Final Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following is one of the advantages an interview schedule has over a questionnaire based survey?
Questionnaires are emic, and interview schedules are etic.
Interview schedules are better suited to urban, complex societies where most people can read.
Interview schedules rely on very short responses, and therefore are more useful when you have less time.
Questionnaires are completely unstructured, so your informants might deviate from the subject you want them to talk about.
Interview schedules allow informants to talk about what they see as important.
A
Interview schedules allow informants to talk about what they see as important.
2
Q
Which of the following techniques was developed specifically because of the importance of kinship and marriage relationships in nonindustrial societies?
The life history Network analysis The interview schedule Participant observation The genealogical method
A
The genealogical method
3
Q
In the field, ethnographers strive to establish rapport,
and if that fails, the next option is to pay people so they will talk about their culture
a timeline that states when every member of the community will be interviewed.
also known as a cultural relativist attitude.
a good, friendly working relationship based on personal contact.
a respectful and formal working relationship with the political leaders of the community.
A
a good, friendly working relationship based on personal contact
4
Q
Which of the following is a significant change in the history of ethnography?
Ethnographers now use only quantitative techniques.
There are now fewer native ethnographers.
Ethnographers have begun to work for colonial governments.
Ethnographers have stopped using the standard four-member format, because it disturbs the informants.
Larger numbers of ethnographies are being done about people in Western, industrialized nations.
A
Larger numbers of ethnographies are being done about people in Western, industrialized nations.
5
Q
A genealogical consultant is an expert who teaches an ethnographer about a particular aspect of local life.
True
False
A
False
key cultural consultant
6
Q
A synchronic approach studies societies as they exist at one point in time, while a diachronic approach studies societies across time.
True
False
A
true
7
Q
At the beginning of the 20th century, the influential French sociologist Bronislaw Malinowski proposed a new social science that would be based on the study of social facts, analytically distinct from the individuals from whose behaviour those facts were inferred.
True
False
A
False
Emile Durkheim
8
Q
Structuralism, a theoretical approach that aims to discover relations, themes, and connections among aspects of culture, has been faulted for being overly formal and for ignoring social process. Contemporary anthropologists now emphasize how day-to-day action, practice or resistance can make and remake culture. Agency refers to the actions that individuals take, both alone and in groups, in forming and transforming cultural identities.
True
False
A
true
9
Q
As one of the ethnographer’s characteristic field research practices, the genealogical method is a techniques that uses diagrams and symbols to record kin connections.
True
False
A
True
10
Q
Which of the following statements about ethnography is NOT true?
It was traditionally practived in non-Western and small-scale societies.
Contemporary anthropologists have rejected it as overly formal and for ignoring social process.
It may involve participant observation and survey research.
Bronislaw Malinowski was one of its earliest influential practitioners.
It is anthropology’s distinctive strategy.
A
Contemporary anthropologists have rejected it as overly formal and for ignoring social process.
11
Q
In the video clip for this chapter, Dr. Crocker took part in community life as he studied it. This ethnographic procedure is called:
participant life history ethical archaeology interview schedules genealogical method participant observation
A
participant observation
12
Q
The video clip’s description of the long term friendship between Crocker and Roberto demonstrates:
the fact that both men were extremely lonely
the importance of personal relationships in ethnographic research
the importance of making friends of the same sex
that they were in business together
that the two men had a lot in common
A
the importance of personal relationships in ethnographic research
13
Q
In what way did Crocker study with the Canela?
he talked to them on the telephone he excavated their land he met them in a school setting he lived in their community he passed out surveys
A
he lived in their community
14
Q
In what way did Crocker study with the Canela?
he talked to them on the telephone he excavated their land he met them in a school setting he lived in their community he passed out surveys
A
South America
15
Q
What term best describes Raimundo Roberto’s role in Crocker’s ethnographic research
foreign specialist key cultural consultant rival priest consultant dance
A
key cultural consultant
16
Q
Recent research on the origin of language suggests that
Fine tongue and lip movements that are necessary for clear speech are passed on through enculturation.
