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PHYSIO > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits: the ____________________ —from the right ventricle to the lungs and then to the left atrium, and the _________________________ —from the left ventricle to all peripheral organs and tissues and then to the right atrium.

A

pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT a determinant of resistance in the systemic blood flow

A

Flow (F)

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3
Q

The hematocrit is defined as the percentage of blood volume that is ___________.

A

Erythrocytes

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4
Q

The pressure exerted by any fluid is termed as ____________.

A

hydrostatic pressure

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5
Q

Which of the following is the function of the platelets?

A

hemostasis and tissue healing

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6
Q

Generally speaking, the lifespan of an erythrocyte is _____________.

A

120 days

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7
Q

Unlike the arteries in ____________ circulation, the pulmonary artery carries ________________.

A

systemic circulation, deoxygenated blood

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8
Q

_________________ is the most abundant cell in the blood.

A

Erythrocyte

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9
Q

__________________ is a direct breakdown product of hemoglobin.

A

Bilirubin

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10
Q

Portal circulation is a bi-capillary system means it starts and ends with capillaries.

A

True

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11
Q

If Patm = 0 mmHg and Palv = –2 mmHg, then

A

air is fl owing into the lung

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12
Q

Transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) increases by 2 mmHg during a normal inspiration. In subject A, 500 ml of air is inspired. In subject B, 250 ml of air is inspired for the same change in Ptp. Which is true?

A

The compliance of the lung of subject B is less than that of subject A.

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13
Q

Which of the following will increase alveolar PO2?

A

Increased alveolar ventilation with no change in metabolism.

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14
Q

Which of the following is not true about asthma?

A

it is always caused by an allergy.

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15
Q

Which of the following is true?

A

Peripheral and central chemoreceptors both increase firing when arterial PCO2 increases.

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16
Q

Ventilation-perfusion inequalities lead to hypoxemia because

A

increases in ventilation cannot fully restore O2 content in areas with low ventilation-perfusion matching.

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17
Q

After the expiration of a normal tidal volume, a subject breathes in as much air as possible. The volume of air inspired is the

A

inspiratory capacity.

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18
Q

In carbon monoxide poisoning, a fetus is more likely to be affected than the mother.

A

True

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19
Q

In cystic fibrosis, the function of a chloride channel called as CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is impaired.

A

True

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20
Q

Type I alveolar cells produce a detergent like substance called as surfactant.

A

False

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21
Q

The portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids is called the

A

renal columns

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22
Q

Which is the correct order of blood flow through the kidneys?

A

interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > glomerular capillaries > arcuate veins

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23
Q

The blood vessels around a cortical nephron are called vasa recta.

A

False

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24
Q

A juxtamedullary nephron goes deeper in the renal medulla as compared to a cortical nephron.

A

True

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25
Q

This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood.

A

glomerulus

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26
Q

Candida albicans and E. coli are which type of abnormal constituent of urine

A

microbes

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27
Q

What is the normal volume of urine produced in humans?

A

1-2 L / day

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28
Q

The parasympathetic division of the ANS regulates the flow of blood through the kidney.

A

False

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29
Q

The kidneys release ___________ hormone to maintain calcium levels.

A

calcitrol

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30
Q

Another name for the glomerular capsule is _____ capsule.

A

Bowman’s

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31
Q

Which is a correct statement regarding the hierarchical organization of motor control?

A

the basal nuclei participate in the creation of a motor program that specifies the pattern of neural activity required for a voluntary movement

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32
Q

in the stretch reflex:

A

action potentials from muscle spindle receptors in a muscle form monosynaptic excitatory synapses on motor neurons to extramural fibers within the same muscles

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33
Q

if implanted electrodes were used to stimulate action potentials in gamma motor neurons to flexors of the left arm, which would be the most likely result?

A

an increase in action potentials along alpha motor neurons to flexors in the left arm

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34
Q

where is the primary motor cortex found?

