Final - Environmental Considerations

Question 1

hyperthermia
prone
ex

Answer 1

elevated body temp
football, longdistance runners
Vikings - Corey stringer that took stimulants and died

Question 2

heat stress

Answer 2

preventable
exercising in hot, humid environments
when outside of body temp - denature of protein and wonky physiological processes
needs to be able to dissipate heat

Question 3

body temp can be affected by

Answer 3

metabolic heat production = ages and conditions 
conductive heat exchange 
convective heat exchange - gas 
radiant heat exchange 
evaporative heat loss

Question 4

BMR

Answer 4

basal metabolic rate - min energy required to sustain body’s vital functions - basic lvl of heat production on chemical rxns of metabolism

Question 5

muscular activity and heat production

Answer 5

side effect to BMR

strenuous PA - increase BMR 5 times the normal rate

Question 6

hormones and BMR

Answer 6

several can increase - menopause

stress hormones and thyroxine increase BMR

Question 7

dietary intake in metabolic rate

Answer 7

increase - works to digest food

Question 8

conduction

Answer 8

transfer of heat by direct contact

proportional to SA, temp diff, and density of surrounding

Question 9

convection

Answer 9

movement of molecules from warm to cool - wind chill

proportional to temp gradient and air flow

Question 10

radiant

Answer 10

heat from sun increases body temp

body dissipates heat through dilating superficial capillaries

Question 11

evaporation of sweat

Answer 11

trap and reduce heat when evaporated by 0.58kcal/ml - fat ind insulates the heat
proportional to SA, temp diff
inversely proportional to humidity
rise in core temp -> hypothalamus -> SNS -> increase sweat

Question 12

water vapor in expired air

Answer 12

cools the body - you will lose water and weight through breathing

Question 13

if you are running and dont sweat anymore

Answer 13

sign of heat stroke

Question 14

replenshing fluids

Answer 14

1:1

Question 15

heat index

Answer 15

wet bulb globe temp
dry bulb temp - mercury thermometer
wet bulb temp - wet wick/gauze at the end of thermometor and swung in the air
over 90 all training must be stopped

Question 16

heat exhaustion

Answer 16

exercise in heat and humidity that increases the body temp secondary to heat from muslce work
dehydration or humid environment affects sweating therefore heat loss

Question 17

4 at risk of heat illness

Answer 17

hot and humid
dehydration
lack of fitness
unacclimatized - at least one day before

Question 18

mild heat illness - 3

Answer 18

heat fatigue - tiredness and weakness, occasionally headache - drink more water , vessels are dilated so dont get up and run
heat cramps - muslce tightness and spasms, usually calf and thigh
heat syncope - fainting episode immediately after exercise

Question 19

moderate heat illness

Answer 19

heat exhaustion - weakness, headache, dizziness, nausea - occasional mild confusion
Loss of consciousness - if cont - mild reduction in BP and increase in HR

Question 20

severe heat illness

Answer 20

heat stroke - reduced consciousness
hot dry skin
low BP and rapid pulse

Question 21

diagnosis of heat illness

Answer 21

urgent consult with sports physician, usually clinical but electrolytes may be lost

Question 22

treatment of mild heat illness

Answer 22

stop, elevate legs, cool drinks

Question 23

treatment of mod heat illness

Answer 23

stop, shelter from heat, ice to neck armpits and groin, cool drinks

Question 24

treatment of severe heat illness

Answer 24

stop, remove from environment, ice to neck, armpits and groins, fluid replacement
conscious - cold fluids - glucose/electrolyte, 5% glucose or water downed tomato juice
unconscious - intravenous fluids
may hospitalize

Question 25

7 preventing heat illness

Answer 25

``` fluid and electrolyte replacement gradual acclimatization identify susceptible ind wicking uniforms weight records temp and humidity readings fluid and electrolyte balance ```

Question 26

fluid and electrolyte balance

Answer 26

athletes need to replenish fluids bc they sweat regardless cold more readily absorbed hypohydration - decreased muscular strength and endurance, decreased blood and plasma volume, altered cardiac function, loss of electrolytes commercially prepared drinks - slow gastric emptying due to sugars activities >45 mins from 5% solution of polymerized glucose - before and after competition

Question 27

gradual acclimatization

Answer 27

accustomed to heat and exercise in hot temps | preseason program before competition

Question 28

susceptible ind

Answer 28

large muscle mass/overweight | poor fitness, hx of heat illness and sick

Question 29

uniforms

Answer 29

light weight - polypropylene to wick sweat away

Question 30

weight records

Answer 30

1.1-1.5% of water can be lost before you see a drop in performance 3-5% drop in blood volume, only allowed to cut 5%

Question 31

temp and humidity

Answer 31

DBT and WBT should be taken before and after exercise - then modify practice

Question 32

hypothermia

Answer 32

reduction in core body temp | when it loses more heat than it can produce

Question 33

4 ways to lose heat

Answer 33

conduction convection radiation - loss to nearby objects sweating - evaporation

Question 34

3 at risk for hypothermia

Answer 34

water, alpine, endurance sports

Question 35

mild hypothermia - 6

Answer 35

``` cold extremities shivering increased HR and BR urgent desire to pass urine slight uncoordination ```

Question 36

mod hypothermia - 7

Answer 36

``` tiredness and weakness increased uncoordination reduced shivering and slurred speech poor mem drowsiness, poor judgment dehydration ```

Question 37

severe hypothermia - 7

Answer 37

``` stop shivering inappropriate B reduced consciousness muslce ridigidy low BP and HR irregular HR fluid accumulation in lungs ```

Question 38

treating mild hypothermia

Answer 38

remove from cold remove all wet clothing and cover with dry blankets - if cant - put them in a plastic bag below the neck space blanket warm drinks

Question 39

treating mod hypothermia

Answer 39

``` remove from cold remove all wet clothing and cover with dry blankets - if cant - put them in a plastic bag below the neck space blanket gentle hospital ```

Question 40

treating severe hypothermia

Answer 40

gentle urgent transfer to hospital ICU and active rewarming with close monitoring

Question 41

dangers of hypothermia

Answer 41

irregular HR - artial fibrilation, ventricular fibrillation pulmonary edema - fluid in lungs aspiration - foreign body into lungs increased risk of muscular tear - decreased flexibility numbness and impaired coordination decreased energy availability - inhibition of breakdown of energy stores

Question 42

7 prevention of hypothermia

Answer 42

``` avoid activity inappropriate for fitness lvls avoid activity to exhaustion avoid dehydration ensure adequate nutrition appropriate clothing warm up appropriately plan and communicate with others ```

Question 43

frost bite

Answer 43

freezing of tissues due to exposure of extreme cold - peripheries superficial - superficial layers of skin deep - full thickness of skin and deeper issues

Question 44

risk for frost bite

Answer 44

activities in extreme cold - alpine events

Question 45

symptoms of superficial frost bite

Answer 45

burning local pain numbness pale and grey skin - red after thawing blisters

Question 46

symptoms of deep frost bite

Answer 46

extreme pain numbness frozen block of hard white tissue with areas of gangrene and blood blisters if severe

Question 47

treatment of superficial frost bite

Answer 47

thaw but direct contact with body heat - dont thaw unless prevention of refreeze - dont rub

Question 48

treatment of deep frost bite

Answer 48

``` hot water bath - whirlpool with antiseptic hospitalization pain killers antibiotics for infection special intravenous fluids delayed surgery ```