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GLGY 305 > Final Exam 1 > Flashcards

Final Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological species

A

A group of individuals that can actually or potentially interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

Linnaean Taxonomy

A

Linnaeus developed a classification system based on how close organisms were to one another.
- The more features that two organisms shared, the more closely related they were assumed to be
- If two organisms shared more features in common that one of the organisms and a separate organism, those organisms were thought to be more closely related than to the other separate organism.

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3
Q

Linnaean Taxonomy

A

Linnaeus developed a classification system based on how close organisms were to one another.
- The more features that two organisms shared, the more closely related they were assumed to be
- If two organisms shared more features in common that one of the organisms and a separate organism, those organisms were thought to be more closely related than to the other separate organism.
Poorly addressed evolutionary relationships sometimes - use analogous.

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4
Q

Homologous features

A

Features that are found in two separate organisms (or groups of organisms) because those organisms both evolved from a common ancestor that had this same feature.
Example - all mammals have four limbs.

When a similar anatomical structure in two different organisms can be traced back to a single original structure in a common ancestor - we call it a homologous structure.

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5
Q

Analogous structures

A

Features that look similar because they serve a similar function - NOT BECAUSE OF COMMON ANCESTRY

Convergent evolution

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6
Q

diagnostic characters

A

distinctive and unique characters that define a taxon.

Characters may or may not be diagnostic depending on which two groups you are comparing

ie. fur is diagnostic of mammals but not dogs

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7
Q

plesiomorphic

A

primitive (character)

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8
Q

apomorphic

A

derived (character)

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9
Q

Pikaia

A

One of the earliest ancestors of all vertebrates
Had a notochord
Cephalochordata
No vertebral column however

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10
Q

Agnathans/Cyclostomata

A

Jawless fish with vertebral columns- were very successful until jawed fish came along
Lampreys and hagfish
Lampreys - parasites

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11
Q

Sarcopterygians

A

Lobe-finned fish. Fleshy fins (some)
Fins have bony elements - homologous with the bone elements in the limbs of tetropods
Coelocanth
Limb-like bones in fins

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12
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Fishapod - transitional animal from water to land
Had gills and lungs, fins that could bear weight
Speed the transition onto land

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13
Q

Adaptations that tetrapods had for land

A

more robust pelvic and pectoral girdles
sprawlingn stance
robust ribs to protect organs like the lungs

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14
Q

What are all of the Linnaean classification groups?

A

Kings playing cards on fine Greek silk
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

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15
Q

Dimetrodon

A

Mammal-like dinosaurs – synapsids
One temporal fenestrae
Not mammals though - no mammary glands or fur

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16
Q

Diapsids

A

Dinosaurs, birds, pterosaurs, crocodiles, lizards, snakes

Some scientists have expanded the definition of reptiles to include all diapsids, even the birds

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17
Q

Linnaean class Reptilia

A

Dinosaurs, crocodiles, snakes, lizards

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18
Q

What two classes are diapsids split into?

A

Lepidosauromorphs - short, nonoverlapping vertebrae in the neck (lizards, snakes, mososaurs)
Archosauromorphs - longer, overlapping vertebrae in the neck which provide support for longer necks (crocodiles, pterysaurs, birds, dinos)

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19
Q

Archosauria

A

A subgroup of Archosauromorpha that has openings in front of the eyes called antorbital fentrestrae

They also have longer, overlapping neck vertebrae like other Archosauromorphs

Crocodiles, pterosaurs, birds dinosaurs

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20
Q

What clades do the Archosauria split into?

A

Crurotarsi - crocodiles (sprawling stance)
Ornithodira - upright stance (pterosaurs, birds, dinos)

Differences in the ankle structure

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21
Q

What groups do Archosaurs splits into?

A

Crurotarsi - crocodiles retain sprawling stance
Ornithodira - pterosaurs, birds, dinos have an upright stance (simple ankle joint)
Due to differences in ankle structure

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22
Q

What clades does the Ornithodira branch into?

A

Includes the Pterosauria and the Dinosauria

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23
Q

Pterosauria

A

Has extraordinary adaptations for flight (elongation of digit 4 to support the wing.
Dinosaurs do not have this adaptation. (Neither do dinosauromorphs)

FLIGHT EVOLVED SEPARATELY IN BIRDS

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24
Q

What kind of posture do dinosauromorpha exhibit?

