FINAL Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood: Erikson?
A
Industry vs Inferiority Stage = ages 6-12 Middle Childhood is about competence in meeting challenges faced through parents, peers, school, and the other difficulties of the modern world.
Children who are successful during this stage develop a sense of mastery and proficiency as well as a growing sense of competence.
Children who have difficulties with this stage develop feelings of failure and inadequacy. These children may withdraw from peers, school and show lack of interest.
2
Q
During middle childhood kids are looking to develop ?
A
a sense of self and become more interested in their psychological traits than their physical attributes. Children begin to view themselves with greater complexity.
3
Q
Erikson believed that during middle childhood?
A
at this stage children seek endeavors in which they can be successfully industrious (hard working, conscientious).
4
Q
Personal and Academic Spheres of Self?
A
Four Major Areas with each area having sub-areas. Nonacademic Self-Concept includes physical appearance, peer relations, and physical ability. Academic self-concept includes classes like math, English, drama, extra curricular school related activities.
5
Q
Personal and Academic Spheres of Self: 4 areas?
A
- Academic Self-Concept : Math, English, History, Science Recognizing what one is good at in school, where they need improvement etc…
- Social Self-Concept: Peers and significant others issues like I am popular/unpopular
- Emotional Self-Concept: Particular Emotional States (being frustrated, angry, happy) with one’s self and others.
- Physical Self-Concept: Physical Ability and Physical Appearance (comparing one’s self to others)
6
Q
Social Comparison
A
The desire to evaluate one’s own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by comparing them to those of others (peer comparisons/evaluation)
7
Q
Social Reality
A
Leon Festinger (1954) Theorist = when concrete, objective measures of ability are lacking, people turn to social reality to evaluate themselves. Social Reality refers to understanding that is derived from how others act, think, feel, and view the world.
8
Q
Downward Social Comparison
A
When self-esteem is threatened comparisons become with others who are obviously less competent or successful. This concept projects children’s self-esteem. By comparing one’s self to someone less capable it ensures success.
9
Q
Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive or Negative View of Oneself:
A
When children are younger (7) their self-esteem reflects a global simple view. If their self-esteem is positive then it is positive in all areas, whereas in middle childhood self-esteem becomes more differentiate. At this age children have differing self-esteem in some areas than others.
10
Q
Self-Esteem
A
An individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation. Self Esteem is emotionally orientated affected by beliefs and cognitions of what others may think (Everybody thinks I am dumb). (affective, emotions)
11
Q
Self Concept
A
A person’s identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual. Self Concept reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self (I am good at math, I am not so good at English. (cognitive)
12
Q
Change and Stability in Self-Esteem
A
Overall self-esteem increases during middle childhood.
13
Q
Low Self-Esteem:
A
can lead to a cycle of failure. Parents can break the cycle by promoting their child’s self-esteem by using Authoritative Child-rearing style (warm emotionally supportive with clear limits
14
Q
High Self-Esteem:
A
generally leads to a cycle of success, higher expectations leads to increased effort and lower anxiety. The cycle leads to higher self-esteem.
15
Q
Social Problem Solving Abilities
A
refers to the use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both to oneself and to others.
16
Q
Dominance Hierarchy
A
rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group.
17
Q
Permissive Parents
A
Laxed, laidback, inconsistent, gives no responsibilities, assumes no responsibilities. Children are moody, lack social skills, and self-control.
18
Q
Authoritative Parents
A
firm, clear limits, consistent, strict, warm, loving, encourages individuality, child rearing style that promotes positive self-esteem in children.
19
Q
Authoritarian Parents
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expect obedience, are controlling, very strict and rigid, a parenting style that can undermine a child’s sense of adequacy leading to lower self-esteem
20
Q
Uninvolved Parents
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show no interest in their children. Emotionally detached, children fare the worst.
21
Q
Self-care child (latchkey children)
A
children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their caretakers return from work; previously known as latchkey children.
