Final 9-11 Language, Reading, Problem Solving, Decision Making, Mental Imagery

Question 1

the academic discipline that takes language as it’s topic

Answer 1

linguistics

Question 2

study of language as it’s learned and used by ppl

Answer 2

psycholinguistics

Question 3

expression/communication of thoughts/feelings by means of sounds and combo of sounds to which meaning is attributed

Answer 3

language

Question 4

shared symbolic system of communication

Answer 4

language

Question 5

features/characteristics that are common to all languages

Answer 5

linguistic universals

Question 6

language that conveys meaning

Answer 6

semanticity

Question 7

no inherent connection btwn the units (sounds/words) used in a language and their meanings

Answer 7

arbitrariness

Question 8

connection btwn symblow and meaning is arbitrary, we can change those connections and invent new ones

Answer 8

flexibility

Question 9

we assign these to all the objects in our environment, to all the feelings/emotions, and ideas that we conceive

Answer 9

naming

Question 10

ability to talk about something other than the present moment

Answer 10

displacement

Question 11

rule based nature of language that an infinite # of sentences can be generated/produced by applying to rules of language

Answer 11

productivity

Question 12

Miller’s 5 levels of language analysis

Answer 12

• phonology
• syntax
• lexical/semantic
• conceptual
• belief

Question 13

analysis of sounds of language as they’re articulated and comprehended in speech

Answer 13

phonology

Question 14

analysis of word order and grammatically

Answer 14

syntax

Question 15

analysis of word meaning and the integration of word meanings within phrases/sentences

Answer 15

lexical/semantic

Question 16

analysis of phrase and sentence meaning with reference to knowledge in semantic memory

Answer 16

conceptual

Question 17

analysis of sentence & discourse meaning with reference to one’s own belief’s and one’s beliefs about a speaker’s intent and motivation

Answer 17

belief

Question 18

studies of cultural influences on language and thought is how one’s language affects one’s thinking

Answer 18

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis aka linguisitic relativity

Question 19

basic sounds that compose language

Answer 19

phoneme

Question 20

complete set of rules that generate all the acceptable utterances and won’t generate any unacceptable ill-informed ones

Answer 20

grammar

Question 21

internalized knowledge of language and its rules that fully fluent speakers of a a language have

Answer 21

competence

Question 22

actual language behavior a speaker generates, the sting of sounds and words that the speaker utters

Answer 22

performance

Question 23

errors in otherwise fluent speech

Answer 23

dysfluencies

Question 24

perception of similar lang sounds as being the same phoneme, despite the minor physical differences among them

Answer 24

categorical perception

Question 25

spoken sounds aren't invariante, they change depending on what sounds precede/ follow the word

Answer 25

prob of invariance

Question 26

simultaneous /overlapping articulation of 2 or more of the phonemes in a word

Answer 26

coarticuation

Question 27

surrounding situation and its effect on cognition, including concepts/ideas activated during comprehension

Answer 27

context

Question 28

arrangement of words as elements in a sentence to show their relationship to one another, grammatical structure, the rules governing the order of words in a sentence

Answer 28

syntax

Question 29

structure of lang, a combo of a phrase structure grammar and a set of transformational rules

Answer 29

Chomsky's transformational grammar

Question 30

meaning of the sentence, abstract level of representation of a sentence/idea

Answer 30

deep structure

Question 31

actual form of a sentence, whether written or spoken

Answer 31

surface structure

Question 32

having more than one meaning of words/sentences

Answer 32

ambiguous

Question 33

portion of LTM in which words/meanings are stored

Answer 33

mental lexicon

Question 34

smallest unit of meaning in language

Answer 34

morpheme

Question 35

particular case played by a word/concept

Answer 35

semantic case

Question 36

loss of some or all of previously intact language skills caused by brain disorder/damage

Answer 36

aphasia

Question 37

speech is hesitant, effortful & distorted phonemially, severe difficulties in producing spoken speech

Answer 37

Broca's aphasia

Question 38

serious disruption of comprehension and the use of invented words as well as semantically inappropriate substitutions.

