Final

Question 1

What is Religion?

Answer 1

Religion > Religio (Latin)

(1) Religio > Relega[e]re > Re-tracing the Customs of our ancestors (Cicero)
(2) Religio > Religare > Re-linking or re-binding the relationship between humanity and God (Lactantius)

Question 2

Religion and Theology

Answer 2

The academic study of religion is “an anthropological enterprise”

The study of religion is not confessional

The study of religion does not make “normative judgments”

The study of religion originated as the comparative religion

The study of religion recognizes “religious” beliefs, behaviors, and institutions as observable, historical events and phenomena

Question 3

Religions include…

Answer 3

Practices (Rituals)
Beliefs (Faith) (usually about a deity)
Texts (Scriptures)
Sacred Places (Pilgrimage)
Ethics (behavior)
Social Groups (communities)

Question 4

The Comparative Method

Answer 4

Identify both Similarity and Difference(s)
Requires a “point” of comparison (in relation to what?)

(1) respect for all religious facts as “phenomena”
(2) synthesizing facts through the analysis of patterns
(3) religious expressions understood in their historical/cultural contexts

Question 5

The Problem of Primitivism

Answer 5

The fallacy of an evolutionary development of religion

Question 6

Animism

Answer 6

The belief in spirits & the idea that there is a non-physical, invisible, or transcendent realm of “spirits” or “gods” that parallels, sometimes intersects, influences this world and can be accessed

Question 7

Shamanism

Answer 7

The term “shaman” originally referred to ritual specialists among Siberian hunting tribes

Appropriated by Western intellectuals, cultural anthropologists, and scholars of religion as a cross-cultural “type” of “primitive” religious specialist 

“Shamans” are said to communicate with spirits, prophesize, heal, find lost objects, manifest non-ordinary powers, and travel to the spirit world

An “outsider” term of categorization (not used by tribal practitioners)

Question 8

Mysticism

Answer 8

A cross-cultural category in the study of religion

Generally refers to individuals who (are thought or claimed to) have had direct experience of the divine, union with God, or transcendent Reality

Question 9

Sacrifice

Answer 9

Sacrifice as ancient Religio (ancestral customs)
Sacrifice (sacrificium) = “to make sacred” (by offering)
Sacrifice as Reciprocity (gift-giving)
Sacrifice as Sacred Meals (shared with [the] god(s))
Sacrifice as economic institution benefiting a priestly class of elites
Sacrificial (Biblical) “Burnt Offerings”:
Unblemished male first-born animals, incense, grain, wine, oil
Sacrifice for Prayer, Thanksgiving, Purification, and Atonement
Martyrdom as self-sacrifice

Question 10

Insiders and Outsiders

Answer 10

Emic = insider/descriptive term(s)
Etic = outsider/analytical term(s)

Question 11

Indigenous Religion[s]

Answer 11

Defined by location, kinship, and language
Location: a place where people “belong”
Kinship refers to family, community relations, as well as the role(s) of ancestor spirits

Question 12

Indigenous Rites

Answer 12

Rites of Birth, Puberty, Courtship, Marriage, Death, and Mourning
- Boys’ Puberty Ceremony: ritual death and rebirth as a man with sacred knowledge and acquiring a “guardian spirit”
-Girls’ Puberty Ceremony: preparation for roles as wives, mothers through ritual seclusion and purification
Seasonal Rituals
-Summer and Winter Solstice
-Harvest Celebration
-Annual Mourning [of the dead])
The Eagle Rite
-a sequence of rituals in which an eagle was ceremonially sacrificed and its feathers used to make a ceremonial skirt worn by shamans

Question 13

Catholicism

Answer 13

Papacy 
Catholic Sacraments
Penance and “Indulgences”
Bible + Apocrypha
Scripture and Tradition
Papal Infallibility (1860)
The Immaculate Conception of Mary
The Assumption of Mary
The Cult of the Saints

Question 14

Protestantism

Answer 14

No Papacy 
Baptism and Eucharist
Criticism of “Indulgences”
Bible (- Apocrypha)
Sola Scriptura
Biblical Inerrancy (1978)
No Mary cult 
No Assumption of Mary
No Cult of the Saints

Question 15

Tongva

Answer 15

Indigenous 
Ethno-religious
Animism 
Shamanistic 
Ritualistic
Land as “mother”
Hunting/Gathering
No “original sin”
No Devil/Hell

Question 16

What is “Evangelicalism?”