22
Q
Blended Families
A
A remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them.
23
Q
Coregulation
A
a period in which parents and children jointly control children’s behavior
24
Q
Attributions
A
People’s explanations for the reasons behind their behavior
25
Adolescence
The developmental stage between childhood and adulthood. A transitional stage where children are not yet considered adults, but not longer a child. It’s a time of enormous physical and psychological growth and change.
26
Adolescent Growth Spurt
a period of very rapid growth in height and weight.Boys and girls growth spurts begin at different ages (girls around 10 boys around 12). Boys can grow an average of 4.1 inches each year and girls 3.5. Between the age of 11 and 13 girls have a tendency to be taller than boys.
27
Puberty
A developmental milestone reached when a person becomes sexually mature and capable of having children
28
Pubescence
The period of time during which sexual maturation takes place.
➢ Puberty is a progression of physical changes
➢ Usually begins in late childhood
The period of maturation during which the sexual organs mature.
Puberty begins when the pituitary gland begins producing sex hormones
29
Androgens
Male hormones
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Estrogen
female hormones
31
When both men and women hit adult level they produce ?
both types of sex hormones. (males have higher levels of androgens while females have higher levels of estrogen)
32
Puberty begins earlier for ?
girls than boys (girls around 11 or 12 and boys 13 or 14). There are cases where girls have begun puberty as early as 7 or 8 and as late as 16.
33
Menarche
The onset of menstruation (varies greatly in different parts of the world). It appears that girls that receive better nourishment and are healthier start menstruation at earlier ages. Other issues that affect the timing of menarche is environmental stress (divorce, conflict, death). Over the last 100 years the onset of menarche is happening younger for girls probably due to reduced disease and improved nutrition (end of 1900 age 14 or 15, present day 11 or 12).
34
Secular Trend ?
A statistical tendency observed over several generations. The earlier start of puberty is an example changes in physical characteristics occurring over several generations thus a secular trend.
35
Timing of Puberty
there are social consequences related to early or late onset of puberty.
36
For boys early maturation is a?
a plus they tend to be more successful at athletics, more popular and have a more positive self-concept. Negative Consequences for boys are trouble in school, delinquent behavior, substance abuse, they tend to be more conforming in later life and lack sense of humor.
37
For girls early maturation can lead to?
girls to be self-conscious of their developing bodies (breasts) and may endure ridicule from peers. They seem to be more sought after for dates, they are often more popular and often have a higher self concept. They may not be socially ready for all the attention. Cultural norms and standards have a lot to do with how girls deal with early maturation. In the US looking womanly is a positive
38
Boys fare worse with late onset of puberty than girls because ?
their smaller and at a disadvantage playing sports. As well as boys are expected to be taller than their dates.
39
Late maturing girls attitudes about themselves and their bodies have a tendency to ?
be greater than that of early matured. Late bloomers experience fewer emotional problems.
40
Primary Sex Characteristics ?
Body characteristics that are associated with organs and structures of reproduction.
41
Secondary Sex Characteristics ?
Visible body signs related to sexual maturity that do not involve sex organs (change in voice, hair growth, change in body composition).
42
Obesity?
Most common nutritional concern during adolescence. 1 in 5 is overweight, 1 in 20 obese. Psychological consequences are severe as this is a very important time for body image. Obese adolescents have and 75-80% chance of becoming obese adults.
43
Anorexia Nervosa ?
psychological eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat while denying that their behavior or skeletal appearance is out of the ordinary. 15 to 20 % starve themselves to death. Most common among women ages 12 to 40 most susceptible are intelligent, successful and attractive White adolescent girls from affluent home. About 10% who suffer are boys associated with steroids use.
44
Bulimia ?
an eating disorder that primarily afflicts adolescent girls and young women, characterized by binges on large quantities of food followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives. Guilt and depression lead to purges. Weight of a person suffering from bulimia stays somewhat normal, however the health risk is great as purging can cause chemical imbalance that can lead to heart failure.
