Final Comprehensive Exam Flashcards by Atiba Foreigner

Embedded Systems means:

Companies must share their changes
You can view the software’s source code
Businesses cannot charge anything for the software, only the hardware
Systems designed to do a specific task on hardware optimized for only that purpose
Users must support the systems themselves

Systems designed to do a specific task on hardware optimized for only that purpose

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Linux originally only ran on:

Xerox copy machines
Specialized processor chips
Intel 386 PCs
Raspberry Pi computers
Macintosh

Intel 386 PCs

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Bundling utilities, management tools, and application software with a Linux kernel is called a:

A trademark
A distribution of Linux
A type of hardware
A text editor

A distribution of Linux

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A software release cycle describes:

How often security fixes are implemented
How often the software’s memory is released back to the operating system
How often upgrades come out for software
How often the computer must be rebooted
How often the computer must be upgraded to support new software

How often upgrades come out for software

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Apple’s OS X is:
(choose three)

A fully certified UNIX distribution
Tightly integrated with Apple hardware
Partially based on code from the FreeBSD project
Primarily used to manage network services
Derived from Linux
Able to natively run Windows binaries

A fully certified UNIX distribution
Tightly integrated with Apple hardware
Partially based on code from the FreeBSD project

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Microsoft Windows:
(choose three)

Is generally backwards compatible with previous versions
Offers both desktop and server products
Has a Linux compatibility mode
Has a short maintenance cycle
Has a scripting environment called PowerShell
Has a new desktop version every year.

Is generally backwards compatible with previous versions
Offers both desktop and server products
Has a scripting environment called PowerShell

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An interpreted programming language:
(choose two)

Requires a compilation step but no linking step
Is converted into machine specific instructions as the program runs
Tends to offer more features than compiled languages
Requires a linking step but no compilation step
Takes fewer resources to run than a compiled language

Is converted into machine specific instructions as the program runs
Tends to offer more features than compiled languages

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The two main families of Linux shells are:
(choose two)

Bourne Shell
Python Shell
Korn shell
Emacs
C Shell

Bourne Shell

C Shell

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In virtualization, what are the host and guest?
(choose two)

The host is the machine that runs the virtual machines
The guest is the machine that runs the virtual machines
The terms can be used interchangeably
A host is a virtual machine
A guest is a virtual machine

The host is the machine that runs the virtual machines

A guest is a virtual machine

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Cloud computing is:

Requires fewer resources because systems are shared among many users
Allows users in different geographical regions to work together in real time
All are correct
Is made possible by faster internet speeds
Is useful for both business and home users

All are correct

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Which of the following are properties of a strong password?
(choose three)

Based on easy to remember items like birthdays
Long so that it can be reused on multiple sites
Includes symbols
At least 10 characters long
A mix of upper and lower case

Includes symbols
At least 10 characters long
A mix of upper and lower case

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A license where you don’t have access to the source code is called:

Sourceless
Impaired source
Open source
Closed source

Closed source

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A copyleft provision in a software license means:

You must provide support for your modifications
You may not link against third party closed source software
If you redistribute the software, you must distribute the source to any changes you make
You must provide free copies of the software if you use it
You give up your copyright to the software

If you redistribute the software, you must distribute the source to any changes you make

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The Free Software Foundation believes that:
(choose two)

Software should be free to modify
People should write software with no expectation of making money
Software should not have copyright
Software should be free to share
No money should ever change hands

Software should be free to modify

Software should be free to share

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What does it mean when a work is placed in the public domain?

The work was done by a government agency
You may not use the work for commercial purposes
The author has died
The author has relinquished the copyright on the work
You must redistribute changes to the software

The author has relinquished the copyright on the work

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The semicolon (;) can be used to separate multiple commands to be executed in order.
True or False?

True
False

True

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To be able to output messages to the screen, use the _______ command:

print
echo
display
type

echo

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The _______ command will print a list of the commands that you’ve previously executed.

list
eval
exec
history

history

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HOME is an example of _________.

A path variable
A local variable
An environment variable
An alias
An internal command

An environment variable

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The directory where additional documentation for software packages most likely can be found is:

/var/share/doc
/var/lib/doc
/usr/software/doc
/usr/share/doc

/usr/share/doc

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To start searching a man page, the first key you press is:

/
f
s
!

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To get help on using the info command, execute:
(choose two)

man info
info info
help info
info -q

man info

info info

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The _____ command can be used to find any file, not just commands or man pages.

whatis
locate
whereis
apropos

locate

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Hidden files are files that begin with what character?

A period (.)
An asterisk (*)
A plus (+)
A dash (-)

A period (.)

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The top-level directory on a Linux system is represented as: / /home /root C:

The ls command without options or arguments… …prompts for a directory to list. …lists the contents of the current directory. …lists the contents of a user’s home directory. …generates an error as this command requires arguments.

…lists the contents of the current directory.