Call systems evolved into complex languages 50 kya.
a mutation in humans (which happened 150 kya) may have conferred selective advantages (linguistic and cultural abilities).
the capacity to remember and combine linguistic symbols is latent in all mammals.
It was a sudden event that made tool making among Homo possible.
A
a mutation in humans (which happened 150 kya) may have conferred selective advantages (linguistic and cultural abilities).
17
Q
What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis state?
Culture and language are transmitted independently.
Different languages produce different ways of thinking.
The Hopi do not use three verb tenses; they have no concept of time.
Dialect variation is the result of toilet-training practices.
The degree of cultural complexity is associated with the effectiveness of languages as systems of communication.
A
Different languages produce different ways of thinking.
18
Q
Research on communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals that
they can construct elaborate call systems, often indicating several messages simultaneously.
female nonhuman primates are more sensitive to different shades of green than their male counterparts are.
Australopithecines also communicated using call systems.
they can’t combine the calls for food and danger into a single utterance.
they, too, possess a universal grammar.
A
they can’t combine the calls for food and danger into a single utterance.
19
Q
When Washoe and Lucy tried to teach sign language to other chimpanzees, this was an example of
call systems. productivity displacement. estrus cultural transmission.
A
cultural transmission.
20
Q
What is the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions?
biosemantics diglossia protolinguistics kinesics ethnosemantics
A
kinesics
21
Q
Variation in speech due to different contexts or situations is known as linguistic shifting.
True
False
A
False
style shifting
22
Q
Biglossia refers to the existence of “high” and “low” dialects within a single language.
True
False
A
False
Diglossia
23
Q
The world’s linguistic diversity has been cut in half in the past 500 years, and half of the remaining 7,000 languages are predicted to disappear during this century.
True
False
A
True
24
Q
In a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept it as “standard” or superior. In Pierre Bourdieu’s term, this is an instance of symbolic domination.
True
False
A
True
25
Productivity refers to the ability to create new expressions by combining other expressions, while displacement is the ability to descried things and events that are not present.
True
False
True
26
In the video clip for this chapter, the linguist Thomas Roeper compares language ability to:
```
wind
a dream
an animal
a book
a seed
```
a seed
27
According to the clip, mothers help babies to understand concepts of approval, prohibition, and questions by speaking:
```
gently and with long pauses
indirectly to them through others
only in songs
in riddles and parables
loudly to their faces
```
gently and with long pauses
28
The example of a young child who speaks English saying "throw ball" and, young child who speaks German saying "ball throw" implies that:
none of these choices are correct
they understand the basic grammatical rule of the language around them
these children can spell those words
they don't understand the grammatical rules of the language around them
these children cannot communicate with one another
they understand the basic grammatical rule of the language around them
29
According to Dr. Ronald Macaulay, many unrelated languages of the world have similar words (mama, papa, baba) for primary caretakers. These similarities likely exist because:
its what parents what to hear
these sounds are harder to make than other sounds
these words have spiritual significance
these sounds are easier for babies to produce than other sounds
all babies are taught these words
these sounds are easier for babies to produce than other sounds
30
The example of a young child calling his father's sunglasses "Dada" reveals that children:
can speak without being prompted
cannot learn the correct words for objects until elementary school
cannot comprehend complex words
can imitate adult language
can make abstract connections between two different concepts
can make abstract connections between two different concepts
31
What is the term for a social status that is not automatic; that comes through choices, actions, effects, talents, or accomplishments; and that may be positive or negative?
```
Negotiated status
Ascribed status
Situational status
Ethnicity
Achieved status
```
Achieved status
32
What is the term for the identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic tradition and exclusion from other ethnic traditions?
```
Culture shock
Assimilation
Ethnicity
Ethnocentrism
Cultural relativism
```
Ethnicity
33
What is the term for the physical destruction of an ethnic or religious group through mass murder?
