Final (Chp. 12-15)

Question 1

Ageism

Answer 1

Negative

• stereotyping
• prejudice
• and discrimination

based on a person’s or group’s

perceived chronological age

Question 2

Baby Boomers

Answer 2

The generation of Americans

born between 1946 and 1964

a period of high birthrates

Question 3

Doubling Time

Answer 3

The time required for a population

to double in size from a given base year

if the current rate of growth continues

Question 4

Sandwich Generation

Answer 4

A generation of people

who care for their aging parents

while also taking care of their own children

Question 5

Total Fertility Rates

Answer 5

The average lifetime number

of births per woman

in a population

Question 6

Deforestation

Answer 6

The conversion of forestland to non-forestland

Question 7

Ecosystems

Answer 7

The complex and dynamic relationships

between forms of life

and the environments they inhabit

Question 8

Fracking

Answer 8

Hydraulic fracturing,

commonly referred to as “fracking,”

involves injecting a mixture of

• water
• sand
• and chemicals

into drilled wells to crack shale rock

and release natural gas into the well

Question 9

Global Warming

Answer 9

The increasing average global temperature,

caused mainly by

the accumulation of various gases (greenhouse gases)

that collect in the atmosphere

Question 10

Green Energy

Answer 10

AKA clean energy,

energy that is nonpolluting and/or renewable,

such as

• solar power
• wind power
• biofuel
• and hydrogen

Question 11

Greenhouse Gases

Answer 11

Gases (primarily:

• carbon dioxide
• methane
• and nitrous oxide)

that accumulate in the atmosphere

and act like the glass in a greenhouse,

holding heat from the sun close to the earth

Question 12

Light Pollution

Answer 12

Artificial lighting that is

• annoying
• unnecessary
• and/or harmful to life forms on earth

Question 13

Sustainable Development

Answer 13

Occurs when human populations can

have fulfilling lives without degrading the planet

Question 14

Automation

Answer 14

Dominant in an industrial society,

the replacement of human labor with

machinery and equipment that are self-operating

Question 15

Cultural Lag

Answer 15

A condition in which

the material part of culture change at a faster rate

than the non-material part (ex. beliefs and value)

Example: new technologies (ex. computer) created new opportunities for women,

but beliefs about:

• women’s roles
• expectations of female behavior
• and values concerning marriage, equality, and divorce

have lagged behind

Question 16

Cybernation

Answer 16

Dominant in postindustrial societies,

the use of machines to control other machines

Question 17

Genetic Engineering

Answer 17

The manipulation of

an organism’s genes in such a way that

the natural outcome is altered

Question 18

Mechanization

Answer 18

Dominant in an agricultural society,

the use of tools to accomplish tasks previously done by hand

Question 19

Science

Answer 19

The process of

• discovering
• explaining
• and predicting

natural or social phenomena

Question 20

STEM

Answer 20

An acronym for

• science
• technology
• engineering
• and mathematics

Question 21

Technology

Answer 21

Activities that apply the principles of

science and mechanics

to the solutions of a specific problem

Question 22

Domestic Terrorism

Answer 22

Sometimes called insurgent terrorism,

occurs when the terrorist act involves

• victims
• targets
• institutions
• governments
• or citizens

from one country

Question 23

Guerilla Warfare

Answer 23

Warfare in which organized groups oppose

domestic or foreign governments

and their military forces;

often involves small groups of individuals

who use camouflage and underground tunnels

to hide until they are ready to execute a surprise attack

Question 24

Military-Industrial Complex

Answer 24

A term first used by Dwight D. Eisenhower

to connote the close association between

the military and defense industries

Question 25

**Terrorism**

Answer 25

The **premeditated** use or **threatened** use of **violence** by an individual or group to gain a **political objective**

Question 26

**Transnational Terrorism**

Answer 26

Terrorism that occurs when a terrorist act in one country involves * victims * targets * institutions * governments * or citizens of another country

