Final Ch. 13

Question 1

Walking

Answer 1

characterized by a progressive alteration of leading legs and continuous contact with the support surface

Question 2

Gait or walking Cycle

Answer 2

distance covered by heel strikes of the same foot

- distance covered from when one foot touches the ground to when the same foot touches the ground again

Question 3

phases of the gait cycle

Answer 3

• swing phase
• support phase
• dbl support phase

Question 4

Swing Phase (gait cycle)

Answer 4

• begins when foot of one leg leaves support surface

- ends when foot touches surface

Question 5

Support Phase (gait cycle)

Answer 5

• time when balance is maintained on one foot

- right foot in swing phase while left foot in support phase

Question 6

Double Support Phase (gait cycle)

Answer 6

when both feet are in contact with the ground

Question 7

what are the main factors that allow a child to walk independently?

Answer 7

• leg strength

- equilibrium

Question 8

Immature Walker

Answer 8

• walks with “high guard-arm position”
• “wide base” of support
• “flat-footed” contact
• “toeing out”

Question 9

Walking:Dynamic Base

Answer 9

• change in the width of the base of support from wide (immature walking) to narrow (mature walking)
• base of support “narrows”, arms are “lowered” and work in opposition to the legs, and the toes point “more in a forward direction”
• a “heel strike” is exhibited in mature walking

Question 10

Walking: Foot Angle

Answer 10

• toeing out during 1st 4 yrs.

- toeing is considered abnormal

Question 11

Walking: Walking Speed

Answer 11

• determined by the length of stride and the speed of stepping movements
• step frequency decreases w advancing age during childhood years
• Stride dynamics may not be “mature completely by age 7”

Question 12

Walking: External Loads

Answer 12

• complaints of back and shoulder pain from carrying book bags forces children to walk with improper mechanics and movement patterns
• book bags should not exceed 10-20% of body weight in young children

Question 13

Running

Answer 13

-natural extension of walking
-characterized by an:
alternate support phase,
flight face,
recovery phase
-

Question 14

Running: Requirements

Answer 14

• adequate lower limb strength to propel body through air, and to handle the additional force encountered when the “airborne” foot strikes the supporting surface
• improved motor coordination to control the moving legs

Question 15

Running: Immature Running

Answer 15

similar to immature walking

• wide base of support
• arms held high guard position
• flat-footed contact w floor

Question 16

Running: Pattern

Answer 16

Phases- support, flight, recovery

Arm action is important

Question 17

Running: Support and Flight phases

Answer 17

• legs absorb the impact of the striking foot; supports the body; and maintains forward motion while accelerating the body’s COG as the leg provides thrust to propel the body forward
• inexperienced runners run flat-footed

Question 18

Running: Recovery Phase

Answer 18

• back leg is brought forward quickly
• experienced runners flex the knee so the recovery foot comes close to hitting the buttocks
• inexperienced runners have very little knee and hip “flexion”

Question 19

Running: Arm Action

Answer 19

• Beginning: arms are flexed and held high in guard position
• More adult-like: arms are lowered and hang free, but do not help with running speed
• Experienced: arms are in opposition to the legs, elbows flexed at 90 degrees, vigorous pumping action toward midline (not across)

Question 20

what are the two approaaches in the analysis of loco-motor movement?

Answer 20

• component approach

- total body approach

Question 21

Running: Speed

Answer 21

• girls running speed peaks at about 14-15 yrs of age

- boys running speed improves beyond 17 yrs old

Question 22

Jumping

Answer 22

-body is projected into the air by force generated in one or both legs and body lands one or both feet.

Question 23

Forms of Jumping

Answer 23

-hopping
-leaping
the downward leap may be the 1st jumping experience when going down a step

Question 24

Jumping Phases

Answer 24

• preparatory phase
• takeoff phase
• flight phase
• landing phase

Question 25

Jumping Horizontal: Preparatory Phase

Answer 25

Preparatory phase - crouch (flexion at hips, knees, ankles) - backward swing of the arms - missing in inexperienced jumpers

Question 26

Jumping Horizontal: Takeoff and Flight Phase

Answer 26

- the advanced jumper fully extends the body during the "takeoff" phase - rapid and vigorous extension of the hips, knees and ankles along with a vigorous swing of the arms in the direction of desired travel provide the impetus for the body to become airborne - w/o proper crouch, there is little if any extension of body segments - arms are not integrated w the lower extremities to increase the momentum (mass x velocity) - maximum distance take off should have an angle of 45 degrees

Question 27

Jumping Horizontal: Landing Phase

Answer 27

-the advanced jumper absorbs the landing forces by flexing the knees, hips, and ankles at impact

Question 28

Jumping Vertical: Countermovement/No Countermovement

Answer 28

- Countermovment: crouch with immediate jump - No Countermovement: crouch and hold for 3 seconds -contrary to adult populations, children perform better without the countermovment

Question 29

Jumping Vertical: Initial Stage

Answer 29

- inconsistent preparatory crouch - difficulty in taking off w both feet - poor body extension on takeoff - little or no head lift - arms not coordinated w the trunk and leg action - little height aachieved

Question 30

Jumping Vertical: Elementary Stage

Answer 30

- knee flexion exeeding 90 degrees preparatory crouch - exaggerated forward lean during crouch - two-footed takeoff - entire body not fully extended during flight phase - noticeable horizontal displacement on landing

Question 31

Jumping Vertical: Mature Stage

Answer 31

- preparatory crouch w knee flexion from 60-90 degrees - forceful extension at hips, knees, and ankles - simultaneous coordinated upward arm lift - upward head tilt w eyes focused on target - full body extension - elevation of reaching arm by shoulder girdle tilt combined w downward thrust of nonreaching arm at peak of flight - controlled landing very close to point of takeoff

Question 32

Hopping

Answer 32

- a form of jumping - one foot used to project the body into space w landing "on the same foot" - "more difficult" than w two footed jump - performed better on preferred foot - requires additional "strength" and better "balance" - girls are 6 months advanced compared to boys - very few children are able to exhibit a mature hopping pattern by age 5

Question 33

Gallop, Slide, and Skip

Answer 33

- fundamental motor patterns can be combined to elicit new movement patterns - Gallop is exhibited first

Question 34

Motor Pattern: Gallop

Answer 34

- forward step followed by a leap onto the trailing foot - same leg always leads - patter resembles an uneven run; tempo is fast & rhythm inconsistent

Question 35

Motor Pattern: Slide

Answer 35

-similar to the gallop, except instead of moving forward, the slide is performed in a sideward direction. -difficult because the child must face ahead while moving in a sideways direction -sliding is important motor skill since it is used in many sports ex. sliding the baseline in tennis leading off on a base guarding a basketball opponent

Question 36

Motor Pattern: Skipping

Answer 36

Most difficult motor pattern - forward step followed by a hop on the same foot; requires a dual task of one leg - alternation of the leading leg - balance may be difficult - uses a step-hop pattern ; transfer of weight