Answer 16

Trans-denominational Protestant Christian movement(s) intent on “sharing the Gospel”
Based on the Greek word for “Gospel” (“good news”)
Major Characteristics:
(1) Born again: conversion experience
(2) Biblicism: high regard for biblical authority, inspiration, inerrancy, and infallibility
(3) Cross-centered: focus on the substitutionary atoning death of Jesus “for our sins”
(4) Activism: missionary outreach

Question 17

The Rise of Fundamentalism

Answer 17

Protestant movement in reaction to “liberal” theology, biblical (“higher”) criticism, and scientific (Darwinian) naturalism (atheism)

Question 18

The Fundamentals

Answer 18

(1) the infallibility of scripture;
(2) the virgin birth of Jesus;
(3) atonement theology;
(4) the bodily resurrection of Jesus;
(5) the historicity of the miracles of Jesus
the deity (divinity) of Jesus;
the Second Coming

Question 19

Pentecostalism: Historical Origins

Answer 19

The Azusa Street Revival
1900: Charles Fox Parham begins “speaking in tongues”
1906-1915: William J. Seymour begins meetings;
testimonials of healing miracles and “speaking in tongues”
1906 - Seymour arrives in Los Angeles to preach at her church & soon relocate to a private home on North Bonnie Brae Street, and then move to 312 Azusa Street in downtown LA
People of all races and genders assume roles as leaders
Meetings are frequent & spontaneous
Miracles are reported (miracles, “tongues”)

Question 20

Pentecostalism Beliefs and Practices

Answer 20

A revival movement within Protestant Christianity
“Born again” (receiving the grace of God)
Being adopted into the family of God
Initiating the process of sanctification (a Spirit-filled life)
Direct personal experience of God through baptism w/HS
Speaking in tongues as evidence of being “received” HS

Question 21

Encountering the Other

Answer 21

Religious Domination - invalidation of an other religion (as false, inferior, and/or superstitious) and imposition of “true” religion

Religious Isolation - segregation of religious groups in mutual isolation

Religious Toleration - secular acknowledgement of religious diversity, often described as a “melting pot” which strives to diminish cultural distinctions

Religious Perennialism - religious affirmation of all religious traditions as similar paths to the same “goal” (but too often denies difference)

Religious Pluralism - social and religious equality across and between traditions

Question 22

Politics of the Spirit

Answer 22

A USC/UCSB-led report on religion in LA following the Rodney King trial/uprising (April, 1992)

Studied efforts toward achieving “peaceful co-existence” and “multiethnic justice”

Combating inner city powerlessness and racism

“A theological coming-together of religious communities around liberationist themes”

Promotes the use of media to “counteract the fragmentation of the city”

Regional inter-cultural coalitions

Religion as resource for civic harmony

Question 23

What/Who is a Jew?

Answer 23

The Patriarch Judah
The Land of Judah = Judea
The Ancestral Customs (Religio) of Judea = Judaism
A Judean: one who practices the religion of Judea
Judean > Jew > “(The) Jews”
A Jew = an Ethnos = A People
The People of Judea = Ethnographic definition

Question 24

Haskalah: The Jewish Enlightenment

Answer 24

An intellectual movement in Europe (1770s)

To preserve collective Jewish identity and regenerate its cultural and ethical foundations

To reform education, culture, and political life through integration (not assimilation)

To promote nationalism, the revived use of Hebrew as a literary language, free thought

Positive evaluation of secular education; changes in language, manners, and dress; relaxed religious observance

Prioritized the rational in religion

Question 25

Haskalah: The Effects

Answer 25

Secular Judaism Jewish emancipation Struggle for equal rights in European society The challenge(s) of assimilation/integration Jewish political movements (Socialism/Marxism) Jewish Nationalism (Zionism) Denominations

Question 26

Three Branches of Judaism

Answer 26

Orthodox -Jews who rejected Reform, but still saw value in embracing some aspects of Haskalah, developed Modern Orthodox Judaism (and so sought to preserve and perpetuate rabbinical tradition) -Orthodox Jews who opposed Haskalah became Haredi Jews (more isolationist, less secular, ambivalent about the state of Israel) (“Ultra-Orthodox” Judaism) Conservative -Reform Jews thought the movement went too far created Conservative Judaism Reform -Jews who embraced Haskalah developed Reform Judaism (seeing the Torah’s halakhic rules as non-binding in the modern context)

