Final-Environmental

Question 1

Public concern about the environment grew in response to

Answer 1

a number of ecological disasters and growing pollution.

Question 2

Environmental sociologists called for an approach that

Answer 2

acknowledges limits on available resources and the need to live in balance with the environment.

Question 3

Human exemptionalist perspective

Answer 3

View that humans are different from other living beings and do not face environmental limits on our economic growth.

Question 4

Subfield focuses on people in rural areas and their connections to the environment and natural resources.

Answer 4

Rural sociology

Question 5

Subfield that focuses on the social organization of urban communities and similarities to other organisms.

Answer 5

Human ecology

Question 6

National Environmental Policy Act(NEPA)

Answer 6

1970 law requiring federal agencies to consider the environmental effects of policies and legislation.

Question 7

New Environmental Paradigm (or New Ecological Paradigm)–

Answer 7

Perspective that considers potential limits to economic growth and encourages developing a stable economy balanced with nature.

Question 8

Society affects the natural environment, and environmental change affects the quality and scope of society.

Answer 8

Conjoint constitution

Question 9

Pessimistic theories see economic growth

Answer 9

as in conflict with environment

Question 10

Optimistic theories think economic growth

Answer 10

is possible with environmental protection.

Question 11

argues that the relationship between economic growth and environmental protection changes based on other social characteristics.

Answer 11

anthro-shift

Question 12

says that the relationship between society and the environment is determined by risk and perceptions of risk.

Answer 12

anthro-shift

Question 13

is multi directional; it can move toward both more and less environmentally friendly configurations of actors.

Answer 13

anthro-shift

Question 14

People working individually or collectively through community groups and social movements.

Answer 14

Civil society

Question 15

Suggests that societies driven by economic expansion are in conflict with nature.

Answer 15

Treadmill of production theory

Question 16

An area with mature trees that have been relatively undisturbed by human activity.

Answer 16

Old-growth forest

Question 17

Theory focused on the interchange of matter and energy between human societies and the larger environment as economies grow.

Answer 17

Metabolic rift perspective

Question 18

Social metabolism

Answer 18

Exchange of resources and material between society and the environment.

Question 19

Focuses on resource exchanges and ecological interdependencies within the global economy

Answer 19

Ecologically unequal exchange theory

Question 20

Governments include environmental protection as a basic responsibility.

Answer 20

Environmental state

Question 21

Ecological modernization the

Answer 21

View that the dynamic nature of capitalism allows economic growth and related technologies to be directed toward environmental reforms

Question 22

Perspective that global institutional structures bring about environmental protection.

Answer 22

World society theory

Question 23

View that through development, environmental protection becomes more common.

Answer 23

Reflexive modernization

Question 24

Anthro-shift

Answer 24

Sees the society-environment relationship as dynamic, determined by how governments, the market, and civil society interact and how much they prioritize environmental issues.

Question 25

Climate change is a key example of

Answer 25

how societies and the environment affect each other.

Question 26

To reduce climate change, societies could follow a number of pathways, focuses more on

Answer 26

reducing use of fossil fuels (to limit emissions of carbon) or relying on technologies to remove carbon after it’s released.