Final (ch 19)

Question 1

This compound does not overlap between several pathways

Answer 1

cholesterol

Question 2

The a cells of pancreatec islets secrete this in response to these glucose levels

Answer 2

glucagon

low

Question 3

When cyclic AMP is a second messenger this happens to the target enzyme

Answer 3

it is phosphorylated with cyclic AMP as the source of the phosphate group

Question 4

glycogen phopshorylase has its greatest activity when in this state, glycogen synthase has its greatest activity when in this state

Answer 4

phosphorylated

not phosphorylated

Question 5

the effect of epinephrine upon the liver is most similar to which hormone

Answer 5

glucagon

Question 6

What are the hormones that regulate the level of glucose in human blood (carbohydrate metabolism)

Answer 6

insulin
glucagon
epinephrine

Question 7

what is the structure of insulin

Answer 7

peptide

Question 8

in most mammalian cells metabolic reactions occur either of these two places

Answer 8

cytosol or mitochondrial matrix

Question 9

transport of lactate from muscle to liver

Answer 9

cori cycle

Question 10

pyruvated is transaminated and the product is transporded from the muscle to the liver

Answer 10

glucose-alanine cycle

Question 11

In the cori cycle this occurs in the liver

Answer 11

gluconeogenesis

Question 12

in the glucose-alanine cylce this occurs in the liver, and this occurs in the muscle cell

Answer 12

glucogenogenesis

transamination

Question 13

acts on muscle tissue to raise glucose levels when needed

Answer 13

epinephrine

Question 14

acts on the liver, also increases the glucose availability

Answer 14

glucagon

Question 15

this triggers the feedback response in carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 15

insulin

Question 16

this appears to be a glucose sensor triggering insulin release

Answer 16

glucokinase

Question 17

at physiological conditions this enzyme is saturated

Answer 17

hexokinase

Question 18

This is released in response to glucose

Answer 18

insulin

Question 19

Alpha adrenergic receptors are located here

Answer 19

liver

Question 20

beta adrenergic receptors are located here

Answer 20

liver and muscles

Question 21

Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors bind this hormone

Answer 21

epinephrine

Question 22

When glucagon and epinephrine are bound to their receptors this occurs

Answer 22

protein kinase A is active and starts glycogen degradation

Question 23

Epinephirne binding to the alpha adrenrgic receptor on the liver activates this enzyme which does this to the insulin receptor

Answer 23

protein kinase C

inhibits the insulin receptor and stops glycogen synthesis

Question 24

This promotes fuel use and storage

Answer 24

insulin

Question 25

glucose is transported into the muslce and adipose tissue via

Answer 25

GLUT 4 glucose transporters

Question 26

Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis in liver by doing this

Answer 26

causing dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase

Question 27

insulin trigers vesicle fusion to the plasma membrane to make this transporter protein present on the cell surface

Answer 27

GLUT 4

Question 28

Two subunits of insulin receptor and where are they located

Answer 28

Alpha and beta alpha is a peripheral membrane protein on the outside of the membrane beta is a trans membrane protein

Question 29

This residues on the B subunit of the insulin receptor

Answer 29

tyrosine

Question 30

Tyrosin residues do this to the target proteins called insulin receptor substrates

Answer 30

phosphorylate

Question 31

T/F: insulin signaling also impacts glycogen-metabolizing enzymes

Answer 31

t

Question 32

this catalyzes the initial step in glycogen breakdown

Answer 32

glycogen phosphorylase

Question 33

glucagon is synthesized and released when blood glucose concentrations drop below

Answer 33

5 mM

Question 34

these two hormones trigger fuel metabolism

Answer 34

glucagon | epinephrine

Question 35

secreted by alpha cells of pancreas

Answer 35

glucagon

Question 36

only this organ has glucagon receptors

Answer 36

liver

Question 37

elevated glucagon is associated with

Answer 37

starving tissues

Question 38

Glucagon acts through this to phosphroylate two enzymes

Answer 38

cAMP

Question 39

also called adrenalin

Answer 39

epinephrine

Question 40

epinephrine is structurally related to

Answer 40

tyrosine

Question 41

in addtion to increaseing levels of glucose in the blood, glycolysis in muscle cells epinephrine does this

Answer 41

breakdown of fatty acids for energy

Question 42

protein kinase c does this to insuin receptors casing to them to bind insulin poorly

Answer 42

phosphorylates

Question 43

glycogen synthase does this

Answer 43

inhibits glycogen synthesis

Question 44

glycogen phosphorylase does this

Answer 44

promotes glycogenolysis

Question 45

this acts as a fuel sensor

Answer 45

AMP-dependent protein kinase

Question 46

the body generates these two compounds whn starving

Answer 46

glucose and ketone bodies

Question 47

this hormone may establish the human body's set point

Answer 47

leptin

Question 48

type 1 diabetes is this type of disease

Answer 48

autoimmune disease

Question 49

type 2 diabetes is

Answer 49

the body does not respond to insulin

Question 50

excess glucose is converted to this

Answer 50

sorbitol

Question 51

accumulation of sorbitol in the lens leads to this

Answer 51

cataract formation