```
Genocide
Racist expulsion
Ethnic expulsion
Ethnocentrism
Forced assimilation
```
Genocide
34
What is the term for the belief that a perceived racial difference is a sufficient reason to value one person less than another (such as in the case of burakumin in Japan)?
```
Intrinsic racism
Extrinsic racism
Hypodescent
Hyperdescent
De jure discrimination
```
Intrinsic racism
35
Human races, like ethnicities in general, are
used by social scientists to classify humans based on genes and shared blood.
a biological reality as much as a cultural one.
a meaningless concept to people living day-to-day.
cultural rather than biological categories
poorly understood by geneticists and therefore considered a cultural category
cultural rather than biological categories
36
Natural Colonialism is the internal domination by one group and its culture / ideology over others.
True
False
False
| Cultural Colonialism
37
Multiculturalism is the view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining.
True
False
True
38
Prejudice refers to the devaluing of a group because of its assumed behaviour, values, abilities or attributes.
True
False
True
39
Hypocaste is the term for the arbitrary rule that automatically places the children of a union between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less-privileged group.
True
False
False
| Hypodescent
40
Given the lack of distinction between race and ethnicity, this chapter suggest the term ethnic group instead of “race” to describe any such social group.
True
False
True
41
In the video clip for this chapter, there are problems with reconciliation between the two groups because:
the international community doesn't care to help mediate
resentment over past crimes still exists
there isn't enough money to go around
none of these choices are correct
each side wants the conflict to continue
resentment over past crimes still exists
42
The Croat woman in the video clip who was trying to return to her home (which was occupied by a Muslim family who had to leave their own home because it had been burned) demonstrated that both Croats and Muslims are:
```
Different races
Singers
refugees
Muslims
Africans
```
refugees
43
In the video clip, the difference phone systems, license plates, and currencies in the same town are all markers of:
```
sexual orientation
age
race
ethnicity
gender
```
ethnicity
44
What place are the Croats visiting near a currently Muslim dominated area?
```
a mosque
a museum
a river
a cemetery
a synagogue
```
a cemetery
45
The town that is the focus of the video clip is:
```
Sarajevo
Zenica
Bukovica
Banja Luka
Sweden
```
Bukovica
46
Which of the following is found in all adaptive strategies?
```
Transhumance
A strong positive correlation between the importance of kinship and complexity of subsistence technology.
Domestication of animals for food.
A division of labour based on gender.
An emphasis on technology.
```
A division of labour based on gender.
47
Which of the following statements about horticulture is true?
It usually leads to the destruction of the soil through overuse.
It can support permanent villages.
It is usually associated with state-level societies.
It requires more labour than agriculture.
It typically supports life in cities.
It can support permanent villages.
48
Which of the following is the key factor that distinguishes agriculturalists from horticulturalists?
Agriculturalists
use their land intensively and continuously.
clear a tract of land they wish to use by cutting down trees and setting fire to the grass.
subsist of a more nutritious diet than do horticulturalists.
generally have much more leisure time at their disposal than do foragers.
must be nomadic to take full advantage of their land.
use their land intensively and continuously
49
Which of the following is associated with horticultural systems of cultivation?
Intensive use of land and human labour.
Periodic cycles of cultivation and fallowing.
Location in arid areas.
Use of irrigation and terracing.
Use of draft animals.
Periodic cycles of cultivation and fallowing.
50
Which of the following statements about generalized reciprocity is true?
It is characterized by the immediate return of the object exchanged.
Which of the following statements about generalized reciprocity is true?
It is characterized by the immediate return of the object exchanged.
It is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies.
Correct!
It usually develops after redistribution but before the market principle.
It disappears with the origin of the state.
It is exemplified by silent trade
It usually develops after redistribution but before the market principle.
It disappears with the origin of the state.
It is exemplified by silent trade
Which of the following statements about generalized reciprocity is true?
It is characterized by the immediate return of the object exchanged.
It is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies.
Correct!