Question 27

Orthodox Judaism

Answer 27

A conservative reaction to Reform Judaism Meticulous observance of Jewish laws and customs Mandates a single path (deviation is transgression) Judaism invented by Abraham Orthodox Judaism is Judaism Torah is binding Kabbalah is part of Orthodox Judaism (and rejects the “trendy” non-Jewish form) Torah is divinely inspired The Jews are the “Chosen People” (they chose the Torah)

Question 28

Orthodox Judaism

Answer 28

A conservative reaction to Reform Judaism Meticulous observance of Jewish laws and customs Mandates a single path (deviation is transgression) Judaism invented by Abraham Orthodox Judaism is Judaism Torah is binding Torah is divinely inspired The Jews are the “Chosen People” (they chose the Torah)

Question 29

Orthodox

Answer 29

Torah is binding Torah written by Moses Supernatural revelation Only men rabbis

Question 30

Reform

Answer 30

Torah is not binding Torah written by many human authors Revelation as myth Women can be rabbis

Question 31

Jewish Law (Halakhah) (“The Way one walks”)

Answer 31

Torah Commandments (Mitzvot) Rabbinical Law (Mishnah and Talmud) Customary observances

Question 32

Teffilin

Answer 32

Jewish male practice commanded in Torah The passages include the Shema Black leather boxes bound to the bicep facing the heart and to the forehead between the eyes (of Jewish males) that contain passages from books of Moses Worn during prayer in the a.m. Symbolizes binding the arm, behavior, and intellect to scripture, tradition, and God

Question 33

The Structure of Religious Experience(according to William James)

Answer 33

The “healthy-minded” tend to ignore the evil in the world and focus on the positive and optimistic (2) The “sick-souled” are unable to ignore evil and suffering and tends toward the pessimistic The “Divided Self”: the experience of inner struggle that shifts the “center” of one’s self, and produces the experience of a sense of “higher control,” release from anxiety, and deep intuitive feelings that all is well The structure of “religious experience” is a two-part sequence of repairing the self, and restoring divided being to wholeness

Question 34

Mystical Experience

Answer 34

``` Mystical states of consciousness are marked by four characteristics: “ineffability” (beyond words) “noetic quality” (direct knowing) “transiency” (fleeting) “passivity” (unsolicited) ```

Question 35

Muhammad and Islam

Answer 35

Islam = the peace that comes to the one who surrenders to the will of God Qur’an = “Recitation” (revelations received by Muhammad Hadith = the (secondary) oral teachings of Muhammad

Question 36

The Five Pillars

Answer 36

``` Shahada = profession of faith (“there is no god but God and Muhammad is the Prophet/Messenger”) Salah = Prayer (5x a day) Sawm = Fasting Haj = Pilgrimage (Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem) Zakat = Charity Jihad = “Struggle” (Greater Jihad/Lesser Jihad) ```

Question 37

The People of the Book“Abrahamic Similarities”

