Hollywood movies may show actual consumer products, such as Pepsi-Cola or BMW automobiles, for the effect of realism, the studios may not receive any money or other compensation for showing those products. (page 211)
B) False
37
```
38. Which of the following eras of journalism best represents the historical arrival of newspapers as a mass medium? (page 224-225)
A) Penny press
B) Partisan press
C) Literary journalism
D) Interpretive reporting
E) None of the options is correct.
```
A) Penny press
38
39. General assignment reporters ______. (page 241)
A) handle all sorts of stories that might “break” in a day
B) are assigned to particular beats or topics
C) are sometimes referred to as bureau reporters
D) are sometimes referred to as specialty reporters
E) All of the options are correct.
A) handle all sorts of stories that might “break” in a day
39
40. Advertising revenue, the lifeblood of newspaper operations, ______. (page 245)
A) grew rapidly once the Internet boom took off in the late 1990s
B) is holding steady even as the number of newspaper subscriptions increases
C) has fallen dramatically in the last few years, with Internet ad sales unable to fill the gap
D) cycles through periods of increase and decrease every few years
E) None of the options is correct.
C) has fallen dramatically in the last few years, with Internet ad sales unable to fill the gap
40
41. According to the textbook, most small nondaily papers in the United States are consensus oriented rather than conflict oriented. (page 234)
True
41
42. Worried about the shaky financial underpinnings of print journalism, some have suggested new business models, including ______. (page 248-249)
A) having former print reporters start online newspapers
B) having wealthy universities buy and support newspapers
C) having wealthy Internet companies expand into the news business
D) having newspapers operate as nonprofits that run on tax-deductible contributions
E) All of the options are correct.
E) All of the options are correct.
42
43. Journalism is a scientific and objective method of communication. (page 229)
False
43
44. Which statement about the relationship between blogging and traditional newspaper news is true? (page 247-248)
A) Bloggers are increasingly following the lead of traditional newspapers.
B) Traditional newspaper news remains unchanged despite the influx of Internet bloggers.
C) After expressing concern and opposition to blogging as news, many newspapers are promoting their own blog presence.
D) No blog has been able to gain credibility or garner a significant readership.
E) All of the statements are true.
C) After expressing concern and opposition to blogging as news, many newspapers are promoting their own blog presence.
44
45. Compared with World War II and Vietnam, the war in Iraq has been a safe haven for reporters and other media workers. (page 250)
False
45
46. By the end of the nineteenth century, crusading newspapers like the New York World had what kind of approach to women's rights? (page 226-227)
A) They were against them.
B) They championed conservative values and the status quo.
C) They hired women as reporters and crusaded for better conditions for women.
D) They hired mostly women for management positions.
E) None of the options is correct.
C) They hired women as reporters and crusaded for better conditions for women.
46
47. Which of the following statements about the inverted pyramid style is true? (page 229)
A) A story using this style typically begins with answering “who, what, when, and where.”
B) It serves as a quick and efficient way to organize a news story.
C) It strives for a form of “objectivity” that is more likely to be accepted by people with different backgrounds and beliefs.
D) It can lead to formulaic stories.
E) All of the options are correct.
E) All of the options are correct.
47
48. The high price of such consumer products as designer jeans and breakfast cereal can be attributed primarily to ______. (page 324)
A) the cost of raw materials
B) manufacturing costs
C) distribution expenses
D) advertising
E) a dramatic improvement in quality of materials and manufacturing
D) advertising
48
```
49. An obnoxious car dealer or appliance salesman yelling at the camera in a TV commercial is using which questionable persuasive strategy? (page 334-336)
A) Hidden-fear appeal
B) Irritation advertising
C) Plain-folks pitch
D) Snob-appeal approach
E) Product placement
```
B) Irritation advertising
49
50. Which of the following statements about boutique advertising agencies is false? (page 329)
A) Designers and artists might have formed them in order to have more creative freedom.
B) Many have been bought up by larger agencies, but may still operate semi-independently.
C) They cater to large clients like Target and Anheuser-Busch, just like the mega-agencies do.
D) They are too small and don't have the staff to offer their clients personalized service.
