Final

Question 1

We are ranked #__ in healthiest nation

Answer 1

37

Due to size and diversity

Question 2

US healthcare characteristics is partially governed by

Answer 2

market conditions and population condiitons

Question 3

Era 1 of healthcare

Answer 3

1850-1900. Institutionalization of healthcare.

Dr. Krikbride plans: Systems of mental asylum or to group people with common illnesses.

Question 4

Era 2 of healthcare

Answer 4

1900-1940's (WWII) 
Medical education is same across country. Advancement in science. 
Hill Burton Act. Requirements include:
-No discrimination (started in 1963) 
-Must do some free care for community 
-Economic Viability 
-Must adopt medicare and medicaid

Question 5

When did the Hill Burton Act pass?

Answer 5

1946 during 79th US congress

Question 6

Era 3 of healthcare

Answer 6

1940-1980 Change in structure of healthcare.

FDRs new deal: medicare and SS

Question 7

Era 4 of healthcare

Answer 7

1980s to present Limited resources and restricted growth

Healthcare reform in 1990 with Clinton admin.
Obama and trump elected to the platform.

Fear vs fact rules public.

Question 8

ACO

Answer 8

Accountable care organization.

Groups of doctors, hospitals, and health care providers who voluntarily come together to give coordinated, high quality care to their medicare patients.

Question 9

ACOs have a minimum of ___ lives
requirements for advancing ___ practices
Promote ___ services

Answer 9

5,000
Evidence based
Preventative

Question 10

MCO/HMO

Answer 10

Pt must select from panel of providers. Managed care organizations.

Question 11

What percent of total healthcare spending is attributed to eyecare

Answer 11

1-2%

Question 12

% of Comprehensive eye exams does by OD and MD

Answer 12

OD: 85%
MD: 15%

Question 13

OD comprehensive exams vs medical exam percentages

Answer 13

80% and 20%

Question 14

Percentage of comprehensive exams done by OD and MDs that get reimbursed by medicare

Answer 14

45% OD

55% MD

Question 15

Per capita primary eyecare spendings

Answer 15

$100

Question 16

OD sources of revenue in %

Answer 16

30% patient payment
30% vision insurance
20% medical insurance
20% government

Question 17

3 aspects of public health

Answer 17

Assessment
Policy development
Assurance

Question 18

Tertiary prevention
Secondary prevention
Primary prevention
Primordial prevention

Answer 18

tertiary: Treating someone for the disease they have. Prevent from getting worse.

Secondary: Screening high risk populations. People are asymptomactic.

Primary: Treating diabetes or consulting a smoker is primary for preventing future eye issues. treating the risk factor. Support, educate, and promote healthy eye behaviors.

Primordial: Preventing pt from getting risk factor/primary

Question 19

3 ways to think about health

Answer 19

1. Medical tradition- focused on individual
2. Environmental. External factors affect health.
3. Social. Interactions of pt and environment.

Question 20

Health disparities

Answer 20

1. Health inequalities. What we cannot change. Race, gender, age, geographic region.
2. Health inequities. What we can change. Income, education, access to fitness, food

Question 21

Equality vs equity

Answer 21

Equality: Everyone gets same thing
Equity: Justice. Fairness. Providing people with the resources and opportunities they need.

Question 22

Situational vs generational poverty

Answer 22

Situation: Laid off job. Still have baseline life skills. Have ability to pick yourself up by bootstraps.

Generational: Bon into it. Have only known being poor. Will view world very differently.

Question 23

What is epidemiology?

Answer 23

The study of populations. Rate and distribution of disease.

The study of how and why diseases and other conditions are distributed within the population the way they are.

Question 24

Father of epidemiology

Answer 24

Dr. John Snow.

1854 Soho London

Question 25

Descriptive Epidemiology

Answer 25

Place, person, and time. Search for clues. Formulate hypothesis. No comparison group.

Question 26

Analytic epidemiology

Answer 26

Host, environment, agent. How and why Clues available. Test hypothesis. Comparison group.

Question 27

Triad for descriptive and analytic epidemiology

Answer 27

Descriptive: Place, person, time Analytic: Host, environment, agent.

Question 28

3 directions of analytic studying

Answer 28

Cohort study: Person was exposed to disease. What will happen next? Case control study: Person has disease. Where did they get it? Cross sectional study: Consider both.

Question 29

Incidence

Answer 29

Rate of risk. New cases. | Dropping into the bathtub.

Question 30

Prevalence

Answer 30

Measurement of all cases- new and old that are present at a certain time. Excludes people who have gotten better or who have died.

Question 31

When to use incidence?

Answer 31

When discussing acute cases. Contagious.

Question 32

When to use prevalence?

Answer 32

When discussing chronic cases. glaucoma.

Question 33

Sensitivity

Answer 33

True positive rate. Percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the condition.

Question 34

Specificity

Answer 34

True negative rate. Percentage of healthy people who are correctly identified as not having the condition.

Question 35

False positive rate=

Answer 35

1 - specificity