Answer 37

``` Monotheism Abrahamic lineage(s) Apocalypticism Angels and Demons Heaven and Hell End-Time Judgment Covenants Prophets Sacred texts ```

Question 38

Sufi(sm)

Answer 38

Islamic Mysticism Predominantly Sunni Muslims Observant of Islamic law (sharia) Striving for “perfection” of worship: “to worship Allah as if you see Him” (hadith) Ascetic practices intensifying devotion (and loyalty to Muhammad) Organized as Sufi “orders” (tariqa) Popularly known as “whirling dervishes” (meditation and transcendence) Remembrance of God

Question 39

Sanathana Dharma The Eternal Religion

Answer 39

Brahman (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva) God as Creator, Preserver, Destroyer The Atma (“soul”) ``` Karma and Reincarnation Yoga: The Art and Science of Union Jnana (“knowledge”) Bhakti (“devotion”) Karma (“action”) Ahimsa: Nonviolence/Non-Injury Moksha: Enlightenment and Liberation ``` Avatar: the incarnation(s) of Vishnu (Krishna is an avatar of Vishnu)

Question 40

The Way of the Buddha

Answer 40

Siddharta Gautama, a sixth century BCE Hindu prince who renounced his family to seek Enlightenment “The Middle Way” between asceticism and the worldly life of pleasure Rejected the caste system, the authority of the Vedas, the sacrificial rites of the Brahmins, and promoted equality Bodhisattva: a Mahayana tradition affirming the re-birth of beings who help others reach Enlightenment

Question 41

The Four Noble Truths

Answer 41

(1) Dukkha, the unsatisfying impermanence of things (“suffering”) (2) samsara: the cycle of (re)birth and death caused by attachment/craving after temporary impermanence, which produces karma; (3) nirvana: the goal of liberation from the cycle of birth and death by extinguishing attachments and cravings; (4) Eightfold Path as liberation (moksha) Refuge in the Three Jewels: Buddha, Dharma, and the Sangha

Question 42

The Eightfold Path

Answer 42

Right View: the existence of an afterlife; the existence of the Path Right Intention: commitment to renounce attachments for the Path Right Speech: no lying, rude speech Right Action: killing, stealing, Right Livelihood: not causing suffering or harm Right Effort: guarding against sensual thoughts Right Mindfulness: awareness Right Concentration: correct meditation and concentration leading to samadhi (absorption

Question 43

The Way of the Jain

Answer 43

“Jainism”: from “ji” (“to conquer”)(Neo-)Hinduisms in Los Angeles

Question 44

Moksha:

Answer 44

liberation as elimination of all negative karma accrued from past lives

Question 45

Ahimsa:

Answer 45

avoiding injury, harm, or violence to any living being (in thought, speech, or action)

Question 46

Karma:

Answer 46

the belief that every action (cause) produces an effect and the mechanism that influences the quality of one’s present life

Question 47

Reincarnation:

Answer 47

the belief that one’s soul is reborn into new physical bodies

Question 48

(Neo-)Hinduisms in Los Angeles

Answer 48

The Vedanta Society Self-Realization Fellowship International Society of Krishna Consciousness Amma

Question 49

East meets West

Answer 49

Western fascination with the “Mystic East” India: home of ancient wisdom and philosophy Indian gurus claim to be “sent” to the West to teach non-Asians about yoga Neo-Hindu movements are largely comprised of non-Asians and strive to combine and reconcile science, Christianity, and Hindu teachings

Question 50

Krishna meets Christ

Answer 50

Paramahansa Yogananda, author of Autobiography of a Yogi (1946) was “sent” to the US by his guru to offer the teachings of kriya yoga to the West Establishes his headquarters in LA (1925) “To reveal the … oneness of original Christianity as taught by Jesus Christ and original Yoga as taught by Krishna . . . these principles of truth are the common scientific foundation of all true religions” To “point” to the “highway of daily, scientific, devotional meditation on God” To “unite science and religion through realization of the unity of their underlying principles” To “advocate cultural and spiritual understanding between East and West

Question 51

ISKCON

Answer 51

International Society for Krishna Consciousness Founded by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada - 1967 Based on the teachings of Chaitanya (1486-1534) who taught the Hare Krishna mantra as the simplest and fastest means to spiritual liberation in the Kali Yuga

Question 52

Bhakti Yoga:

Answer 52

devotional worship of Krishna as avatar (incarnation) of Vishnu A universal means of direct experiential union with God Bhakti as one of the three paths to God Bhakti as a relatively dualist philosophy of union

Question 53

New Religious Movements

Answer 53

recent groups with clear boundaries of insider/insider, organized around a charismatic central figure

Question 54

Neo-Paganism

Answer 54

(20th century movements that look back to an earlier, pre-Christian “pagan” past now being rediscovered and revived as Wiccan/Druidic/shamanic rites and practices that intersect with magic

Question 55

New Age Spirituality

Answer 55

(diverse beliefs and practices, looking forward to a new age and a coming era), with “spirituality” as individualistic, non-institutionalized approach to divine

Question 56

Esotericism ---> New Age

Answer 56

Modern Esotericism (from Greek esoteros, i.e., “inner/hidden”) ``` (1) Cosmic Correspondences “As above, so below” (2) Living Nature Animism, pantheism, panentheism, Gaia (3) Intermediary Entities An emanationist “Hierarchy” (4) Experiential Transmutation Techniques designed to transform the world and the self ```

Question 57

NRMs - not “cults”

Answer 57

Cult > cultus (Latin, originally referred to the “care” of a deity residing in a temple) In the 1960s/70s becomes a negative, pejorative term to denigrate NRMs in the US Fears of brainwashing and mind-control The term “cult” can justify aggressive and violent responses from authorities NRMS as religions that (1) appeal to a transcendent source of authority; (2) w/ a set of beliefs & doctrines; (3) practices & rituals; & form (4) a collective organization

Question 58

The Church of ScientologyHistorical Origins

Answer 58

L. Ron Hubbard publishes Dianetics (a “new science of the mind”) as a self-help therapy in Astounding Science Fiction (1950) Negative experiences are stored in the reactive mind as “engrams” and cause physical-psychological problems These “engrams” can be removed by an “auditor”who guides an individual into reliving these experiences and “clears” them from the reactive mind

Question 59

Scientology Church-History

Answer 59

After the failure and bankruptcy of the Dianetics movement (1952), Hubbard declares the birth of a new “religion” Hubbard introduces the concept of the “thetan” (the immortal spiritual self) and the belief in past lives and reincarnation (and on other planets!) The Operating Thetan (OT): the true spiritual nature of humanity OT level III: 75,000,000 years ago, a Galactic Confederacy of 76 planets ruled by a dictator named Xenu brought billions of people to Earth and sought to destroy them, but the “thetans” of these people survived and now adhere to us (!): we have “extra-body thetans” in our souls/bodies

Question 60

The “Powers” of the Clear

Answer 60