E) All of the statements are true.
D) They are too small and don't have the staff to offer their clients personalized service.
50
51. Channel One is an example of ______. (page 345)
A) an online service that tracks the success and placement of VNRs
B) a campaign finance reform initiative
C) a boutique agency
D) advertising in schools
E) an ABC subsidiary
D) advertising in schools
51
52. How do advertisers direct targeted ads to specific Web site visitors? (page 335)
A) They use cookies to watch a user's Web activity.
B) They send surveys in the mail.
C) They ask for permission to use targeted ads.
D) They conduct psychographic surveys by phone.
E) None of the options is correct.
A) They use cookies to watch a user's Web activity.
52
53. Which of the following is a side effect of the growth of Internet advertising? (page 334-336)
A) More and more advertisers are moving ad spending away from traditional media to the Internet.
B) Search engines like Google are becoming leading advertising companies.
C) E-mail inboxes are bombarded with spam.
D) Social networking sites gather user information for advertising purposes.
E) All of the options are correct.
E) All of the options are correct.
53
```
54. In 2006, Disney CEO Robert Iger merged the company with ______. (page 406)
A) Pixar
B) ABC
C) CBS
D) Viacom
E) Google
```
A) Pixar
54
```
55. The book publishing and motion-picture industries are both examples of ______. (page 391)
A) monopolies
B) oligopolies
C) O & Os
D) limited competition
E) None of the options is correct.
```
oligopolies
55
56. The transition to an information economy was characterized by ______. (page 394)
A) an increasingly centralized and permanent workforce
B) intense product rivalry between one country and another
C) an emphasis on mass rather than niche markets
D) the rise of transnational media corporations
E) the ever-increasing power of labor union movements
D) the rise of transnational media corporations
56
57. The deregulation movement returned media economics to nineteenth-century principles. (page 396)
True
57
58. The term synergy describes the dynamic creative energy of media corporations such as Disney. (Page 404)
False
58
```
59. Media that rely primarily on direct payment to collect revenues include ______. (page 392)
A) daily newspapers
B) consumer magazines
C) movies
D) over-the-air radio stations
E) online search engines
```
movies
59
61. The purpose of the 1950 Celler-Kefauver Act was to limit corporate mergers and joint ventures that reduced competition. (page 394)
True
60
```
62. Which kind of research involves systematically coding and measuring media content? (page 462)
A) Experiments
B) Focus group interviews
C) Surveys
D) Content analysis
E) Political economy
```
D) Content analysis
61
63. Which of the following is characteristic of a cultural studies approach to mass media research? (page 467)
A) The belief that audiences are primarily passive and easily persuaded
B) An attempt to understand how people use media to serve their own ends
C) The belief that media don't tell us what to think but what to think about
D) A focus on how people make meanings, understand reality, and order their experiences
E) An interest in measuring and coding the content of particular media texts
D) A focus on how people make meanings, understand reality, and order their experiences
62
```
64. What type of study looks at changes in a population over time? (page 462)
A) Content analysis study
B) Longitudinal study
C) Agenda-setting study
D) Experiment study
E) Textual analysis study
```
B) Longitudinal study
63
```
65. What method is a researcher using if he or she watches a season of a television program and counts each time an act of violence is shown? (page 462)
A) Content analysis
B) Experiment
C) Textual analysis
D) Survey
E) Focus group
```
A) Content analysis
64
```
66. Media historian James Carey defined communication as ______. (page 471)
A) “an exchange of verbal or nonverbal symbols between individuals or groups”
B) “a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed”
C) “the gathering of a middle class to critically discuss the world around them”
D) “a strict set of rules governing how different social classes interact”
E) All of the options are correct.
```
B) “a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed”
65
```
67. The close reading and interpretation of the meaning of cultural forms is called ______. (page 468)
A) content analysis
B) agenda-setting
C) textual analysis
D) the cultivation effect
E) uses and gratifications
```
C) textual analysis
66
```
68. Which kind of research involves systematically coding and measuring media content? (page 462)
A) Experiments
B) Focus group interviews
C) Surveys
D) Content analysis
E) Political economy
```
D) Content analysis
67
69. According to the readings:
A) Television shows a rounded view of the aging process, with an equal representation of younger and older characters.
