Final Flashcards
(35 cards)
What are two types of organization in local government
- Direct citizen participation (New England town meetings)
- Representative
What are two types of local government?
General and special purpose (school, water, fire)
What are some important decisions that local governments have to make?
provide services, hire staff, raise revenue, determine land use
What are the six types of power?
Coercive, legitimate, reward, peer-to-peer, expert, and informational
What are the steps for accounting change (the political accounting system) outline by Morton-Genskow & Prokopy?
Define the problem (concrete vision, goals, desired outcomes)
Specify needed behaviors & actions
List key people & their priorities
Salience (strength & importance of the issue for stakeholders)
Power (power of each actor & group to block or implement)
Hostility-friendship relationships among key players
What are some impacts of neoliberal policies as outlined by Flora et. al?
Liberate private enterprise from government rules (but also from responsibility and accountability)
Favor international trade & investments through free movements of capital, goods, & service (e.g. WTO, NAFTA)
Weaken the power of organized labor
Cut public expenditures for social services(e.g. education, health care, & welfare for the poor)
Deregulate banks & industry
Privatize services previously provided by govt. (e.g. prisons, Social Security)
What is the Technical Assistance model of CD?
a problem-solving approach using an expert model
Assumptions:
•Provide what is not there & fix what is not working;
•Generally only one technical superior choice
• Experts (generally external to the community) should make decisions
•Successful development based on the achievement of a predetermined , measurable goal often using cost-benefit analysis.
Issues:
•Limited community involvement & oversight often limits success
•Single technical solutions does not optimize multiple community capitals.
What is the Power Approach to CD?
organizing excluded local people to analyze their own problems & solve them
Assumptions:
•A community is “an arena of power politics moved primarily by perceived immediate self-interest” (Alinsky)
•Assumes power is never given away; it always has to be taken
•Goal-to build a people’s organizations to gain power through collective action.
•Relies more on cultural capital & outside organizer as a catalyst
Implementation:
•An outside organization enters community at request of local group
•A people’s organization is built: leadership, identified problems, goals
•Engage in collective action toward the goal
•Relies on numbers as a substitute for financial resources
What is the Self-Help Model of CD?
a process based consensus oriented community development model
Assumptions:
•Community members have similar interests
•Generalized participation & democratic decision making is necessary & possible
•Community has sufficient autonomy to influence its destiny/future
Issues:
•Focuses primarily on social capital & ignores cultural, political, & financial capital
•Assumes communities are homogeneous with equal participation
What is the Appreciative Inquiry approach to CD?
a development model that builds first on existing community capitals & what works/successes-not problems
Assumptions:
•Attempts to build transformative change through what works/current assets
•Involves a diversity of community participants
•Utilizes 6 iterative stages (Define, Discover, Dream, Design, Deliver, Debrief)
•Relies on coaches to complement community strengths & serve as brokers
Implementation:
•Situated in the Community Capitals Framework to assess assets
•Relies on process of engaging community members with each other for discussion, planning, implementation & monitoring
What are the two types of social capital according to Randy Stoeker?
Use Value Capital: networks based on giving & trust; place-based
Exchange value capital: networks based on getting, exploiting
What is governance?
mobilization of civil society
Participatory engagement
Public-private partnerships
Nested administrative structure
What are the three major components of governance?
collaboration
sustained citizen engagement
regional resource leveraging
What was citizens united
it restructured campaign financing, made the super PAC possible, and allowed corporations to spend unlimited funds on elections
Glass-steagall act?
response to stock market crash. seperation from commercial and investment banking. kept banks from making risky investments with customer deposits`
greatest threat to democracy?
inequality
consequences of inequality (3)
less trust in institutions
rule breaking and costly security checks
if not providing for the majority, it can provide for no one
what are reigh’s central question, choice, and issue?
who is the government for?
providing for masses or top executives
wealth distribution must be fair and equal
Flora: three major institutional spheres and what they do
markets- exchange goods and services
state- serves the common good and makes markets possible
civil society- formal and informal, organization for the common good
Water use and Owen’s Valley case
Los Angeles had more money and took water from the Owens valley community, whose lakes went dry as a result
Challenges in sustainability
Inequality
Climate Change
Three ways to democratize science
public hearings and education
transparency and fact checking
citizen science
From the “Leap of Faith” video, identify the social psychology theory and the social reward it illustrates
Cooperation takes a leap of faith and relationships of trust and reciprocity. Social exchange theory
ID and describe two legal doctrines that govern fair use of surface water
riparian doctrine: rights given to lands adjacent to streams
Clean Water Act: mandate treatment before wastewater is dumped into public waterways and areas