45
Reasons for eating disorders ?
are not clear several factors have been associated such as dieting often precedes the development of the disorder, societal standards of skinniness, having to be in control or be successful. Early maturing girls have a higher likelihood for developing eating disorders due to higher levels of womanly body fat. Adolescence who are clinically depressed have higher rates of eating disorders. Few studies show biological reasons for the disorders. Twin studies leave us to believe there are genetic components not yet understood. Hormonal imbalances are common among suffers.
46
Brain Development and Thought/Cognitive Growth – Adolescence?
Adolescent thinking becomes more sophisticated and independence grows.
The brain produces an oversupply of gray matter which is later cut back at the rate of 1 to 2 % a year.
Myelination (nerve cells are insulated by fat cells) increases for neural messages efficiency.
47
Considerable development in the brain of the?
prefrontal cortex (not fully developed until 20s). This is the part of the brain that allows us to think, evaluate, make complex judgments. It provides impulse control, instead of reacting to emotions like anger or rage, individuals with fully developed prefrontal cortex is able to control the desire for action that stems from such emotions. This ability is not fully developed in adolescence
48
Sleep Deprivation ?
Adolescence now go to bed later and get up earlier due to academic and current social demands. Adolescence is a time when internal clocks shift and older adolescence need to go to bed later and sleep later in the morning. Most adolescence required 9 hours sleep a night to function and feel rested.
49
Sleepy Teens?
have lower grades, more depressed, have greater difficulty controlling their moods and are at a much higher risk for automobile accidents.
50
Stress ?
the physical response to events that threaten or challenge us. Long-term exposure to stress reduces the bodies ability to fight disease. In adolescence stress can lead to headaches, backaches, skin rashes, indigestion, chronic fatigue, sleep disturbances and common cold.
51
Stressors?
events and circumstances that produce threats to our well-being. The do no have to be unpleasant events. Even happy events, a wedding, admission to college can produces stress.
52
Outcome of Stress ?
several, a biological reaction hormones released faster heart rate, higher blood pressure and sometimes sweating. Benefit may be an emergency reaction in the sympathetic nervous system that prepares people to defend themselves in a life-threatening situation.
53
Psychosomatic Disorders ?
Medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional and physical difficulties. (ulcers, asthma, arthritis, high blood pressure
54
Coping?
Efforts to control, reduce, or tolerate the threats and challenges that lead to stress.
55
Problem Focused Coping ?
Where a stressful situation is dealt with by directly changing the situation to make it less stressful (asking a teacher for an extension on an assignment)
56
Emotion-Focused Coping ?
The conscious regulation of emotion. An attempt to be a half-full kind of person. Be happy for what you have kind of deal.
57
Social Support ?
Assistance and comfort given to a stressed individual by others. Turning to others during a time of stress can also provide emotional support.
58
Defensive Coping ?
Involves the unconscious use of strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation (trivializing a life-threatening illness).
59
Illegal Drugs and Stress ?
Adolescents have a variety of reasons to use drugs. They will self-medicate with the use of illegal drugs. Some use them simply for the pleasurable experiences. Some use simply for the thrill
60
Marijuana?
use continues to be more prevalent among older adolescents. Recent study shows 50% of high school seniors and 20% of eight-graders report having used marijuana within the past year.
61
Addictive Drugs ?
Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them.
62
Alcoholics?
= People who have learned to depend on alcohol and are unable to control their drinking. One can build a tolerance to alcohol leading to higher intakes over time. 40% of college students report binge drinking. Binge drinking for men is five or more drinks in one sitting and for women four or more.
63
False Consensus Effect ?
where a few conspicuous examples of adolescent drinking lead some to assume that everyone is drinking heavily.
64
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) ?
A disease that is spread through sexual contact and or bodily fluids. 3 million teenagers, about 1 person in 8 ages 13-19 and about 1 in 4 of those who have had sexual intercourse, acquire an STD every year.