B) Men in key “negative” character roles on television show a range of emotions, including fear, hurt, confusion and despair.
C) Sexual stereotyping about men begins early in men’s lives, learned from family and peers and supported by media messages.
D) Women hold upwards of 25% of the power positions in the entertainment industry.
E) None of the above are true.
C) Sexual stereotyping about men begins early in men’s lives, learned from family and peers and supported by media messages.
68
70. The NCAA granted exemptions to its ban on using Native American tribes as mascots to the University of Utah Utes, the Florida State University Seminoles, and the University of North Dakota Fighting Sioux because each received approval from a “namesake tribe.” (page 159-160)
False
69
71. Pauline Turner-Strong argues (page 146, 148-149, 152, 155-157)
A) The watermelon eating “tar baby” in the poster for the film Bamboozled is more offensive as the Cleveland Indians’ logo Chief Wahoo.
B) Pocahontas is a stereotypical Native American character because she learns how to be “civilized” from her relationship with John Smith
C) Little Bear in The Indian in the Cupboard is a fierce Iroquois brave who conforms to the Plains Indian film narrative
D) Pocahontas demonstrates the “most adult” themes in a Disney animated film, because it shows “the ugliness and stupidity that results when people give in to racism and tolerance.”
E) All of the answers are true
B) Pocahontas is a stereotypical Native American character because she learns how to be “civilized” from her relationship with John Smith
70
72. The Atlantic magazine wrote about rapper Angel Haze because:
A) She criticized a video blog post by rapper Too $hort giving instructions to boys as to how to “playfully” sexually assault teen girls.
B) She began a group called “We are the 44 percent” to criticized the so-called “rape culture in hip-hop.
C) She uses hip-hop to tell the story of the community indifference to her own sexual assault and
D) She worked with Lupe Fiasco and Killer Mike to use rap as a political critique
E) She dueted with rapper Eminem on a song about violence against women
C) She uses hip-hop to tell the story of the community indifference to her own sexual assault and
71
73. What not one of the ways that musical artists can make money on their songs?
A) From royalties paid via online music subscriptions services like Spotify.
B) From a percentage of overall income of internet radio stations like Pandora.
C) From using a service like TuneCore to bypass record companies and sell songs directly to consumers on iTunes.
D) From allowing the record company to license their songs to YouTube so people can use them in homemade videos
E) From touring.
D) From allowing the record company to license their songs to YouTube so people can use them in homemade videos
72
1. The quiz-show scandals of the late 1950s resulted from quiz shows' frequently accepting incorrect answers from contestants and then covering up the mistakes. (page 150-151)
True
73
2. A communication satellite that is in geosynchronous (or geostationary) orbit circles the earth at the same speed at which the earth revolves on its axis. (page 152)
A) True
74
3. Why have TV broadcasters been threatened by cable? (page 153)
A) Cable systems have better satellites.
B) Cable systems might choose not to carry the signal of a local broadcast station.
C) Since cable's inception, the FCC has favored the cable industry over the broadcasting industry.
D) Cable's clearer signal and ability to target niche audiences attracted viewers away from their programming.
E) Broadcasters never felt threatened by cable.
D) Cable's clearer signal and ability to target niche audiences attracted viewers away from their programming.
75
4. In 1965, the FCC established must-carry rules, which ______. (page 166)
A) required cable operators to carry local TV broadcasts
B) established technical standards for cable broadcasts, regulating the signals carried by cable systems
C) blocked cable systems from bringing distant television stations into cities with local stations
D) blocked cable operators from carrying local TV broadcasts
E) None of the options is correct.