The command ls -S will sort files: By size, smallest to largest By modification date, newest to oldest By number of symlinks, largest to smallest By size, largest to smallest

By size, largest to smallest

When using the cp command, you must provide both a source and a destination. True or False? True False

True

Which option can be used with the rm command to prompt before deleting? l A -P -i

-i

Which command would list files that do not begin with a “T” or a “W”? echo /etc/[!TW]* echo /etc/[*TW]! echo /etc/!TW echo /etc/*[TW!]

echo /etc/[!TW]*

In general, for which of the following would you want to use lossless compression? ``` A JPEG image A log file An encrypted email A movie An mp3 audio file ```

A log file

You type gzip myfile.tar. What happens? (choose two) An error; you forgot to specify the file with -f myfile.tar is unarchived into the current directory myfile.tar is removed An error; you forgot to pass the name of the output file myfile.tar.gz holds a compressed version of myfile.tar

myfile. tar is removed | myfile. tar.gz holds a compressed version of myfile.tar

Which command will show what is inside the compressed tarball with a name of foo.tar.gz? ``` tar –tf foo.tar.gz tar –tzf foo.tar.gz tar –xf foo.tar.gz tar –lf foo.tar.gz tar –tjf foo.tar.gz ```

tar –tzf foo.tar.gz

By default, the zip command replaces uncompressed files with compressed files. True or False? True False

True

``` Error messages generated by commands are sent where by default? STDIN Log files STDOUT STDERR ```

STDERR

``` Which of the following commands will display only lines that begin with test? grep *test file.txt grep &test file.txt grep $test* file.txt grep ^test file.txt ```

grep ^test file.txt

Which of the following commands will display lines that contain either start or end? egrep ‘start|end’ file.txt egrep start end file.txt egrep start&end file.txt egrep (start|end) file.txt

egrep ‘start|end’ file.txt

A file begins with #!/bin/csh. This means: This is a Perl script The operator should not be using /bin/csh C Shell compatibility mode is enabled Running the script will invoke /bin/csh to interpret the rest of the file Nothing, this is a comment

Running the script will invoke /bin/csh to interpret the rest of the file

Most of nano’s commands take the form of: ``` Alt and another character Escape followed by another character The F1 through F12 function keys Mouse clicks Control and another character ```

Control and another character

The if command looks for what exit code to consider a condition to be true? ``` 255 0 2 1 10 ```

The number of users logged in is in a variable called USERS. How would you test to see if 5 users are logged in? ``` test $USERS –eq 5 test $USERS,5 test –f USERS=5 test $USERS = 5 test $USERS –a 5 ```

test $USERS –eq 5

Which of the following are valid partitioning types? (choose two) PC MBR GPT BIOS

MBR | GPT

Software that allows hardware devices to communicate with the installed operating system is called? Drivers Instructions Packages Programs

Drivers

Which of the following commands will check hard disk GPT partitions? (choose three) ``` sfdisk sgdisk gdisk cgdisk gfdisk ```

sgdisk gdisk cgdisk

``` The process (ps) command shows only processes running in the current shell by default. True or False? ``` True False

True

The free command outputs statistics about: Memory usage Disk usage Software usage CPU usage

Memory usage

Which file contains the information passed to the kernel at boot time? /proc/kernel /proc/kopts /proc/kargs /proc/cmdline

/proc/cmdline

To make changes permanent for kernel parameter files found under /proc/sys, the following file can have entries added to it: /etc/sysinfo.conf /etc/sysctl.conf /etc/procctl.conf /etc/procsys.conf

/etc/sysctl.conf

Which of the following commands will display the IP address on a Linux system? ifconfig route ipconfig dig

ifconfig

The RSA key fingerprint allows the dig command to connect to remote systems. True or False? True False

False

When issuing the service network restart command, which of the following occurs? …takes down all network interfaces, re-reads all related configuration files and then the networking for the system is restarted. …the networking for the system is stopped and then started back up. …brings up all network interfaces, re-reads all related configuration files and then the networking for the system is restarted.

…takes down all network interfaces, re-reads all related configuration files and then the networking for the system is restarted.

Which of the following commands can be used to display socket statistics, and supports all major packet and socket types? route ss ifconfig top

Which of the following commands will display the groups that the user bob belongs to? group bob id bob all bob groups -a

id bob

Traditional UNIX systems allowed users to belong to how many groups? ``` 65,000 10,000 1 256 16 ```

A value of 0 in the “minimum” password aging field means the user cannot change their password. True or False? True False

False

Sudo privileges allow users to execute commands as another user. True or False? True False

True

The first line of this command displays how long the system has been running since being rebooted. ``` id getent who w su ```

Which option for the usermod command can be used to specify a user’s group ID (either primary or secondary)? (choose two) - g - S - s - G

- g | - G

The groupmod command can be used to add users to a group. True or False? True False

False

Which of the following files contains user IDs? /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/usr

/etc/passwd

Which of the following commands, run as root, will prevent the user bob from logging in? usermod -L bob usermod -D bob usermod -d bob usermod -l bob

usermod -L bob

What directory contains a user’s home directory? /rootfs /user / /home

/home

GIDs under 500 (or 1000) are usually reserved for what kind of groups? Are not used for groups, but for user accounts Administrators User private groups (UPG) System use

System use

A user cannot delete a file if they do not own it. True or False? True False

False

The chown command permits changing group ownership done by root only. True or False? True False

False

Which of the following commands will list hidden files as well as their ownership? ls -a ls -z ls -l ls -la

ls -la

Which of the following commands will set setuid for /usr/bin/program? chmod 1755 /usr/bin/program chmod 4755 /usr/bin/program chmod 2755 /usr/bin/program None of the above

chmod 4755 /usr/bin/program

Setting setgid on a directory… …will allow scripts in the directory to be executed as the group owner of the directory. …will set the group owner of all files created in the directory to the group owner of the directory. …is not allowed by the system. …does nothing

…will set the group owner of all files created in the directory to the group owner of the directory.

Deleting a source file will break an associated hard link. True or False? True False

False

Which of the following commands would create a hard link, link to file? ln file link ln -s link file ln link file ln -s file link

ln file link