Final Brain Anatomy Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Name the four major brain regions
A
Cerebrum, Diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum
2
Q
what is gyri?
A
ridges ( bumps)
3
Q
what is sulci?
A
depressions between ridges
4
Q
what are fissures ?
A
deep sulci
5
Q
brain is protected by
A
bone, meninges, CFS, blood - brain barrier
6
Q
what does the blood brain barrier do?
A
controls what passes from blood to the brain
7
Q
what is the role of cranial meninges
A
help contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
8
Q
from deep to superficial name the three layers of meninges
A
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
9
Q
subarachnoid space contains
A
cerebrospinal fluid
10
Q
pia mater is the innermost of the meninges and adheres
A
to the brain surface
11
Q
where does the arachnoid mater lie ?
A
external to pia mater
12
Q
dura mater keeps the
A
2 hemispheres from clashing
13
Q
what is dura mater made of ?
A
dense irregular connective tissue in 2 layers
14
Q
name the 2 layers of dura mater
A
meningeal layer which is the deeper layer and periosteal layer which is the more superficial layer
15
Q
periosteal layer of dura mater sticks
A
directly to bone
16
Q
what drains blood from the brain?
A
dural venous sinuses
17
Q
what is the cranial dural septa
A
double layers of dura mater that extend into cranial cavity
18
Q
name the four cranial dural septa
A
falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, diaphragma sellae
19
Q
what is the epidural space?
A
separation between dura mater and the bones of the skull
20
Q
falx cerebri is located
A
on midline, and projects into longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres
21
Q
what is the “tent” that separates occipital and temporal lobes from cerebellum called?
A
tentorium cerebelli
22
Q
which cranial dural septa runs vertically in midsagittal plane?
A
falx cerebelli
23
Q
what are ventricles and what do they contain?
A
cavities within the brain, contain cerebrospinal fluid
24
Q
ventricles connect with
A
eachother and with spinal cord’s central canal
25
how many ventricles are within the brain?
four
26
name the 4 ventricles
two lateral ventricles, third ventricle and fourth ventricle
27
what separates the two lateral ventricles ?
septum pellucidum
28
where is the third ventricle located ?
in a narrow space in middle of diencephalon
29
what is connected to each lateral ventricle by an interventricular foramen?
third ventricle
30
what does the fourth ventricle merge with after narrowing ?
central canal of spinal cord
31
fourth ventricle is connected to third ventricle by
cerebral aqueduct
32
what are the functions of CFS?
buoyancy, protection and environmental stability
33
how is the CFS formed ?
formed by choroid plexus in each ventricle
34
excess CSF flows into _____ and drains into____
arachnoid villi, dural venous sinuses
35
what is filtered through capillary and modified by ependymal cells
blood plasma
36
what is the cerebrum responsible for ?
intelligence/reasoning, thought/memory, voluntary control of skeletal muscle and conscious perception of senses
37
cerebrum is composed of left and right
cerebral hemispheres
38
what is the longitudinal fissure?
deep cleft separating the hemispheres
39
what is the corpus callosum
largest tract providing connection between the two hemispheres
40
each hemispheres interacts with
opposite side of body
41
which side of the hemisphere is speech located in?
left hemisphere
42
what is the cerebral lateralization?
distribution of functions between the right and the left side of the brain.
43
how many lobes are in each hemisphere?
five lobes
44
how many and which lobes overlie the cranial bones
four lobes which include frontal , parietal, temporal and occipital
45
which lobe is not visible at surface?
insular lobe
46
which lobe is the anterior part of cerebrum?
frontal
47
what is the posterior border of frontal lobe
central sulcus
48
what does the precentral gyrus controls
voluntary movement
49
what separates inferior frontal lobe from temporal lobe
lateral sulcus
50
name the functions of the frontal lobe
motor control, concentration, verbal communication, decision making/planning/personality
51
name the superoposterior part of cerebrum
parietal lobe
52
what is the anterior border of the parietal lobe
central sulcus
53
what is the posterior border of parietal lobe
parieto-occipital sulcus
54
what is the lateral border of the parietal lobe
lateral sulcus
55
what is the function of parietal lobe
serves general sensory functions
56
which lobe is located inferior to lateral sulcus?
temporal lobe
57
what are the functions of temporal lobe
hearing and smell
58
what is the posterior part of cerebrum?
occipital lobe
59
what are the functions of the occipital lobe
vision and visual memories
60
which lobe is deep to lateral sulcus
insula
61
which lobe can be seen by pulling away temporal lobe?
insula lobe
62
name the functions of the insula lobe
memory and sense of taste
63
the motor areas of the cerebrum is housed
within frontal lobes
64
where is the primary motor cortex located
precentral gyrus
65
the primary motor cortex is also called
somatic motor area
66
what does the primary motor cortex control
skeletal muscle activity on opposite side of body
67
what is the motor homunculus ?
depicts the involvement of the primary motor cortex in producing movements of regions of the body. for ex: hands are large bc large area of brain controls their precise movements
68
where is the primary somatosensory cortex located ?