A) required cable operators to carry local TV broadcasts
76
```
5. An airing of the television show Friends on Fox at 6:30 P.M. is an example of ______. (page 175)
A) off-network syndication
B) first-run syndication
C) video-on-demand
D) an O & O
E) hybrid syndication
```
A) off-network syndication
77
```
6. The game show Wheel of Fortune is an example of ______. (page 176)
A) off-network syndication
B) first-run syndication
C) fringe time
D) an O & O
E) hybrid syndication
```
B) first-run syndication
78
```
7. Let's say there are about one hundred million TV households in the United States. On a given Wednesday night, about fifty million of those households have their TV set turned on. Of that fifty million, twenty-five million are watching American Idol on Fox. What is American Idol's share (not rating) estimate? (page 177)
A) 50 percent
B) 33 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 20 percent
E) 75 percent
```
A) 50 percent
79
8. The first magazines in America were edited for the working classes. (page 258)
B) False
80
9. What factor had an effect on the dramatic growth in magazine circulation around the end of the nineteenth century? (page 261-262)
A) Cheaper postal rates
B) Advances in mass-production printing
C) Lower cover price
D) Dramatic growth of drugstores and dime stores
E) All of the options are correct
E) All of the options are correct.
81
10. Which of the following is not a result of muckraking journalism in magazines around the start of the twentieth century? (page 263)
A) Antitrust laws for increased government oversight of business
B) The creation of government oversight of food and drugs
C) A progressive income tax
D) The direct election of U.S. senators
E) A drop in attention paid to the plight of immigrants in big cities
E) A drop in attention paid to the plight of immigrants in big cities
82
11. President Theodore Roosevelt criticized magazine journalists who exposed corruption in government and business by calling them muckrakers. (page 263)
A) True
83
12. Women's magazines, such as Good Housekeeping and Woman's Day, survived the competition for ad dollars better than magazines like Life and Look. (page 269)
A) True
84
```
13. An example of a magazine that was conceived as online-only is _____. (page 271)
A) Time
B) FHM
C) Wired
D) Entertainment Weekly
E) Slate
```
E) Slate
85
14. Which of the following is true about the magazine Sports Illustrated? (page 274)
A) It is an example of a general-interest magazine.
B) It is never criticized for its annual swimsuit edition.
C) It is never credited with major investigative reporting.
D) It was originally aimed at well-educated, middle-class men.
E) It originally promoted its content as “humanized geography.”
D) It was originally aimed at well-educated, middle-class men.
86
Split-run editions are _____. (page 280)
A) magazines that publish two issues a month
B) a new ownership strategy—such as when Bertelsmann bought Random House
C) magazines that have ads that are tailored for geographic areas
D) national magazines that tailor their content for specific groups of readers
E) None of the options is correct.
C) magazines that have ads that are tailored for geographic areas
87
17. Johannes Gutenberg is remembered for ______. (page 292)
A) inventing paper
B) developing the printing press
C) inventing the codes
D) translating the Canterbury Tales into English
E) translating the Bible into English
B) developing the printing press
88
16. Papyrus is a kind of paper made from treated animal skin. (page 291)
False
89
19. Pulp fiction was another name for the popular paperbacks and dime novels of the 1880s. (page 293)
True
90
18. The first printed books were so inexpensive and modest that they were primarily sold to the middle and lower classes. (page 292-293)
False
91
```
20. Which division of the book industry makes the most money? (page 295)
A) Trade books
B) Textbooks
C) Religious books
D) Mass market paperbacks
E) Reference books
```
A) Trade books
92
21. Which of the following is a method large book publishers use to generate solid profits? (page 302-303)
A) Allowing bookstores to return unsold copies of books for credit
B) Paying large advances to authors
C) Seeking out and publishing books only a handful of scholars will ever read
D) Signing lucrative agreements for turning books into films or television programs
E) Investing in printed encyclopedia projects
D) Signing lucrative agreements for turning books into films or television programs
93
22. Game of Thrones, Dexter, Gossip Girl, Pretty Little Liars, and Friday Night Lights are all examples of ______. (page 303)
A) successful movies that were turned into popular books that then helped to repromote the films
B) successful books that were all turned into blockbuster movies
C) television programs that inspired books that also become popular, which in turn boosted ratings for the television shows
D) popular books that were turned into television series, which in turn made the books even more popular
E) television programs getting ideas from books and then hurting book sales because everyone watched the shows instead of reading the books
D) popular books that were turned into television series, which in turn made the books even more popular
94
23. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is most likely true about the future of e-books? (page 304)
A) The sales of e-books will probably level off at 5 percent of U.S. book sales.