Question 27

**War**

Answer 27

Organized armed violence aimed at a social group in pursuit of an objective

Question 28

**Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)**

Answer 28

* Chemical * biological * and nuclear weapons that have the capacity to kill large numbers of people indiscriminately

Question 29

**Demographic Transition Theory**

Answer 29

Functionalist view on population growth describes how industrialization has affected population growth high fertility rates are necessary in traditional agricultural societies to: * offset high mortality * ensure continued survival of the population as society becomes more industrialized, leads to a decline in mortality and fertility rates - progression from a population with short lives and large families to one with longer lives and small families _Stage 1:_ pre-industrial society, high birth rate, steady death rate = slow pop. growth _Stage 2:_ early industrial society, high birth rate, steep decline in death rate = rapid pop. growth _Stage 3:_ mature industrial society, declining birth rate, steady & low death rate = slow pop. growth _Stage 4:_ post-industrial society, steady & low birth and death rates = very slow pop. growth

Question 30

**3 Stages Societies Go Through** **When Appling Technology**

Answer 30

Mechanization Automation Cybernation

Question 31

**Conflict Perspective on** **Population Growth**

Answer 31

food shortages result primarily from the inequitable distribution of power and resources population problems result from continued economic and gender inequality views the elderly population as a special interest group that competes with younger populaitons for scarce resources

Question 32

**Functionalist Perspective on** **Environmental Problems**

Answer 32

looks at how changes in one aspect of the social system affect other aspects of society millions of people make a living on natural resources - will have to find alternate livelihoods if trends continue as individuals lose their incomes, so do nations "sometimes in maximizing benefits, you create a greater burden somewhere else."

Question 33

**Conflict Perspective on ** **Environmental Problems**

Answer 33

wealthy nations consume more natural resources and generate higher amounts of poulltion and waste, exploit less developed nations for raw materials, labor, and as a market to sell goods capitalist pursuit of profit encourages making money from industry regardless of damage done to the environment environmental racism - tendency for populations and communities to disproportionately experience adversity due to the environmental problems - located near minority communities

Question 34

**Symbolic Interactionism on** **Environmental Problems**

Answer 34

corporations and industries use marketing and public relations strategies to construct favorable meanings of their company ex. greenwashing - used by public realtions firms that specialize in damage control for clients whose reputations and profits have been hurt by poor environmental practices

Question 35

**Functionalist Perspective** **on Science and Technology**

Answer 35

science fulfills the need for assumed objective measure of truth and provides basis for making intelligent and rational decisions cultural lag scientific discoveries or technological innovations may be dysfunctional for society and create instability in the social systems

Question 36

**Conflict Perspective ****on** ## Footnote **Science and Technology**

Question 37

**Symbolic Interactionism** **on Science and Technology**

Answer 37

truths are socially constructed science works to fill gaps of the unanswered questions in public social forces affect technological innovations - their success depends on the social meaning assigned to a particular product societal defintions of men being good at math and science, while women are not

Question 38

**Functionalism on** **Conflict, War, and Terrorism**

Answer 38

war would not exist unless it had positive outcomes for society - **consolidate** small autonomous social groups into larger political states - produces **social cohesion** and unity by giving a common cause and enemy - promotes economic and political **cooperation** - **increase** **employment** and stimulate the **economy** - inspire scientific and technological **developments** that are useful to citizens - encourage **social reform** - provided an **alternative** for the advancement of **poor or disadvantaged** who otherwise face discrimination of limited opportunities in the formal economy

Question 39

**Conflict Perspective on** **Conflict, War, and Terrorism**

Question 40

**Interactionism on Conflict,** **War, and Terrorism**

Answer 40

explains how military recruits and civilians develop a mind-set for war by **defining war** and its **consequences** as **acceptable** and **necessary** positive **labels** and favorable **definitions** of military personnel facilitate **recruitment** and **public support of armed forces** **patriotism** is popular in American society government uses propaganda and appeals to patriotism to **generate support** of war efforts and to **motivate** individuals to **join** the armed forces