It usually develops after redistribution but before the market principle.
It disappears with the origin of the state.
It is exemplified by silent trade
51
When a farmer gives 20 percent of his crop to a landlord, he is contributing to his spent fund.
True
False
False
| rent
52
The potlatch is a festive event within a regional exchange system among tribes of the North Pacific Coast of North America. Ecological anthropologists interpret this event as a cultural adaptation to alternating periods of local abundance and shortage, rejecting the belief that it illustrates economically wasteful and irrational behaviour.
True
False
True
53
Economists tend to assume that producers and distributors make decision rationally by using the production motive. Anthropologists, however, know that this motive is not universal.
True
False
False
| profit
54
In nonindustrial societies, a kin-based mode of production prevails.
True
False
True
55
The way a society’s social relations are organized to produce the labour necessary for generating the society’s subsistence and energy needs is known as the mode of production. Means of production refers to society’s major productive resources, such as land, labour, technology, and capital.
True
False
True
56
The beaded necklaces represented __________ wealth.
```
physical
diamond
social
spiritual
monetary
```
Social
57
The San inhabit the ___________.
```
Equatorial forests of Central Africa
Mojave desert in North America
Kalahari desert of Southern Africa
Wet rainforests of Central America
Sahara desert near North Africa
```
Kalahari desert of Southern Africa
58
According to Dr. Wiessner, a very important step in human evolution was made with the development of:
```
the first burials
kinship and social networks
the control of fire
language as a communication system
the development of writing
```
kinship and social networks
59
For the San woman in the clip, the beaded necklaces represented
```
her social relationships
her favorite colors
her devotion to certain gods
the number of children she had
the amount of grain she had stored
```
her social relationships
60
Another term to describe the adaptive strategy of the San is:
```
horticulture
foraging
modern industrialists
pastoralism
agriculture
```
foraging
61
In what kind of society does differential access to strategic resources based on social stratification occur?
```
Chiefdoms
Clans
States
Bands
Tribes
```
States
62
A band refers to a small kin-based group found among foragers. In this type of political system,
there is no way of settling disputes since everybody gets along among equals.
laws dictating proper social norms are passed on through songs from generation to generation.
misbehaviour was punished by a group of men who had more possessions than anyone else.
band leaders were leaders in name only; sometimes they gave advice or made decisions, but they had no way to enforce their will on others.
there is no division of labour based on age and gender.
band leaders were leaders in name only; sometimes they gave advice or made decisions, but they had no way to enforce their will on others.
63
The anthropological approach to the study of political systems and organization is global and comparative,
although this area is becoming less and less interesting to study because there are very few new nation-states.
but it focuses on people’s experiences and leaves the study of institutions of political power to other scholars.
but it focuses exclusively on non-states, leaving the study of states and nation-states to political scientists.
although this sometimes leads to disciplinary turf wars with other disciplines such as political science and sociology.
and it includes non-states as well as the states and nation-states traditionally studied by political scientists.
and it includes non-states as well as the states and nation-states traditionally studied by political scientists.
64
In foraging and tribal societies, what is the basis for the amount of respect or status attached to an individual?
Rank ascribed at birth, wives, and children.
The amount of territory a person owns.
The amount of possessions one owns and the ability to convert them into cast.
Prestige inherited from your parents.
Personal attributes, such as wisdom, leadership skills and generosity
Personal attributes, such as wisdom, leadership skills and generosity
65
Which of the following statements about the Inuit song battle is true?
It is a ritualized means of designating hunting lands.
It is sometimes the occasion for a "treacherous feast".
It is a means of resolving disputes so as to forestall open conflict.
It is a widespread feature of tribal society.
It is used to initiate colonial strategies
It is a means of resolving disputes so as to forestall open conflict.
66
The influential sociologist Max Weber defined three related dimensions of social stratification. They are wealth, power, and prestige.
True
False
True
67
Prestige is esteem, respect or approval for culturally valued acts or qualities.