postcentral gyrus of parietal lobes
69
from which receptor does the primary somatosensory cortex receives somatic sensory info?
proprioceptors on the skin
70
which area is located posterior to postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe
somatosensory association area
71
what is the central white matter composed of
myelinated axons grouped into tracts
72
where is the central white matter located
deep to gray cerebral cortex
73
what are association tracts
connect regions of cerebral cortex within same hemisphere
74
what are commissural tracts
connect regions in different hemispheres
75
what are projection tracts
a type of white matter tract that links cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions and spinal cord
76
what makes up the diencephalon
epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus
77
what is the epithalamus
forms posterior part of roof of diencephalon and covers third ventricle
78
the pineal grand secretes
melatonin
79
where is the thalamus located
lateral sides of third ventricle
80
what is responsible for filtering out background noise in a crowded room
thalamus
81
the thalamus receives signals from all conscious senses except
olfaction
82
what is the anteroinferior region of the diencephalon
hypothalamus
83
what are the functions of the hypothalamus
control of autonomic nervous system, endocrine system and regulation of body temp., food/water intake, sleep-wake rhythms and emotional behavior
84
what is an infundibulum
stalk of pituitary that extends from hypothalamus
85
what does the brainstem connect
cerebrum , diencephalon and cerebellum to spinal cord
86
what does the brainstem consists of
midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
87
what connects cerebellum to midbrain
superior cerebellar peduncles
88
cerebral peduncles
motor tracts on surface of midbrain
89
what connects cerebellum to midbrain
superior cerebellar peduncles
90
what connects third and fourth ventricles
cerebral aqueduct
91
midbrain houses nuclei of which cranial nerves
CN 3 and 4
92
tectum contains a pair of superior colliculi which control
visual reflexes and tracking
93
tectum contains a pair of inferior colliculi which control
auditory reflexes
94
what is the bulging on anterior brainstem called
pons
95
the pontine respiratory center helps regulate
skeletal muscles of breathing
96
which cranial nerve nuclei are located in the pons
CN 5- 8
97
what is the inferior portion of the brainstem
medulla oblongata
98
what are the pair of ridges on anterior surface of medulla oblongata called
pyramids
99
pyramids on medulla oblongata house corticospinal tracts for ___
motor control
100
what are the bulges lateral to each pyramid called
olives
101
olives on medulla oblongata relay proprioceptive information to
cerebellum
102
autonomic nuclei of medulla consists of a
cardiovascular center
103
the cardiovascular center of medulla is composed of
cardiac center, vasomotor, medullary respiratory center
104
cardiac center regulates
hearts output
105
vasomotor center regulates
blood vessel diameter which influences blood pressure
106
medullary respiratory center controls
breathing rate
107
cranial nerve nuclei of medulla
CN 8 , 9, 10, 11, 12
108
what is the role of nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis
receives somatic sensory information
109
which is the second largest area after cerebrum
cerebellum
110
cerebellar cortex
outer surface of the cerebellum with folia ( folds)
111
the cerebellum contains left and right
cerebellar hemispheres
112
what is the narrow band of cortex between left and right lobes
vermis
113
name the two regions of the cerebellum
cerebellar cortex and arbor vitae
114
name the three pairs of thick nerve tracts that connect cerebellum to brainstem
cerebellar peduncles
115
which part of the brain coordinates and fine tunes movements
cerebellum
116
what are the functions of the cerebellum
stores memories, regulates activity, adjusts movements ensuring smoothness, helps maintain equilibrium and posture
117
which system is called the emotional brain
limbic system
118
the amygdaloid body in the limbic system is involved in
many aspects of emotion and emotional memory, especially fear
119
what processes odors that can provoke emotions
olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts and olfactory cortex
120
loosely organized gray matter of brainstem
reticular formation
121
the motor component of reticular formation regulates
muscle tone
122
which system is responsible for the response to sound of alarm clock
reticular activating system
123
the cranial nerves are part of the
PNS, originating from brain
124
Olfactory nerve CN 1
sensory nerve for olfaction ( smell)
125
CN 2 optic nerve
sensory nerve for vision
126
CN 3 Oculomotor nerve
motor nerve that controls muscles of the eye
127
CN 4 trochlear nerve
motor nerve that controls superior oblique eye muscle
| makes it possible to look down
128
CN 5 Trigeminal nerve
mixed nerve that receives somatic sensation from face/ controls muscles involves in chewing
129
CN 6 Abducens Nerve
innervates one eye muscle to move the eye
130
CN 7 facial nerve
| what is its function
controls muscle facial expression and conducts taste sensations from tongue
131
CN 8 Vestibulocochlear nerve
hearing and equilibrium
132
CN 9 Glossopharyngeal nerve
mixed nerve that receives taste and touch from tongue, motor control of a pharynx muscle
133
CN 10 vagus nerve
regulates heart beat
134
CN 11 Accessory Nerve
motor nerve controls muscles of neck/pharynx
135
CN 12 Hypoglossal nerve
motor nerve that controls tongue muscles