65
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?
Aids is transmitted through the exchange of bodily fluids, including semen, and blood. It is treated by the use of powerful cocktail drugs. AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. No cure, leading cause of death among young people, transmitted through an exchange of body fluid, because of this it is considered a sexually transmitted disease. Prevention guidelines include: use of condoms, avoid high-risk behaviors, know your partner’s sexual history, consider abstinence.
66
Chlamydia?
a bacterial disease, most common STD, causes burning urination, discharge, can lead to pelvic inflammation and sterility. Can be treated with antibiotics
67
Genital Herpes?
a virus not unlike the cold sores that sometimes appear around the mouth; causing small blisters or sores around the genitals that can break open and become very painful , recurring in cycles, no cure, highly contagious.
68
Trichomoniasis?
infection in the vagina or penis caused by a parasite causes painful discharge, frequent among adolescents.
69
Gonorrhea and Syphilis ?
used to be life threatening, longest known STD, can be treated with antibiotics.
70
Piaget Formal Operational Stage?
Abstract thinking develops.
Begins at adolescence and gets more accurate by age 15. Various aspects of an idea or problem abstracting what’s necessary to solve problems. Hypothetical Thinking during this stage. Doesn’t happen over night. Combination of physical maturation and environmental experiences. Only 40-60% of college students and adults achieve formal operational thinking. Because people are cognitively laze and want answers given to them.
71
Hypotheticodeductive Reasoning?
General theory about what produces an outcome and then deduce (infer/presume) explanations/separating parts of the whole. Is the scientific method. Deduction starts from theory and moves through testing, Induction moves opposite direction
72
Propositional Thought?
is reasoning that uses abstract logic in the absences of concrete examples. (if certain premises are true then a conclusion must also be true) All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal. Further logic would have one conclude All A’s are B, C is an A, therefore C is a B. Being able to form and or understand logical verbal arguments.
73
Consequences of Adolescence Use of Formal Operations:?
Increased abstract reasoning abilities make children question what was simply accepted as rules and explanations of events, creates greater idealism (optimism, impracticality). Adolescence become far more argumentative. They use abstract reasoning to poke holes in other’s explanations.
74
Information Processing Approaches?
The model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use and store information. The model suggests gradual transformation in abilities.
75
Metacognition?
the knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition. Adolescence understand their own metal processes, strengths, weaknesses.
76
Adolescent Egocentrism?
(David Elkind’s Theory) A state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one’s point of view. Adolescents believe no one else can understand or feel what they are going through. Adolescent’s belief that his thoughts and ideas are unique and NOT understood by others (you couldn’t possibly understand them) Affective/Psychological
77
Imaginary Audience?
Fictitious observers who pay as much attention to adolescent’s behavior as they do themselves.
78
Personal Fables?
The view held by some adolescence that what happens to them is unique, exceptional and shared by no one else. Risk taking behavior is traced to this concept. A story told by adolescents that is not quite true, emphasis on their uniqueness and invulnerability I won the race by a mile. I’m the fastest runner in the school. Physical/Cognitive
79
Kohlberg’s Approach to Moral Development: ?
Based upon the sense of justice and reasoning. Three level sequences with six substages
80
Carol Gilligan’s Approach to Moral Development ?
View that the way society raises boys and girls creates basic distinctions in how they view moral development. Boys view morality in terms of justice and fairness. Girls view morality in terms of responsibility toward individuals and willingness sacrifice.
81
Self-Concept ?
Knowing who you are (cognitive). Adolescence begin to differentiate between how others view them and how they view themselves (outgoing/shy) Traits like outgoing, humorous, relaxed. Take both their own and others views into account. They are able to describe themselves in a world view (environmentalist vs. good athlete).
Behaviors and feelings (emotions don’t always align (sociable but feel like being alone)
82
Self-Esteem ?
liking who you are (affective). Differentiating who you are and whether you like who you are. May possess high self-esteem in one area and low self-esteem in another. I’m good at math but terrible in large social settings.
