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Human Anatomy🫀 > Final Class Exam > Flashcards

Final Class Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Tendons

A

They attach muscle to bone, connective tissue acts as a harness which allows muscle to “pull” on a bone

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2
Q

Agonist definition (prime mover)

A

Primary muscle creating a concentric movement

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3
Q

Antagonist

A

Inactive while the agonist is contracting

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4
Q

Fixators

A

Steadies the proximal part of limb throughout an isometric contraction

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5
Q

Synergists

A

Complements action of prime mover

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6
Q

Muscle shapes

A

Parallel- brachii
Convergent- pec major
Bipennate- rectus femoris

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7
Q

Relationship between pec major and minor

A

Pec major- has 2 heads
Pec minor- deeper

They have the same location and innervation

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8
Q

Serratus anterior ➡️ Winging scapula

A

Serratus Anterior is linked to the winged scapula, winged scapula is a condition that causes the scapula to protrude from the ribcage

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9
Q

Trapezius insertions and main actions (CLASP)

A

Insertions:
Upper- lateral 1/3 of clavicle
Middle- acromion process of scapula
Lower- scapular spine

Main actions: Scapular elevation, retraction and depression

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10
Q

Serratus Anterior origin and main action

A

Origin: external lateral surfaces of first 9 ribs

Main action: scapular protraction

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11
Q

Rhomboid major vs. Minor

A

Rhomboid minor- C7-T1 spinous processes
Rhomboid major- T2-T5 spinous processes

Same innervation, rhomboid minor is superior

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12
Q

Common attachment points of deltoid and trapezius

A

Lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion process of scapula, and scapular spine

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13
Q

Rotator Cuff (SITS) and insertions

A

Posterior: all insert on the greater tubercle
Supraspinatus
Infraspinous
Teres Minor

Anterior: inserts on the lesser tubercle
Subscapularis

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14
Q

Teres Major vs. Minor

A

Teres Major: Bigger in size, sits inferior to minor

Both have similar location, insertion is different, both function differently because of the insertion

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15
Q

Superficial flexors of the forearm and common origin

A

Pronator Teres, Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus

Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus

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16
Q

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis vs. Profundus

A

Superficialis originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on digits 2-5

Profundus originates on the anterior ulna and inserts on the base of distal phalanges

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17
Q

Posterior superficial forearm layers

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris

Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus

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18
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Runs along the radial side, crosses the elbow joint.

Like drinking from a cup

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19
Q

Muscles that perform supination and pronation (4)

A

Pronator teres, Pronator Quadratus, brachioradialis, Supinator

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20
Q

What is a nerve root?

A

Paired branches that leave the spinal cord at each vertebral segment

Efferent: motor fibres
Afferent: sensory fibres

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21
Q

What is a Plexus?

A

A network of nerves or vessels in the body that have a web-like formation

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22
Q

Brachial Plexus Terminal nerves

A

Terminal:
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar

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23
Q

Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic muscles

A

Extrinsic: Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids major and minor

Intrinsic: Erector spinal group (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis), Transversospinalis group

