Final

Question 1

What kind of stimuli we use for functional analysis of self-control?

Answer 1

• external stimuli that precede and follow the behaviors

- internal stimuli that precede and follow the behavior in question

Question 2

What are three steps for improving self-control?

Answer 2

• manipulating antecedent stimuli
• meddling with responses
• manipulating consequences

Question 3

Waiting periods for divorce is an example of what technique?

Answer 3

• building in delays

Question 4

Explain what relabeling is and how it works.

Answer 4

• self-talk: finding more positive labels for negative stimuli

Question 5

Explain what „chaining“ is and how it works.

Answer 5

• behavioral patterns which follow long chains: they can be interrupted or reordered to change the outcome

Question 6

Name 2 techniques from „manipulating consequnces“

Answer 6

• utilizing feedback

- providing self-reward

Question 7

What is a Premack principle?

Answer 7

A behavior performed (voluntarily) with high frequency can be used to reinforce a behavior performed with high frequency.

Question 8

Is punishement more effective than other techniques and why?

Answer 8

It’s less effective:

• people build up a resistance to punishment
• does not teach what’s right
• negative feelings may be generalized to the whole self-control program

Question 9

Give an example for „choosing reward according to Premack principle“.

Answer 9

• if I enjoying having a coffee break with my colleagues, I may make that break contingent on the work that needs to be done

Question 10

Give an example of self-contract.

Answer 10

I will reward myself with a great vacation when I have finished my PhD

Question 11

Techniques for manipulating antecedent stimuli:

Answer 11

Environmental planning:
- avoiding stimuli
- building in and removing delays
- decreasing and increasing associations
Redirecting attention
Relabeling and organizing

Question 12

Techniques for meddling with responses

Answer 12

• chaining
• incompatible behaviors
• shaping

Question 13

Techniques for manipulating consequences:

Answer 13

• utilizing feedback
• providing self-reward
• rules and contracts
• the Premack principle
• punishment

Question 14

What kind of personality (personality pathology) is typical for anorexia nervosa (mental anorexia)?

Answer 14

• borderline (and obsessive compulsive)

Question 15

What is a SQ3R method? How many tasks include? Name them.

Answer 15

survey, question, read, recite, review

Question 16

Name 3 components of anxiety.

Answer 16

• emotional
• cognitive
• physiological

Question 17

Desenzitization was developed by whom?

Answer 17

Physiologist Joseph Wolpe

Question 18

Describe what „in vivo

desenzitization“ is.

Answer 18

on-the-spot

Question 19

Give an example of „armchair desensitization“.

Answer 19

using mental imagery

Question 20

How could we work with „fear hierarchy“? Give an example.

Answer 20

Fear of flying:
1. Booking tickets
2. Getting to the airport
...
9. Plain takes off
10. Looking out the window

Question 21

Suggest psychological techniques (e.g. from chapter 6, minimally 3) for control of eating habbits. Give an example.

Answer 21

• stimulus narrowing
• redirecting attention
• chaining
• delaying

Question 22

Which scale/dimension from Cloninger theory measure anxiety?

Answer 22

Harm avoidance (from the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire)

Question 23

What created Edmund Jacobson?

Answer 23

Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Biofeedback

Question 24

Harry Harlow provided experiments on … (complete). Describe the experiment.

Answer 24

… the need of others (cloth and feeding mother/monkey experiment

Question 25

What investigated Bruno Bettelheim?

Answer 25

A kibbutz settlement in Israel, where child-rearing is a communal responsibility (he found that children appear to be less emotional in one-on-one interactions)

Question 26

Define „attribution theory“. Give an example.

Answer 26

Attribution theory (by Fritz Heider) holds that the key to social interaction lies in the causes that each person attributes to other people's behavior

Question 27

Erich Berne wrote about … (complete, give example)

Answer 27

games - stereotypical role transactions between Adult, Parent, and Child

Question 28

What is a „role clash“? (give example)

Answer 28

...trying to step out of one role and adopt a different one in relation to the same person (e.g. your boss starts dating your sister)

Question 29

Erving Gofman studied… (complete, give example)

Answer 29

ritualized exchanges (greetings, congratulations, etc,

Question 30

What could be a result of „exchange“, according to social exchange theory?

Answer 30

- individuals can incur costs or acquire benefits or both (rewards minus costs equal profits)

Question 31

Rene Spitz investigated … (complete, write more about)

Answer 31

institutionalized infants (high mortality, due to insufficient human contact)

Question 32

Why is Erich Fromm mentioned in this chapter?

Answer 32

- as an example of a psychologist who opposes social exchange theory

Question 33

Three factors which could influence attributions:

Answer 33

According to Kelley: - consistency - consensus - likelihood

Question 34

What was surprising in an experiment with film clips (Eugene Gollin)

Answer 34

after seeing a two clips of a woman displaying generosity and promiscuity, being asked to describe her, about half the Ps chose to ignore one of the traits altogether

Question 35

What is an „implicit theory of personality“. Give an example.

Answer 35

A set of beliefs about which traits go with which other traits in humans (e.g. intelligent people are more trustworthy)

Question 36

Is „central trait“ subjective or objective? Name one central trait.

Answer 36

Objective (warm, cold, intelligent, skillful)

Question 37

Sort the names (use names from our class) to 2 categories according to your textbooks.

Answer 37

common versus uncommon

Question 38

Name positive and negative primacy effect

Answer 38

halo effect & devil effect

Question 39

Explain classic study on proximity.

Answer 39

student housing project: students became friends with those who lived closest to them

Question 40

Explain what complemetarity means in social relationships.

Answer 40

Dissimilar, but complementing each other - in certain areas, one person, by fulfilling their own needs fulfills someone else's needs too

Question 41

In what age separation anxiety usually appears? (in months)

Answer 41

8-12 months

Question 42

Social perception is an interlocking network … (complete)

Answer 42

- knowledge - expectations - evaluation

Question 43

Wishful thinking – give a classic example about children and parents.

Answer 43

Parents hoping their children would become something that they themselves never could

Question 44

What psychological phenomen was portrayed by Heller in Something Happened?

Answer 44

Distortion of social perceptions due to fear

Question 45

Describe the study of David Rosenham

Answer 45

Rosenhan (1973) and seven colleagues faked schizophrenia symptoms and entered into psychiatric hospitals...

Question 46

Give an example of internal variable

Answer 46

-expectations

Question 47

Give an example of inferred qualities.

Answer 47

If a person is intelligent, he is probably also ambitious (based on an implicit personality theory)

Question 48

How could we change the perception of Julie about Steve? Explain their conflict.

Answer 48

- throw him out - make him change - change the way she perceives him (he stopped working for a fancy law firm, after she worked to put him through law school, she did not appreciate his decision to choose a more relaxed job)

Question 49

Give an example of „talking back“ in case of Julie.

Answer 49

"I shouldnt' expect him to be ashamed of choosing the lower-paid but easier job. Just be cause he's intelligent, does not mean he has to make money off of his intelligence..."