A

between the somatosensory cortex and the premotor area of the cerebrum

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35
Q

pyramidal decussation is found in the

A

medulla oblongata

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36
Q

neurons in the primary motor cortex of the right cerebral hemisphere mainly control muscles on the left side of the body

A

true

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37
Q

the disease tetanus results when a bacterial toxin blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

true

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38
Q

patients with upper motor neuron disorders generally have reduced muscle tone and flaccid paralysis

A

false

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39
Q

neurons descending in the corticospinal pathway control mainly trunk musculature and postural reflexes, whereas neurons of the brainstem pathways control fine motor movements of the distal extremities

A

false

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40
Q

in patients with Parkinson’s disease, an excess of dopamine from neurons of the substation migraine causes intention tremors when the person performs voluntary movements

A

false

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41
Q

the mechanical response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential is know as a twitch

A

true

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42
Q

when a muscle develops tension but does not shorten or lengthen, the contraction is said to be isotonic

A

false

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43
Q

in a skeletal muscle fiber, in order to initiate muscle contraction intracellular calcium is released from the ______

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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44
Q

the regulatory portion of the thin filament is composed of _____ protein

A

troponin

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45
Q

binding of _____to myosin permits cross-bridge____between actin and myosin in skeletal muscle cells

A

ATP; detachment

46
Q

which is a false statement about skeletal muscle structure

A

a myofibril is composed of multiple muscle fibers

47
Q

which is correct regarding skeletal muscle sarcomere

A

the width of the A band is equal to the length of a thick filament

48
Q

since curare blocks acetylcholine receptors and cannot be deactivated by acetylcholinesterase, curare can be sued for hunting animals

A

true

49
Q

during excitation-contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle fiber

A

DHP receptors trigger the opening of lateral sac ryanodine receptor calcium channels

50
Q

smooth muscles are multi-nucleated while skeletal muscles have a single nucleus

A

false

51
Q

choose the true statement

A

the modality of energy a given sensory receptor responds to in normal functioning is known as the “adequate stimulus” for that receptor

52
Q

using a single intracellular recording electrode, in what part of a sensory neuron could you simultaneously record both receptor potentials and action potentials

A

at the node of Ranvier nearest the peripheral end

53
Q

which best describes “lateral inhibition” in sensory processing?

A

inhibitory interneurons decrease action potentials from receptors at the periphery of a stimulated region

54
Q

what region of the brain contains the primary visual cortex?

A

the occipital lobe

55
Q

which type of receptor does NOT encode a somatic sensation?

A

cochlear hair cell

56
Q

which best describes the vision of a person with uncorrected nearsightedness?

A

the eyeball is too long; near objects focus on the retina when the Hillary muscle is relaxed

57
Q

if a patient suffers a stroke that destroys the optic tract on the right rise of the brain, which of the following visual defects will result?

A

the patient will not perceive images of objects striking the right half of the retina in the right eye

58
Q

which correctly describes a step in auditory signal transduction?

A

displacement of the basilar membrane with respect to the tectorial membrane stimulates stereocillia on the hair cells

59
Q

a standing subject looking over her left shoulder suddenly rotates her head to look over her right shoulder. How does the vestibular system detect this motion

A

fluid within the semicircular canals remains stationary, bending the cupola and steriocilia as the head rotes

60
Q

corticospinal tract contains 3 neurons and their cell bodies are located in dorsal nerve ganglion, spinal cord, &thalamus

A

false

61
Q

clock drawing test helps in the assessment of attentional abilities

A

false

62
Q

the neuronal death, as a result of vascular disease, is termed as________

A

stroke

63
Q

the grooves on the cerebral cortex are called as_______

A

sulci

64
Q

spina bifida is considered an anomaly of the development of_______

A

neural tube

65
Q

which of the following is NOT considered as a true lobe of cerebrum?

A

limbic system

66
Q

one of the major functions of the cerebellum is_____

A

posture & balance

67
Q

the nuclei in ______play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

a research participant is taking unusually long on task switching test. it is possible that their _________lobe is dysfunctional

A

frontal

69
Q

the role of meninges is to_______

A

protect the brain from trauma

70
Q

which of the following structures is not a part of the central nervous system

A

cranial nerves

71
Q

an action potential in a neuronal membrane differs from a graded potential in that

A

an action potential is propagated without decrement, whereas a graded potential decrements with distance

72
Q

which is most directly responsible for the falling )depolarizing) phase of the action potential

A

the permeability to K+ increases greatly while that to Na+ decreases

73
Q

which incorrectly pairs a glial cell type with an associated function

A

oligodendrocytes; formation of myelin sheaths on axons in the peripheral nervous system

74
Q

which ion channel state correctly describes the phase of the action potential it is associated with?