B) The sales of e-books will likely drop as the fad passes.
C) Over half of all U.S. book sales will be e-books by 2012.
D) Over half of all U.S. book sales will be e-books by 2015.
E) Publishers will probably stop producing print books by 2012..
D) Over half of all U.S. book sales will be e-books by 2015.
95
24. Bookstores must absorb the cost of any new books they don't sell. (page 310-311)
False
96
26. Ivy Ledbetter Lee and Edward Bernays believed that public opinion was rational and difficult to influence. (page 364)
B) False
97
```
27. Communication strategically placed, either as advertising or as publicity, to gain support for a special issue, program, or policy is known as ______. (page 367)
A) a pseudo-event
B) propaganda
C) improper-ganda
D) a public service announcement
E) lobbying
```
B) propaganda
98
25. In 1929, Edward Bernays convinced women that smoking Colombian cigars was a symbol of their independence from men. (page 364)
B) False
99
28. Video news releases are ______.(page 368)
A) public service announcements (PSAs)
B) aired by TV stations as part of their requirement to serve the public interest
C) produced by PR agencies and companies for use in TV newscasts
D) eagerly accepted by TV news departments, especially in large markets
E) None of the options is correct.
C) produced by PR agencies and companies for use in TV newscasts
100
29. A pseudo-event is ______. (page 371)
A) an unexpected and unplanned event
B) an exclusive gathering for society's most fashionable people
C) any activity held for the sole purpose of getting media coverage
D) any illegal fund-raising circumstance
E) any political event that occurred during the Cold War
C) any activity held for the sole purpose of getting media coverage
101
```
30. When companies host plant tours, donate money to charity, and support festivals, these are examples of ______. (page 372)
A) astroturf lobbying
B) social media relations
C) community and consumer relations
D) deadheading
E) media relations
```
C) community and consumer relations
102
31. According to the textbook, which of the following is not a potential problem for a democratic society posed by the practice of modern public relations? (page 381-383)
A) There is often little knowledge of behind-the-scenes public relations efforts.
B) Coverage gained through public relations efforts can get unwarranted credibility as news as opposed to identifiable advertising.
C) Spin doctors can reshape a politician's image until it bears little resemblance to reality.
D) Debate over key policy issues, such as going to war, can become exercises in public manipulation instead of public information.
E) There is a growing effort by major news organizations to carefully fact-check political advertising and expose lies and half-truths.
E) There is a growing effort by major news organizations to carefully fact-check political advertising and expose lies and half-truths.
103
```
According to the textbook, which of the following ideas developed into an underlying, subjective value in the culture of American journalism? (page 429-435)
A) Ethnocentrism
B) Individualism
C) Responsible capitalism
D) Small-town pastoralism
E) All of the options are correct.
```
C) Responsible capitalism
104
33. Which of the following is true about sound bites? (page 436)
A) They are the TV equivalent of a photograph in newspapers.
B) Their average length has increased since the 1960s.
C) They are usually quite brief and can come from an expert, a celebrity, a victim, or a person on the street.
D) They are part of a newspaper article.
E) They typically allow extra time for complex and nuanced ideas.
C) They are usually quite brief and can come from an expert, a celebrity, a victim, or a person on the street.
105
34. Which of the following is not a change the Internet has wrought upon traditional journalism? (page 438)
A) News reporters are increasingly required to have video shooting and editing skills.
B) News consumers can more often see entire interviews instead of only sound bites.
C) Both print and TV news can continually update breaking news stories online.
D) Journalists might rely too heavily on Internet research rather than physically going to investigate stories.
E) E-mail interviews allow journalists to get more spontaneity out of interview subjects.
E) E-mail interviews allow journalists to get more spontaneity out of interview subjects.
106
35. Which of the following is not true about “fake” news programs such as The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and The Colbert Report? (page 443-444)
A) Their success might be attributed in part to the audience's cynicism about politics and politicians.
B) They not only satirize people in the news, but critique the news media as well.
C) They are simply about telling jokes and never try to express any larger truth.