True
False
True
68
Age set refers to a group uniting all men or women born during a certain span of time
True
False
True
69
Broader than political control, the concept of social control refers to those fields of the social system (beliefs, practices, and institutions) that are most actively involved in the maintenance of any norms and the regulation of any conflict.
True
False
True
70
Among the different types of socio-political systems, nation-states lack socioeconomic stratification and stratum endogamy although they do exhibit inequality and a permanent political structure.
True
False
False
| chiefdoms
71
Which one of the following values seems to be very important in Canela society?
```
sharing
hatred
selfishness
pity
pride
```
sharing
72
What type of socio-political organization do the Canela exhibit?
```
band
chiefdom
state
gang
tribe
```
Tribe
73
At the time the video was made, the Canela numbered about:
```
200
1200
800
1000
10,000
```
1200
74
```
The whole village participated in a:
marriage negotiation
local charity event
harvest celebration
mending ritual
ritual to fight off illness
```
mending ritual
75
What major role does Raimundo Roberto serve in Canela society?
```
ceremonial chief
king of the entire group
government official
president of the blacksmith guild
school teacher
```
ceremonial chief
76
In comparing gender roles in different societies, which of the following is true?
The more women contribute to the domestic sphere, the more publically recognized power they achieve.
Equality between the genders is common among horticulturalists.
Patriarchies are strongest in societies in which men control significant goods that are exchanged with people outside the family.
There are many societies in which women control all the strategic resources and carry out the most prestigious activities.
Patriarchies are strongest in societies in which men control significant goods that are exchanged with people outside the family.
77
In what kind of society do anthropologists most typically find forced female genital operations, inter-village raiding, female infanticide, and dowry?
```
Patrilineal - neolocal
Patrilineal - matrilocal
Matrilineal - matrilocal
Patrilineal - patrilocal
Matrilineal - patrilocal
```
Patrilineal - patrilocal
78
All of the following are key ideas to take away from this chapter’s discussion of sexual orientation except:
Different types of sexual desires and experiences hold different meanings for individuals and groups.
Culture always plays a role in moulding individual sexual urges toward a collective norm and these norms vary from culture to culture.
Asexuality, indifference toward, or lack of attraction to either sex, is also a sexual orientation.
In a society, individuals will differ in the nature, range, and intensity of sexual interests and urges.
There is conclusive scientific evidence that sexual orientation is genetically determined.
There is conclusive scientific evidence that sexual orientation is genetically determined
79
The “traditional” idea that “a woman’s place is in the home”
is based in the preindustrial era and began to disappear as women moved into the factories in the 1900s.
was part of the Pledge of Allegiance until it was challenged in the early 1800s.
developed among middle- and upper-class Americans as industrialism spread after 1900.
accurately reflects the worldwide sexual division of labour.
is actually a cultural universal.
developed among middle- and upper-class Americans as industrialism spread after 1900.
80
Among foragers
warfare makes men dominant over women.
the status of women falls when they provide most of the food.
men excel in the harsh life and therefore accrue vastly more prestige than women.
men and women are completely equal; there is no gender inequality.
the lack of a clear public-domestic dichotomy is related to relatively mild gender inequality.
the lack of a clear public-domestic dichotomy is related to relatively mild gender inequality.
81
In general, the status of women is higher in societies with matrilineal descent than in those with Patrilineal descent.
True
False
True
82
Cultural stratification refers to an unequal distribution of socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom between men and women.
True
False
False
| Gender stratification
83
American’s attitudes towards gender vary with class and region. When the need for female labour declines, the idea that women are unfit for many jobs decreases and vice versa.
True
False
False
| increases
84
Sex differences are biological, while gender refers to the cultural construction of whether one is female, male or something else.
True
False
True
85
Gender roles refer to the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes.
True
False
True
86
According to the video clip "gender apartheid" has come into greater use to describe gender discrimination because
it is more effective in raising awareness.
gender discrimination is worse than racial discrimination.
world leaders voted in favor of using this term.
the term "discrimination" is so overused it has lost its impact.
it better describes the fact that women are treated differently as part of a distinct category.
it better describes the fact that women are treated differently as part of a distinct category.