A

open voltage-gated potassium channels cause after hyper polarization

75
Q

which is a true statement about the rising membrane potential in a typical neuron?

A

ion movement by the Na+/K+-ATPase pump is equal and opposite to the leak of ions through sodium and potassium channels

76
Q

during the relative refractory period, a neuron can be stimulated by a stimulus stronger than the first one

A

true

77
Q

neuronal axons typically have abundant

A

voltage-gated channels for Na+ that open in response to depolarization

78
Q

temporal summation causes changes in post-synaptic neuron

A

the frequency of action potentials

79
Q

P=permeability. During the rising (depolarization) phase of neuronal action potential,

A

PNa+ becomes much greater than PK+

80
Q

the pathology underlying multiple sclerosis is ________of neurons

A

demyelination

81
Q

amplification during a second-messenger cascade is beneficial because application

A

allows small amounts of hormones to produce large responses in target cells

82
Q

which properties are characteristic of ion channels

A

they can open and close depending on the presence of any of 3 types of “gates”

83
Q

which of the following does not directly or indirectly require an energy source

A

facilitated transport of glucose across a plasma membrane

84
Q

the difference between the fluxes of a solute moving in 2 opposite directions is the ______

A

net flux

85
Q

in_____ membrane- bound vesicles in the cytosol of a cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents to the extracellular fluid

A

exocytosis

86
Q

the channels through which water moves across plasma membranes are called_____

A

aquaporins

87
Q

______is the process by which glucose moves across a plasma membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

88
Q

which is true of epithelial cells

A

they may have segregated functions on luminal and basolateral surfaces

89
Q

in considering diffusion of ions through an ion channel, which driving force must be considered

A

the ion concentration gradient

90
Q

a solution that does not cause a change in cell volume is termed as______

A

isotonic

91
Q

in DNA, thymine binds with define and cytosine binds with

A

guanine

92
Q

which is a major function of the plasma membrane

A

regulating the passage. of molecules into and out of the cell

93
Q

Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in cells such as muscle cells that have a tremendous demand for energy in the form of ATP?

A

mitochondria

94
Q

RNA synthesis from a DNA template is called:

A

transcription

95
Q

Neurons have extremely long cytoplasmic extensions. Their chemical signals are produced in one portion of the cell, but released from a distant location. How are the chemicals transported?

A

on microtubules

96
Q

The cellular respiration in humans is conducted in three stages. Which of the following stages occurs in the cytosol?

A

glycolysis

97
Q

In the presence of a limited oxygen supply, pyruvate is converted to ________.

A

lactate

98
Q

If the ATP-generating mechanisms in a cell are poisoned and the cell depletes its ATP reserves, which would occur first?

A

primary active transport of molecules would cease

99
Q

The ability of a protein binding site to bind one type of ligand or substrate and not another is known as:

A

specificity

100
Q

During cellular respiration, which of the following steps involves the pumping of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

101
Q

Which of the following components of an electrocardiogram (EKG) represents ventricular repolarization?

A

T wave

102
Q

Which of the following components of an electrocardiogram (EKG) represents atrial repolarization?

A

QRS complex

103
Q

In a normal functioning heart, after leaving the right ventricle blood flows directly _____________.

A

past the semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery.

104
Q

In a normal functioning heart, after leaving the left ventricle blood flows directly_____________.

A

past the aortic valve into the aorta.

105
Q

Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

106
Q

Venous blood from the systemic circulation enters the _________ of heart.

A

the right atrium

107
Q

Venous blood from the pulmonary circulation enters the _________ of heart.

A

the left atrium

108
Q

When a person engages in strenuous, prolonged exercise

A

blood flow to the kidneys is reduced.

109
Q

At birth, ductus arteriosus closes so that there is no shunt between aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

true

110
Q

Cardiac Output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one beat.

A

false

PHYSIO (11 decks)

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