Answer 38

Wernicke's aphasia

Question 39

disruption of language where the person is unable to repeat what has just been heard

Answer 39

conduction aphasia

Question 40

disruption in the ability to write caused by brain disorder/injury

Answer 40

agraphia

Question 41

disruption in the ability to read/recognize printed letters/words caused by brain disorder/injury

Answer 41

alexia

Question 42

disruption of word finding/retrieval caused by brain disorder/injury

Answer 42

anomia

Question 43

the listener's attitudes about the speaker influence what's comprehended and remembered

Answer 43

beliefs

Question 44

boosting of concept's levels of activation during comprehension

Answer 44

enhanment

Question 45

process of reducing the activation level of concepts no longer relvant to the meaning of a sentence

Answer 45

suppression

Question 46

memory representation of a real or possible world situation

Answer 46

situation model

Question 47

process of altering a person's situation model in the face of info about how the situation has changed

Answer 47

updating

Question 48

word for word transcription of what the subject said aloud during the problem solving attempt

Answer 48

verbal protocol

Question 49

tendency to become accustomed to a single way of thinking about a problem, making it difficult to recognize/generate alternative approaches

Answer 49

negative set

Question 50

example of negative set

Answer 50

water jug problem

Question 51

inability to think of or consider any but the customary uses for objects/tools

Answer 51

fxnal fixedness

Question 52

example of fxnal fixedness

Answer 52

2 string problem or candle problem

Question 53

initial, intermediate, and goal states in a prob, along with the problem solver's knowledge and any external resources that can be use to solve the prob

Answer 53

prob space

Question 54

legal move/ operation that can occur during solution of a prob

Answer 54

operator

Question 55

solution to the problem

Answer 55

goal

Question 56

assessing the distance btwn the current and goal states, then applying some operator that reduces that distance

Answer 56

means-end analysis

Question 57

intermediate goal that must be achieved to reach a final goal

Answer 57

subgoal

Question 58

assumption that readers try to interpret each content word of a text as that word is encountered during reading

Answer 58

immediacy assumption

Question 59

assumption that the eye normally remains fixated on a word as long as that word is being actively processed during reading

Answer 59

eye-mind assumption

Question 60

sentence in which an early word/phrase tends to be misinterpreted and must be reinterpreted after the mistake is noticed

Answer 60

garden path sentence

Question 61

task in which measurements are obtained as comprehension takes place

Answer 61

online comprehension task

Question 62

first mention is the same as the

Answer 62

primacy effect

Question 63

clause recency is the same as the

Answer 63

recency effect

Question 64

This is where there are two string tied to the ceiling and you have to tie them together and there is a weight and a chair in the room. Figure out how to get them tied.

Answer 64

2 string problem

Question 65

there is a box of nails, a candle, and a hammer and you have to make the candle fit in the box without lighting anything on fire

Answer 65

candle problem

Question 66

you are given numbers that tell you how much water is in these cups. You are given big numbers and have to figure out how to get the right amount of water in the jug

Answer 66

water jug problem

Question 67

specific rule or solution procedure that's certain to yield the correct answer if followed correctly

Answer 67

alogrithim

Question 68

informal rule of thumb method of solving probs, not necessarily guarenteed to solve the prob correctly but usually much faster than the correct algorithm

Answer 68

heuristic

Question 69

concrete words can be encoded into memory twice. once as verbal symbols and once as image based symbols

Answer 69

dual code hypothesis

Question 70

conceptual knowledge is the same as

Answer 70

semantic (general knowledge)

Question 71

blending of the senses

Answer 71

synesthesia

Question 72

sentence structure

Answer 72

syntax

Question 73

they argued that word order is more than just syntax and it reflects a more general property of human thought

Answer 73

Goldin-Meadow 2002

Question 74

He asked ppl to write paraphrases that preserved the original meaning. When there was a reordering of the sentences, he asked ppl if there was a difference and more than half of the ppl said there wasn't a difference.

Answer 74

Fillenbaum

Question 75

when general knowledge gets in the way ad overpowers syntactic aspects of a sentence

Answer 75

Fillenbaum's study

Question 76

she noted that several aspects of syntactic structures are consistent with the notion of automaticity

Answer 76

Bock

Question 77

she reviewed that evidence of an important interaction between syntax and meaning

Answer 77

Bock

Question 78

psycholingistic approach to lexical/semantic factors in language relies on

Answer 78

conceptually driven processing

Question 79

the early part of the sentence sets you up so that the later phrases in the sentence don't make sense given the way you assigned case roles in the first part

Answer 79

garden path sentences

Question 80

when you realize a mistake/error, you have to retrace your steps back up the path to reassign earlier words to different cases

Answer 80

garden path sentences

Question 81

later phrases indicate error in interpretation

Answer 81

garden path sentences

Question 82

these patients are unable to repeat what they've just heard

Answer 82

conduction aphasia

Question 83

Millers 5 levels of language analysis

Answer 83

- phonological - syntactic - lexical/semantic - conceptual - beliefs

Question 84

positive thoughts, create a positive mind

Answer 84

the Nun study

Question 85

2 string problem and the candle problem both explain

Answer 85

fxnal fixedness

Question 86

using extraordinary way to solve a prob

Answer 86

fxnal fixedness

Question 87

.when the usual way of problem solving no longer works and you have to re-strategize your problem solving

Answer 87

negative set