87
The video clip showed that Kofi Annan's concern regarding gender discrimination is because
it keeps 50% of people in a society or institution from participating in the creation and input of new ideas and capacity.
there is very little political will to change the situation.
it is much worse in developing countries than it is in developed nations.
will probably never go away since it is a natural part of human psychology.
it has increased because of globalization.
it keeps 50% of people in a society or institution from participating in the creation and input of new ideas and capacity.
88
The video clip highlights that the birth of a boy in China is typically viewed as a "big blessing." In Guatemala, it is often viewed as "winning the lotto." These examples illustrate that
parents all over the world are mostly concerned with the monetary value of their newborn.
China and Guatemala have a high degree of cultural affinity.
gender discrimination only occurs in developing nations.
preference for boys is a shared quality in very different cultures.
parents all over the world are grateful for the arrival of a newborn, regardless of gender.
preference for boys is a shared quality in very different cultures
89
In many parts of the world, boys are more likely than girls to benefit from limited resources such as medications, education, and even food. This suggests that
mothers themselves may be implicated in the perpetuation of gender discrimination.
boys take better advantage of these resources than girls do.
girls rarely make it to the age of 2, causing drastic shifts in the sex ratio in populations worldwide.
gender discrimination is really about economics.
the problem of gender discrimination would be solved if there were more resources.
mothers themselves may be implicated in the perpetuation of gender discrimination
90
Women do more than half of the world's work,
but most of this work is at home with the children.
yet they earn more than their share.
proving that women are stronger than men.
yet they earn only a fraction of the income.
yet they earn nothing.
yet they earn only a fraction of the income.
91
Which of the following statements about the nuclear family is NOT true?
Most people belong to at least two nuclear families during their lives.
In the United States, nuclear families accounted for just 22.5 percent of house-holds in 2007.
The nuclear family is a cultural universal.
A family of procreation may be a nuclear family.
A family of orientation may be a nuclear family.
The nuclear family is a cultural universal.
92
The nuclear family is the most common kin groups in what kinds of societies?
```
Industrial middle class and foraging bands
Patrilocal and matrilocal
Lineages and clans
Ambilineal and collateral
Tribal societies and chiefdoms
```
Industrial middle class and foraging bands
93
Why is a focus on the nuclear family characteristic of many modern nations? Because
isolation from the extended family arises from geographic mobility that is characteristic of many industrialized societies.
the nuclear family is the most common family arrangement in industrialized societies.
higher incomes have made it possible for most adults to achieve the American cultural ideal of a nuclear family.
modernity is associated with smaller and more exclusive households, especially among the urban poor.
the nuclear family is the most developed form of domestic arrangement.
isolation from the extended family arises from geographic mobility that is characteristic of many industrialized societies.
94
Like race, kinship is culturally constructed. This means that
people perceive and define kin relations differently in different cultures, although anthropologists have discovered a limited number of patterns in which people classify their kin.
the educational system is failing to educate people about real, biologically based human relations.
studies of kinship tell us little about people’s actual experiences.
like race, kinship is a fiction, with no real social consequence.
it is a phenomenon separated from other real aspects of society, such as economics and politics.
people perceive and define kin relations differently in different cultures, although anthropologists have discovered a limited number of patterns in which people classify their kin.
95
What is another name for a person's "in-laws"?
```
affinals
merging relatives
lineals
collaterals
No answer text provided.
family of orientation
```
affinals
96
In bilineal kinship calculation, kin ties are traced equally through males and females.
True
False
False
| bilateral
97
Neolocality refers to the post-marital residence pattern in which the married couple is expected to establish its own home.
True
False
True
98
In a bifurcate merging kinship terminology, lineal and collateral relatives are merged.
