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Ap Psych > Final Chapters 1,2,3, > Flashcards

Final Chapters 1,2,3, Flashcards

0
Q

Critical thinking

A

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

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1
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to believe that after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it

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2
Q

Theory

A

Am explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events,

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction often implied by a theory

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4
Q

Operational definition

A

A statement of the operations used to define research variables.

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5
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different in participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

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6
Q

Case study

A

Observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hole of revealing universal principles

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7
Q

Survey

A

A technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

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8
Q

Population

A

All cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.

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9
Q

Random sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each members has and equal chance of inclusion

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10
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

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11
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and this how well either factor predicts the other

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12
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between two things from -1 to +1

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13
Q

Scatter plots

A

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation. (Little scatter indicates high correlation.)

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14
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.

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15
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, this minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups.

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16
Q

Double blind

A

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. (Drug evaluation)

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17
Q

Placebo effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inherit substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

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18
Q

Experimental group

A

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

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19
Q

Control group

A

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to treatment.

Serves as comparison.

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20
Q

Independent variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated

Variable being studied

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21
Q

Dependent variable

A

The outcome factor

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22
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occurring score in distribution

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23
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetic average of a distribution

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24
Median
The middle score in a distribution
25
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
26
Standard deviation
A computes measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
27
Normal curve
A symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of data
28
Statistical significance
A statistical statement of how likely or is that an obtained result occurred by chance
29
Culture
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from on generation to the next.
30
Biological psychology
A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
31
Neuron
A nerve cell
32
Sensory neurons
Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
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Motor neurons
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscle and glands
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Interneurons
Neurons within the Brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
35
Dendrite
Bushy branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward cell body
36
Axon
Extensions of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
37
Myelin sheath
A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers if many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulse hope from one node to the next
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Action potential
A neural impulse A electrical charge that travels down an axon
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Threshold
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
40
Synapse
The junction between the axon top of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
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Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that cross synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, Neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse
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Reuptake
A Neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron
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Endorphins
"Morphine within" Natural, opiatelike Neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
44
Nervous system
The body's speedy electrochemical communication network, consisting if all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system
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Central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous system
The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
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Nerves
Bundled axon that form neural cables connecting the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs
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Somatic nervous system
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal nervous system
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Autonomic nervous system
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs Divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic
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Sympathetic
The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing it's energy I'm stressful situations ``` Accelerates heartbeat Raise your blood pressure Slows digestion Raises blood sugar Cools with perspiration ```
51
Parasympathetic nervous system
The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body conserving it's energy
52
Reflex
A simple autonomic response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee jerk response
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Endocrine system
The body's slow chemical communication system A set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
54
Hormones
Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travels through the bloodstream, and affect other tissue
55
Adrenal glands
A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress
56
Pituitary gland
The endocrine systems most influential gland. Under the influence it the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth had controls other endocrine glands
57
Lesion
Tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplifier recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
59
PET scan
A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
60
MRI
A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. Shows brain anatomy
61
Brainstem
The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions
62
Medulla
The base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing
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Reticular formation
A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
64
Thalamus
The brains sensory switchboard, located on top if the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
65
Cerebellum
The little brain at the rear of the brainstem Functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
66
Limbic system
Neural system including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotion and drives
67
Amygdala
Two Lima bean sized neural clusters in the Limbic system linked to emotion
68
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus that directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp) Helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and is linked to emotion and reward
69
Cerebral cortex
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres Body's ultimate control and information processing center
70
Glial cells
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
71
Frontal lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead Involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements
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Parietal lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head towards the rear Receives sensory input for touch and body position
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Occipital lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head Includes areas that receive information from visual fields
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Temporal lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying above the ears at the back of the head Includes auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear
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Motor cortex
An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
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Sensory cortex
Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
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Association areas
Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor it sensory functions Involved in higher mental functioning such as learning, remembering, and thinking
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Plasticity
The brains ability to change especially during childhood by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
79
Neurogenesis
The formation of new neurons
80
Corpus callosum
The later band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
81
Split brain
A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the corpus callosum
82
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
83
Cognitive neuroscience
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition Includes perception, thinking, memory and language
84
Dual processing
The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
85
Selective attention
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
86
Inattentional blindness
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
87
Change blindness
Failing to notice changes in environment
88
Circadian rhythm
The biological clock | Regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle
89
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur Muscles relaxed but body systems may be active
90
Alpha waves
The relatively slow brainwaves of a relaxed awake state
91
Sleep
Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness.
92
Hallucinations
False sensory experiences such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
93
Delta waves
The large slow brainwaves associated with deep sleep

Ap Psych (6 decks)

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