``` Telepathy Clairvoyance Healing “Remote Viewing” Astral Travel ```

Question 61

Neo-Gnosticism

Answer 61

A modern attempt to reconstruct “Gnosticism” - as an “early” and “alternative” Christianity by borrowing from and imitating Catholic rituals Ancient Gnosticism rejected the incarnation and atoning death of Jesus & taught that salvation came through gnosis (knowledge), especially the “knowledge” that the biblical god Yahweh is not the true God Ancient and Neo-Gnostics may believe in a docetic Jesus - a Jesus that only appears to be human, suffer, and die) Modern Neo-Gnostics tend to reject traditional religious authority and hold “heretical” ideas condemned by the Church

Question 62

Goddess-Worship

Answer 62

Neo-Paganism The earth as female “Goddess” (Gaia) Personification of Earth as Mother Animation of Nature The female body as authority - the “divine female principle” Goddess-worship as pre-patriarchy (“the “root of all religions”) and egalitarian Earth-abuse related to environmental collapse, domestic abuse, animal abuse, and religious violence Indirect relationships to Wicca, “Witchcraft,” Magic, Paganism, Druids

Question 63

Carlos Castenda: Re-Enter the Shaman

Answer 63

Carlos Casteneda, UCLA student, Ph.D., Anthropology, 1973 The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge, based on “fieldwork” with a Yaqui sorcerer or brujo named Don Juan Matus from Sonora, Mexico (1960-65) Major influence on countercultural 1960s/New Age movement Major influence on validating the legitimacy of Indigenous spirituality for non-Natives Fascination with shamanism, peyote, hallucinogens, and occult powers, Inspired a “genre” of books dedicated to profiling Native shamans The popularity of pan-Indian spirituality ultimately led to its commodification, cultural appropriation, and exploitation

Question 64

The Jesus People/Movement

Answer 64

Evangelical Christian phenomenon (late 60s) Originating within & reacting to counterculture Called “Jesus freaks” by non-Christian hippies “Restorationist”: returning to early Christian origins through simple living, communes, and affirming the “gifts of the (Holy) Spirit” Evangelicalism and youth culture working together Influenced publicly and politically-engaged Evangelical Christianity in the 1980s

Question 65

Jesus-People

Answer 65

``` Countercultural Born-Again/Baptismal Transformations Sociological repair Charismatic experiences Apocalyptic Literalist, Premillennial, Dispensationalist Restorationist-Communal Ideals “Come As You Are” (to Christ) Adoption of Pop(ular) Culture ```

Question 66

Aldous Huxley, The Perennial Philosophy (1944)

Answer 66

“The metaphysic which recognizes a divine Reality substantial to the world of things and lives and minds; the psychology that finds in the soul something similar to, or even identical with, divine Reality; the ethic that places man’s final end in the knowledge of the immanent and transcendent Ground of all being.”

Question 67

The Perennial Problem

Answer 67

Different religions conceptualized as different paths up the same mountain or different spokes on a single wheel A “universal” essence to all religions Problems: Over-simplifies complex religious data Undermines exclusive truth-claims Affirms Western/Christian assumptions of what religion is (universal, faith-centered, literary) Affirms vague concepts of what is common

Question 68

New Age

Answer 68