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24
Q

Function of erector spinae group

A

Helps to maintain a stable posture and stabilize the spine

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25
Relationship between the 3 Erector spinae muscles (I like sandwiches)
Have the same origin, innervation and main actions but different insertions.
26
Psoas Major vs. Iliacus (iliopsoas)
Work together to move the hip joint, essential for posture, running and walking.
27
Quadratus Lumborum main actions
Side flexion of the lumbar spine and some extension of the lumbar spine
28
Linea Alba
From Xiphoid process to pubic symphysis, divides anterior core into 2 symmetrical halves
29
External vs. Internal Abdominal Obliques
External: Larger, originates on external surfaces of ribs 5-12 Internal: Originates on the lateral half inguinal ligament
30
Transverse Abdominis Main actions
Acts as a corset to stabilize the spine, and assists the diaphragm when exhaling forcefully
31
Rectus Abdominis - tendinous inscriptions
Tendinous inscriptions are what you would see on a 6 pack, they divide the rectus abdominis muscle into segments
32
What makes the diaphragm unique?
It inserts on the central tendon meaning it inserts on itself
33
Biceps Brachii vs. Brachialis
Biceps Brachii: has 2 heads (Long and short) Brachialis: important stabilizer of the elbow joint Both help flex the elbow and innervate on the musculocutaneus nerve
34
Common attachment points of the coracoid process
Pec major Biceps brachii Coracobrachialis
35
Triceps brachii vs. Anconeus
Aconeus assists triceps brachii in elbow extension. They work together to extend the elbow and stabalize the joint
36
Thenar group vs. Hypothenar group
Thenar: radial side of the palm proximal to the thumb Hypothenar: proximal to the 5th digit on the hand
37
Muscles that control the hand and fingers
Lumbricals: worm-like muscles in the palm Dorsal Interossei Palmar interossei
38
Compartments around tibia/fibula
Anterior, lateral and posterior
39
Inversion ➡️ tibialis anterior and posterior
Both perform sub-talar inversion together
40
Gastrocnemius and plantaris movements
Gastrocnemius: does ankle plantar flexion OR knee flexion (can’t do both at the same time) Plantaris: plantar flexion OR knee flexion Can only do 1 movement at a time
41
Superficial posterior compartment relationship
All work as the achilles tendon and then to the calcaneus
42
Deep posterior group ➡️ medial malleolus
The deep posterior compartment runs posterior to medial malleolus
43
Popliteus origin and main actions
Origin: lateral femoral condyle Main actions: lateral rotation of the femur, and helps unlock the locked position to flex the knee from screw home mechanism
44
Peroneus longus ➡️ unique pathway to insertion
Insertion: 1st cuniform at the base of the first metatarsal ( on the PLANTAR aspect of the foot, cuboid)
45
Intrinsic muscles ➡️ hand vs foot
The feet have fewer intrinsic muscles than the hand
46
Compartments around femur ➡️ Intermuscular septum
Septum- connective tissue that extends from the superficial fascia deep into a muscle group to separate one muscle from another
47
Why is Sartorius unique? Main actions
Largest muscle in the body, and it crosses the hip and knee Main actions: “tailor sit” - hip flexion - hip abduction - hip external rotation - knee flexion
48
Vastus Lateralis vs. Vastus Medialis
Vastus Lateralis- posterior lateral side Vastus Medialis- posterior medial side Both have the same insertion, innervation and main action
49
3 Hamstrings
Biceps femoris- 2 heads (long and short) and inserts at the head of the fibula Semimembranosus- inserts on the posteromedial tibial condyle, does medial rotation of a FLEXED knee Semitendinosus- inserts on the medial surface of proximal tibia, does medial rotation of a FLEXED knee All innervate on the sciatic nerve
50
Role of hamstrings in knee rotation
Biceps femoris- lateral rotation of a FLEXED knee Semimembranosus- medial rotation of a FLEXED knee Semitendinosus- medial rotation of a FLEXED knee
51
Popliteal Fossa
A hollowed out space on the back of your knee
52
Relationship of 5 adductors (Peanut butter leaves me gassy)
Pectineus- femoral nerve Adductor brevis- obturator Adductor longus- obturator Adductor magnus- sciatic Gracilis- obturator
53
Femoral Triangle contents
Femoral nerve Femoral artery Femoral vein Lymphatic vessels
54
Pes Anserine Group
Sartorius, Gracilis and Semitendinosus
55
Temporalis insertion and main actions
It inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible, and does elevation and retraction of the mandible (clenching the jaw)
56
Masseter origin and main actions
Zygomatic arch and maxilla, does Elevation and retraction
57
Sternocleidomastoid unique main actions
It is dependant on whether both sides or one side is contracting: Bi-laterally does neck flexion Unilaterally does neck rotation and chin tilt upwards to the OPPOSITE side
58
Scalenes ➡️ similarities and differences
Anterior scalene and Middle scalene: inserts on rib 1 Middle and Posterior: do neck lateral flexion, and originate on Transverse processes C5-C7
59
Gluteus Maximus insertion and main actions
Insertion: 1/4 gluteal tuberosity, 3/4 to iliotibial band Main actions: hip extension, lateral rotation of the extended hip
60
Gluteus Medius Origin and main actions
Origin: External blade of ilium Main actions: hip abduction
61
Gluteus Minimus insertion and main actions
Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur Main actions: hip abduction
62
Iliotibial band
Runs from the iliac crest, sacrum and inguinal ligament, then crosses the knee and attaches to proximal tibia Not a muscle, thick and ridgy
63
Lateral rotators of the hip (6, PGOGOQ)
Piriformis Superior Gemelli Obturator internus Inferior Gemelli Obturator Externus Quadratus femoris All have the same insertion and main actions Insertion: greater trochanter of femur Main actions: lateral rotation of the hip
64
What is the name given to the facial thickening that separates muscles within a compartment?
Intermuscular septum
65
What muscle forms the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?
Sartorius
66
What is the common origin of the hamstring group?
Ischial tuberosity
67
Which thigh muscle is a synergist to the main action of the iliopsoas group?
Rectus femoris
68
The femoral nerve innervates which compartment of the thigh?
Interior compartment
69
What plane does Vastus medialis produce movement in?
Sagittal plane
70
Which adductor muscle is a synergist for knee flexion?
Gracilis
71
What is the common insertion of 3 of the rotator cuff muscles?
Greater tubercle
72
Name a muscle that is a synergist with the middle trapezius to produce scapular retraction?
Rhomboids maj and minor
73
Name a muscle that is able to perform scapular protraction?
Pec minor, serratus anterior
74
What do lats and pec major have in common?
Same insertion- bicipital groove
75
Common origin of the superficial forearm flexors
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
76
What does the flexor reticulum of the wrist create?
Carpal tunnel
77
Name one muscle that helps perform wrist adduction
Flexor carpi ulnaris
78
Name one terminal nerve of the brachial plexus
Ulnar, radial, medial, axillary
79
What structure extends from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis?
Rectus abdominis, linea alba
80
What divides rectus abdominis into 8 shorter segments?
Tendinous inscription
81
Common insertion of iliacus and psoas major?
Lesser trochanter of femur
82
What muscle is immediately superficial to the kidneys?
Quadratus Lumborum
83
What muscle performs extension and external rotation of the hip?
Gluteus Maximus
84
What muscle is the prime mover for hip abduction?
Gluteus medius
85
What plane does piriformis produce movement in?
Transverse
86
Muscles that are able to perform shoulder medial rotation:
Latissimus dorsi, teres major
87
Identify this muscle: Deep in the anterior forearm Insertion- distal phalanx of the thumb Innervation- median nerve
Flexor pollicis longus

Human Anatomy🫀 (5 decks)

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