D) The tradition can trace its roots back to the 1970s when Saturday Night Live started running “Weekend Update.”
E) The viewers of such shows find its slick, formulaic political ads and canned sound bites less persuasive.
C) They are simply about telling jokes and never try to express any larger truth.
107
36. Which of the following is typically a basic tenet, or belief, of conventional journalism? (page 445)
A) Reporters have a moral and ethical duty to help improve civic life.
B) Journalists should help improve political discourse.
C) A free press should question the government and get both sides of a story.
D) Journalists need to become activists for engaging the public in the political process.
E) All of the options are correct
C) A free press should question the government and get both sides of a story.
108
37. The United States follows a libertarian model of free expression and free press. (page 480-481)
B) False
109
38. Defamation that is broadcast is considered slander because it is spoken rather than written. (page 486)
B) False
110
39. Ordinary citizens have more privacy protection under U.S. law than a politician or other public person. (page 486, 490-491)
A) True
111
40. The Miller v. California case established a national standard for obscenity that is the same for all communities in the United States. (page 489-490)
A) True
112
41. Which of the following constituted a “clear and present danger” to national security according to the federal courts? (page 482-483)
A) Publishing a design for the H-bomb in Progressive magazine
B) Prosecuting the president for potentially criminal acts
C) Stealing the Pentagon Papers and publishing them
D) Distributing antiwar pamphlets during peace time
E) None of the options is correct.
E) None of the options is correct.
113
42. At the end of the copyright period, a creative work such as a book or song becomes ______. (page 485)
A) more valuable to the person or company that owns the copyright
B) protected from use by anyone other than the author or creator
C) available for public use with the payment of a royalty fee
D) available for public use free of charge
E) a target for online piracy
D) available for public use free of charge
114
43. For public figures to successfully sue for libel, they must prove “actual malice,” which means the news medium ______. (page 487)
A) knew the statement was false but published it anyway
B) published a true statement with the intention of hurting the public figure
C) was reckless with the public figure's privacy rights
D) had long harbored ill will toward and dislike for the public figure
E) has a reputation for being mean-spirited
A) knew the statement was false but published it anyway
115
```
55. Who came up with the “seven dirty words” comedy routine that landed a radio station in hot water with the FCC and resulted in rules about what times of the day a broadcaster can air “adult” material? (page 500)
A) Robin Williams
B) Lenny Bruce
C) George Carlin
D) Janeane Garofalo
E) Jerry Seinfeld
```
C) George Carlin
116
56. How has network news changed between 1987 and 2007?
A) Women in 2007 were limited to “fringe time” programming.
B) There were more feature stories reported in 1987 than 2007
C) In 1997 there were two men anchoring the evening news; by 2007 there was only one.
D) More women and minority men reporters were working in on air positions in 2007 than 1987
E) All of the above are true.
D) More women and minority men reporters were working in on air positions in 2007 than 1987
117
57. How does hypercommercialism play a role in video games? (page 250-254)
A) Advertisers embed spots for their products in all types of games regardless of game audience.
B) Advertisements become games themselves, it a phenomenon known as advergaming.
C) Game developers specifically avoid games with political or social messages.
D) Ads eventually disappear from games after a certain amount of plays.
E) Advertisers only place ads in the most popular gaming genres, sports and strategy games.
B) Advertisements become games themselves, it a phenomenon known as advergaming.
118
58. What techniques has Apple used to develop a “unique cultural cachet” and appeal to teens?
A) Meet a real need, have a good design, rely on fans and media for marketing, have products for everyone
B) Meet a real need, have a good design, target different ads to specific audiences, use hot new bands to sell the product
C) Have a good design, rely on celebrity spokespeople to sell a product, develop products that appeal to teens
D) Manufacture a need for a new product, have a good design, rely on fans and media for marketing, have products for everyone
E) Manufacture a need for a new product, have a good design, use celebrity spokespeople
A) Meet a real need, have a good design, rely on fans and media for marketing, have products for everyone
119
```
59. The U.S. movie rating system is an example of ______.
A) state regulation
B) censorship
C) federal regulation
D) industry self-regulation
E) FCC guidelines
```
D) industry self-regulation