83
Gender Difference in Self-Esteem ?
Girls’ self-esteem tends to be lower than boys during adolescence. Girls are more concerned about physical appearance, social success and academic achievement. Boys are concerned but have more casual attitudes. Boys self-esteem is affected by whether or not they feel they measure up to societal stereotypes of confident and tough.
84
Low Self-Esteem ?
is said to be the blame of many of society’s problems (low school performance, juvenile delinquency, teen pregnancy, violence).
Some argue that if we just raise adolescence self-esteem these ills will disappear. However others view unjustified, unwarranted self-esteem may backfire. Self-esteem should be earned through accomplishments.
85
Socioeconomic Status and Race Differences in Self-Esteem ?
Adolescence of higher SES generally have higher levels of self-esteem than those of lower SES (Social status of nice clothes, shoes etc enhances self-esteem.
86
Race and Ethnicity ?
It used to be that prejudicial attitudes cause lower self-esteem in minority adolescents by feelings of rejection or being disliked. Recent research suggests that support over the years of racial pride has changed this.
87
Ethgender ?
A joint (simultaneous) influence of race and gender on self-esteem. A term developmentalists researchers use.
88
Erikson:Identity vs. Identity Confusion Stage ?
the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves. Their strengths and weaknesses and what roles will they take as they get older. Many experiment with differing roles, (personal, occupational, sexual, and political) choices during adolescence.
Identity is not easily found. The outcome may be the opposite of what the adolescent intends for himself by falling into socially unacceptable roles (what they don’t want to be).
Successful identity sets ground for future psychological development. They develop a sense of being, understanding their unique capabilities and believe in themselves
89
Societal Pressures:
What are you going to be when you grow up? Pressure to make life altering decisions that once were decided for them (school, behavior). They rely on friends and peers for information and making choices and dependence of family is lessened.
90
Psychological Moratorium?
a period of time during which adolescents take time off from the upcoming responsibilities of adulthood and explore various roles and possibilities. Some adolescents due to practical reasons (finances and family) may not be able to take a psychological moratorium.
91
Critics of Erikson’s view is ?
is that it is based on male orientated concepts fo individuality and competitiveness.
92
James Marcia ?
(building Erikson’s theory) suggests identity can be viewed in terms of two characteristics – Crises or Commitment – is present or absent. (4 categories)
93
Crises?
– a period of identity development in which an adolescent consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions.
94
Commitment?
is a psychological investment in a course of action or an ideology.
95
Identity achievement ?
the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crises during which they consider various alternatives.
96
Identity Foreclosure ?
the status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives. Did not go through a crises instead they accepted what others believed was best for them.
97
Moratorium?
the status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree,. But have not yet committed themselves.
98
Identity Diffusion ?
the status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way.
99
Cultural Assimilation Model- ?
Traditional view which holds individual cultural identities should be assimilated into a unified culture in the US the proverbial (recognizable) melting pot.
100
Pluralistic Society Model ?
The US is made up of diverse co-equal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features. This provides for the opportunity of one’s racial and ethnic factors to become a central part of an adolescent’s identity (grew out of the idea that cultural assimilation lowered minorities self-esteem).
101
Bicultural Identity ?
middle ground) draws from their own cultural identity. While integrating themselves into the dominant culture (live as a member of two cultures).
102
Depression and Suicide ?
3 % of adolescents experience major depression. Girls experience greater depression than boys. In cases of long-term deep depression biological factors are often involved and some adolescents are genetically predisposed. There are environmental and social influences (death, alcohol, depressed parent, being unpopular, rejection) Gender difference in depression may result from coping skills. Girls tend to turn inward and boys outward by externalizing acting impulsively or aggressively.