True
False
True
99
The family of orientation is the name of the family in which a child is raised, while the family of post-creation is the name of the family established when one marries and has children.
True
False
False
| procreation
100
A bloodline refers to a unilineal descent group whose members demonstrate their common descent from an apical ancestor.
True
False
False
| lineage
101
According to the video clip, an estimated ___________ girls go missing, either aborted or placed in orphanages.
```
one billion
one million
100,000
50,000
1,000
```
one million
102
In China, boys are considered to be more valuable to parents because they:
```
protect the family from harm
eat less food
go to school
will take care of their parents in the future
help their parents around the house
```
will take care of their parents in the future
103
What is the ratio of boys to girls in Hunan province?
200: 1
175: 100
100: 98
175: 50
165: 70
175:100
104
A family discussed in the clip had to work in fields and were fined financially because they:
```
kidnapped someone's son
stole food
had more than one child
sent their daughter to an orphanage
owed money to a neighbor
```
had more than one child
105
The government of China sought to abolish patriarchal authority and introduce:
```
families of orientation
extended families
matriarchal authority
equality of the sexes
polygamous unions
```
equality of the sexes
106
Which of the following statements about divorce is NOT true?
Divorce is harder in a patrilineal society.
Divorce is unique to industrialized nation-states.
The more substantial the joint property, the more complicated the divorce.
Divorce is more common now than it was a century ago.
Substantial bridewealth may decrease the divorce rate.
Divorce is unique to industrialized nation-states
107
Which of the following statements about marriage is true?
It involves a woman and the genitor of her children.
It is a cultural universal.
It always involves a priest.
Rings must be exchanged.
It must involve at least one biological male and at least one biological female.
It is a cultural universal.
108
How is exogamy adaptive?
It increases the likelihood that disadvantageous alleles will find phenotypic expression and thus be eliminated from the population.
It is not adaptive; it is just a culture construction.
It impedes peaceful relations among social groups and therefore promotes population expansion.
It increases the number of individuals on whom one can rely in time of need.
It increases the number of individuals on whom one can rely in time of need.
109
Which of the following is not a form of polygamy?
A man who has two wives, one of whom is biologically female, while the other is biologically male, but is regarded as having the spirit of a woman.
A man who has three wives.
A man who marries, then divorces, then marries again, then divorces again, then marries again, each time to a different woman.
A man who has three wives, all of whom are sisters.
A woman who has three husbands, all of whom are brothers.
A man who marries, then divorces, then marries again, then divorces again, then marries again, each time to a different woman.
110
Among social scientists, which is the most accepted explanation for the incest taboo?
Marry out or die out.
Genetically determined attraction for those most different from ourselves
The widespread fear of biological degeneration
Attempt or contempt
Instinctive horror caused by genes.
Marry out or die out
111
Dowry is a marital exchange in which the bride’s family or kin group provides substantial gifts when their daughter marries. This custom is correlated with high female status.
True
False
False
| low
112
When a widower marries a sister of his deceased wife, this is called a levirate.
True
False
False
| sororate
113
The custom called levirate occurs when a widow marries a brother of her deceased husband.
True
False
True
114
The term genitor refers to the biological father of a child, while pater is the term anthropologists use to identify ego’s socially recognized father.
True
False
True
115
Endogamy refers to the culturally sanctioned practice of marrying someone within a group to which one belongs.
True
False
True
116
The Dinka live on the northeastern part of what continent?
```
Africa
North America
Australia
South America
Eurasia
```
Africa
117
```
According to the video, which two things have ultimate value in Dinka life?
pigs and goats
cattle and peanuts
farming and fishing
children and cattle
dogs and women
```
children and cattle
118
It is considered normal for a Dinka man to aspire to have more than one wife. This practice is called:
```
dowry
polyandry
polygyny
incest
levirate
```
polygyny
119
```
The elder in the beginning of the clip complains that since his own marriage, the cost of bride wealth has:
gone up
remained the same
affected the progress of the town
changed his status
gone down
```
gone up
120
How did the courtship of Majok and Akol change once their families approved the marriage?