``` New Religious Movements Alternative Healing Methods Mind-Body studies ESP, Near-Death Experiences, Telekinesis Past-Life Regression Therapy Channeling Ancient Lost Civilizations Crystals & Astrology UFOs and Conspiracy Theories Neo-Shamanism Neo-Paganism Goddess-Worship ```

Question 69

Why is the New Age attractive?

Answer 69

``` New “Scriptures” “Revelations” of secret traditions “Suppressed” wisdom/groups New communities with similar beliefs Challenges traditional religious beliefs “Corrects” errors Insights from Eastern religions Non-exclusive and eclectic Provides alternatives to lost traditional religious authority ```

Question 70

New Thought

Answer 70

In 1838, Phineas P. Quimby conducts experiments with people in a trance who then allegedly healed themselves of various disorders, and concludes that Beliefs cure . . . . and cause illness Thought creates reality  positive thoughts create positive reality

Question 71

“Spiritual, But Not Religious”

Answer 71

The “Unchurched” (those unaffiliated with traditional religious groups) ``` Secular Humanists (15%) Ambiguously Religious (10%) “Spiritual, but not Religious” (21%) ```

Question 72

The New Thought philosophy:

Answer 72

``` The power of the living soul Mind over matter Human ignorance over human sin Jesus as the (non-unique) Teacher Mind-control can provide health & abundance Metaphysical self-help ```

Question 73

Spirituality

Answer 73

lifestyles and practices based on the idea that: The visible world is part of a spiritual universe; relationship with this unseen world is our highest goal and purpose.

Question 74

Characteristics

Answer 74

Dissatisfaction with “organized” religion Interest in personal religious experience Curiosity & intellectual freedom Pursues spiritual issues outside the context of a formal religious organization or institution Secular thought & spiritual impulses Personal and spiritual development Life as a “spiritual journey” Exploring the pantheistic “universe” “Religion” as a fluid relationship to the divine College-educated, white-collar, liberal

Question 75

Religious Objections

Answer 75

``` Biblical authority Unique divinity of Jesus Original Sin as Rebellion Eclectic and superficial Cafeteria-style religion Narcissistic self-obsession Individualistic Disregard for the tragedy of life Rejection biblical “evil” Magical thinking ```

Question 76

Critical Responses to Religious Objections

Answer 76

``` Many religious people are narcissistic and invested in their own salvation and appeal to God for their own personal interests Many religious people are not (necessarily) seekers who have investigated “truth” and may be more superficial than the SBNR Many religious people affirm middle-class American culture (as a compromise) Many religious people maintain unrealistic approaches to solving life’s problems with magical thinking ```

Question 77

Critical Responses to Religious Objections

Answer 77

Many religious people are narcissistic and invested in their own salvation and appeal to God for their own personal interests Many religious people are not (necessarily) seekers who have investigated “truth” and may be more superficial than the SBNR Many religious people affirm middle-class American culture (as a compromise) Many religious people maintain unrealistic approaches to solving life’s problems with magical thinking

Question 78

“Mature Religious Faith”

Answer 78

Gordon Allport, prof. of personality theory at Yale differentiation: (affirming the role of reason & choice) dynamism: (ability to modify) comprehensive integration (not “compartmentalizing” faith & life) heurism: (knowledge derived from empirica experience

Question 79

Relativity

Answer 79

no final revelations; revelations are ongoing

Question 80

Post-Religious

Answer 80

engages the religious past only “to move beyond it”

Question 81

Eclectic

Answer 81

blending yoga, science, psychology, and the natural world into a visionary u-topia of a New Agd

Question 82

Human Potential

Answer 82

affirming the idea of the “divine human” and individual experience of the divine

Question 83

Kabbalah

Answer 83

is part of Orthodox Judaism (and rejects the “trendy” non-Jewish form)