103
Suicide
Rate has tripled in the last 30 years. 1 teenage suicide every 90 minutes. Suicide is the 3rd most common death among 15-24 year olds after accidents and homicides. Actual rate of suicide is higher for boys then girls though girls are more apt to attempt suicide.
104
Certain factors increase suicide ?
depression, family conflict, school difficulties, abuse, neglect, drugs, alcohol. 43% of callers to a suicide help hotline reported family problems as the reason they were calling and contemplating suicide.
105
Autonomy?
having independence and a sense of control over one’s life. Grows gradually over time and changes the family relationships. Power and influence are shared and relationship between adolescent and parent becomes more symmetrical or egalitarian (democratic/equal). Cultural Factors play a role in the degree of autonomy achieved by an adolescent. Western societies value individualism and autonomy is sought at an earlier age of adolescence as say Asian cultures or collectivist cultures where a greater obligation to family is instilled.
106
Generation Gap?
a deep divide between parents and children in attitudes, values, aspirations and world views. Actually adolescents and parents see more eye to eye than the generation gap myth
107
Social Comparisons ?
a process by which peers share and provide each other with the opportunity to compare and evaluate opinions, abilities and physical changes for more informed understanding about their own experiences
108
Reference Groups ?
(subgroups – mothers, athletes, professionals) Groups of people with whom one compares oneself. Reference groups present a set of norms or standards by which adolescents can gage their own abilities and social success.
109
Cliques?
group of 2-12 people whose members have frequent social interactions with one another.
110
Crowds ?
groups larger than cliques, composed of individuals who share particulars characteristics but who may not interact with one another (college students)
111
Sex Cleavage ?
Sex segregation – Adolescent boys and girls typically hang in groups of same sex individuals. This changes during puberty.
112
Popular Adolescents ?
those who are most liked
113
Controversial Adolescents ?
children who are liked by some peers and disliked by others.
114
Rejected Adolescents?
children who are actively disliked and whose peers may react to them in an obviously negative manner.
115
Neglected Adolescents ?
Children who received relatively little attention from their peers in the form of either positive or negative interactions.
116
Rejected and Neglected Adolescents ?
are of lower status, few friends, few social activities, less content with opposite sex, feel lonely.
117
Peer Pressure ?
the influence of one’s peers to conform to their behavior and attitudes.
118
Undersocialized Delinquents ?
Adolescent delinquents who are raised with little discipline or with harsh, uncaring parental supervision. Were not taught social standards to regulate their behavior. Usually involved in criminal activities before adolescence. Characteristics are aggressive and violent, often have ADD, less intelligent then average, fit psychological patterns of antisocial personality disorder.
119
Socialized Delinquents ?
know and subscribe to the norms of society, psychologically normal, petty crimes but steer clear of law breaking by adulthood. Highly influence by peers, delinquency often is in groups.
120
Dating?
purpose of dating is a way to learn how to establish intimacy with another individual and develop a sense of one’ own identity.
121
Dating, Race and Ethnicity ?
Cultural influences dating patterns among adolescents. Different cultures have different attitudes about dating more or less conservative.
122
Sex?
Adolescents spend a good amount of time thinking about sex
123
Masturbation?
sexual self-stimulation. By age 15 80% of boys and 20% of girls admit they have masturbated.
124
Sexual Intercourse ?
the average age of sexual intercourse has been declining over the last 50 years. 1 in 5 adolescents by the age of 15 have had sexual intercourse. 50% between the ages 15-18 and 80 % before age 20.
125
Permissiveness with Affection ?
a standard where premarital intercourse is viewed as permissible for both men and women if it occurs in the context of a long-term , committed or loving relationship.
126
Decline in Teenage Pregnancy ?
in the last 10 years teenage birth dropped 30%, factors include awareness of risks of unprotected sex, rates of sexual intercourse has declined among adolescents, condoms, substitutes for sexual intercourse like oral sex
127
Virginity Pledge ?
a pledge taken to refrain from premarital sex proven to be ineffective.