They participated in a healing ceremony
Things remained exactly the same
They're allowed to meet without an escort
They decided not to marry
They were allowed to move in together
They're allowed to meet without an escort
121
What does the anthropological analysis of the Hindu practice of ahimsa suggest?
Religious beliefs often impede evolutionary progress by encouraging wasteful energy expenditure.
Generalized reciprocity
Religion is a realm of behaviour in which people do not try to behave rationally (i.e., maximize profit and minimize loss).
Beliefs about the supernatural can function as part of a group’s adaptation to the environment.
Antagonism between the sexes characterizes primitive religious practice.
Beliefs about the supernatural can function as part of a group’s adaptation to the environment
122
Is American society really growing more secular? On this question, a considerable body of sociological research suggests that;
this question cannot be answered accurately because people typically lie about their religious affiliations in surveys.
it is becoming more secular because less people go to church.
it is becoming more secular because scientific education in schools is improving.
it is becoming more religious because more and more people feel their national identity threatened due to rising levels of migration from non-Christian countries.
levels of American religiosity haven’t changed much over the past century.
levels of American religiosity haven’t changed much over the past century
123
According to Sir Edward Tylor, the founder of the anthropology of religion, what is the sequence through which religion evolved?
```
Mana, polytheism, monotheism
Olympianism, polytheism, monotheismb. Olympianism, polytheism, monotheism
Animism, cargo cults, monotheism
Animism, polytheism, monotheism
Polytheism, animism, monotheism
```
Animism, polytheism, monotheism
124
Which of the following describes the concept of mana, a sacred impersonal force existing in the universe, as was used in Polynesia and Melanesia?
In both cases, mana was concerned with supernatural beings rather than with powers or forces.
Most anthropologists agree that mana was the most primitive religious doctrine in Polynesia and Melanesia.
In Melanesia, where mana was similar to the notion of luck, anyone could get it; but in Polynesia, mana was attached to political elites.
The concept of mana was absent in societies with differential access to strategic resources.
In Polynesia and Melanesia, mana was taboo.
In Melanesia, where mana was similar to the notion of luck, anyone could get it; but in Polynesia, mana was attached to political elites.
125
What is typically observed during the liminal phase of a rite of passage?
formation of a ranking system
no change in the social norms
use of secular language
symbolic reversals of ordinary behavior
intensification of social hierarchy
symbolic reversals of ordinary behavior
126
Contagious magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it.
True
False
True
127
A shovelling mechanism refers to a custom of social action that operates to reduce difference in wealth and bring standouts in line with community norms.
True
False
False
| levelling mechanism
128
According to Tylor, animism, a belief in spiritual beings, was the earliest form of religion.
True
False
True
129
A revitalisation is a cultural, especially a religious mix, emerging from acculturation.
True
False
False
| syncretism
130
The term communitas refers to an intense feeling of solidarity that characterizes collective liminality.
True
False
True
131
(In the video clip for this chapter, Mr. Nana Kofi Owusu wore charms around his body and carried a sword in order to:
```
attract certain spirits
slaughter a pig
create a new shrine
threaten the onlookers in the crowd
protect himself from spiritual attacks
```
protect himself from spiritual attacks
132
```
According to the video clip, the oldest and most prominent deity of the Bono is:
Tano
Shango
Ogun
Yemeja
Nana Owusu
```
Tano
133
The shrines of the Bono are:
```
mirrors covered in sand
painted carved staffs
branches covered with nails
brass pans resting on stools
dishes of water and seashells
```
brass pans resting on stools
134
Mr. Nana Kofi Owusu's replacement as a Tano priest healer will be chosen through a process of:
```
spirit possession
fierce physical competition
random selection
divination
a test of poison
```
spirit possession
135
```
In the village of Krobo in Ghana, each shrine is owned by:
a certain elderly woman
a specific family
a secret society
the richest man
a powerful chief
```
a specific family
136
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