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Ap Psych > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

0
Q

Perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which out sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

Bottom up

A

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information FIRST IMPRESSION

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3
Q

Top down

A

Information processing guided by higher level mental process as we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectation EXPECTING

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4
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of relationships between the physical characteristic of stimuli such as their intensity and out psychological experience of them

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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6
Q

Signal detection theory

A

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience, expectations, motivations, and level of fatigue.

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7
Q

Subliminal

A

Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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8
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, this predisposing ones perception, memory, or response.

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9
Q

Difference threshold

A

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. JND

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10
Q

Webers law

A

The principle that to be perceived as different two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

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11
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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12
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another(sights sounds smells into neural impulses our brains can interpret)

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13
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

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14
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of color that is determined by wavelength of light

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15
Q

Intensity

A

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave which we perceive as brightness or loudness as determined by the waves amplitude

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16
Q

Pupil

A

Adjustable opening in center of eye in which light enters

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17
Q

Iris

A

Ring of muscle tissue that forms color portion of the eye around the pupil that controls pupil opening

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18
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus image on retina

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19
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive inner surface if the eye containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

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20
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on retina

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21
Q

Rods

A

Retinal recruits that detect black white gray. Used in peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond.

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22
Q

Cones

A

Retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center if the retina and that function in the daylight or in well lit conditions. Cones detect detail and color.

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23
Q

Optic nerve

A

Nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

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24
Q

Blind spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye creating a blind spot because no sensory receptors are located here

25
Q

Fovea

A

The central focal point in the retina. Cones cluster around this.

26
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape angle or movement

27
Q

Parallel processing

A

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions including vision.

28
Q

Young helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors one sensitive to red one to blue one to green. I’m combination they can produce any other color.

29
Q

Opponent processing theory

A

Opposing retinal processes enable color vision. Ex. Some simulated by green inhibited by red. Some simulated by red inhibited by green.

30
Q

Frequency

A

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

31
Q

Pitch

A

Highness or lowness

Depends on frequency

32
Q

Middle ear

A

Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate vibrations of the eardrum onto the cochleas oval window

33
Q

Cochlea

A

A coiled bony fluid filled tube in inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

34
Q

Inner ear

A

Contains cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs

Innermost part of ear

35
Q

Place theory

A

Links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated

36
Q

Frequency theory

A

The rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone thus enabling us to sense pitch

37
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

38
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells to the to the auditory nerves

Nerve deafness

39
Q

Cochlear implant

A

A device for conversing sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into cochlea

40
Q

Kinesthesis

A

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

41
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Sense of body position and movement including balance

42
Q

Gate control theory

A

The spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pains signals it allows them to pass onto the brain. The gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

43
Q

Sensory interaction

A

The principle that one sense may influence another

44
Q

Gestalt

A

An organized meaningful whole

45
Q

Figure ground

A

Organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

46
Q

Grouping

A

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

47
Q

Depth perception

A

The ability to see objects in three dimensions

Allows us to judge distance

48
Q

Visual cliff

A

A lab device for testing death perception in infants and young animals

49
Q

Binocular cues

A

Cues that use two eyes

Judge distance

50
Q

Retinal disparity

A

A binocular cur for perceiving depth. By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes the brain computes distance. the greater the disparity of the two images the closer the object.

51
Q

Monocular cues

A

Depth cues using one eye

Height
Size
Interposition
Linear perspective 
Light and shadow 
Motion
52
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

53
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Perceiving objects as in hanging even as illumination and retinal images change.

54
Q

Color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if changing illumination alters wavelengths

55
Q

Perceptual adaptation

A

The ability to adjective to an artificially displaces or even invented visual field (in vision)

Goggles

56
Q

Perceptual set

A

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing not another

Trumpet man and woman’s face

57
Q

Human factors psychology

A

A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and bike machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

58
Q

ESP

A

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input

Telepathy
Clairvoyance
Precognition

59
Q

Parapsychology

A

The study of paranormal phenomena including ESP and psychokinesis

Ap Psych (6 decks)

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