A

Digitigrade posture - standing on the balls of their feet, allowing for a longer stride - move more efficiently and continuously gallop (not in short bursts like with sprawlers)
All ornithodira have the upright posture bc of their simple ankle

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25
Non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorphs
Small, lightly built, insectivorous or carnivorous, and many walked on all fours but ran bipedally consistent with the idea that primitive dinosaurs were bipedal and dinos secondarily reverted to the quadrupedal stance. Same thing with herbivory (secondarily evolved) Earliest dinos were also likely bipedal
26
What was the distribution of dinosauromorphs?
World wide distribution because Pangaea was just one large super continent. Didn't need to be able to cross oceans.
27
What characterizes Dinosauria?
Elongate deltapectoral crest on the humerus - for muscle attachment (=powerful forearms) Perforate acetabulum (a cup-shaped opening on either side of the hips where the head of the femur inserts - 4 articulation)
28
When were the earliest dino fossils found?
228 mya - triassic but maybe 242 - 237 mya? (trackways) - CARNIAN
29
Where were the oldest dino fossils found?
Argentina in 229-218 Ma rocks Traits are very primitive (not specialized)
30
When did non-dinosaur dinosauromorphs go extinct?
By the end of the late triassic they were co-existing for some time with the dinosauria
31
Morphospecies
In the fossil record - a group of individuals that have some reliable characters distinguishing them from all other species - hard to tell if the variation is due to differences is sex, age, or incomplete fossil record
32
What determines a dinosaur as being female in the fossil record?
Finding an egg in the body cavity Look for medullary (SPONGY) bone - females have more energetic costs associated with producing eggs and raising young. More calcium budgeted to egg production and less calcium available for bones.
33
Identifying age in the fossil record?
Concentric growth rings called Lines of Arrested Growth (LAGs) - found in dino bones and teeth. See to form seasonally and thus can be counted to estimate age lack of fusion in the skull bones suggests juvenile young, rapidly growing bones are spongier and less solid than adult bones.
34
What are the three major groups of dinosaurs?
Theropods (mostly meat-eating dinos) Sauropodomorphs (long-necked dinos) Ornithischians (everything else)
35
Historical Saurischia group
Based on hip orientation Lizard-hipped -- pubis is down and slightly forward included theropoda and sauropodomorpha
36
Historical Ornithischia group
Based on hip orientation Bird-hipped -- part of the pubis points backwards and lies along the lower rim on the ischium. Just included ornithischia
37
Hip orientations for Saurischia vs Ornithischia
Saurischia - lizard-hipped - Pubis is down and slightly forward Ornithischia - bird-hipped - at least part of the pubis points backwards. Pubis parallel to the ischium.
38
Historical subdivisions within Dinosauria
Based on the hips Saurischia includes theropods and sauropodomorphs (birds - lizardhipped!) Ornithischia includes all other dinosaurs (bird- hipped) SO according to this grouping - the orientation of hips evolved twice separately for birds and Ornithiscians .
39
Which clade has more evidence for support - Ornithischia or Saurischia?
Ornithischia has more characters in common - more support for this group! predentary bone, beak, palpebral bone, jaw joint set below the upper tooth row, at least 5 sacral vertebrae, ossified tendons above sacral region Saurischia - primitive = carnivory suggested elongate vertebrae in the neck, large hands, loss of digit V, thumb falls across the palm - Support for this clade is not as good :(
40
How did the Big Reorganization group the major groups of dinosaurs?
Saurischia has one group - incl Sauropodamorpha as one group which includes sauropods Ornithoscelida - Incl. Theropoda and Ornithischia Demphasises the importance of the hips
41
Principle of Parsimony
the simplest explanation is the best explanation
42
herrasaurids
basal group of dinosaurs - we are currently unsure of where these dinosaurs fit in with the three major groups. have them as a basal theropod but we aren't sure
43
Problems with the Big Reorganization
Both sauropodomorphs and theropods have pneumatic bones (bones with air sacs) throughout their skeletons - pterosaurs also have these though... so maybe its a primitive trait of all Ornithodira? Carnivory evolved twice (once in herrasaurids and once in theropods)
44
What features do herbivorous mammals have in their skull for chewing?
Cropping section - blade-like teeth called incisors bite off chunks of food diastema - a toothless ish gap for food manipulation by the tongue Cheek teeth - molars in mammals - a place for grinding food into paste Their jaw joint is also offset from their teeth row - allows their teeth to all come together at the same time to facilitate efficient grinding of food We can look for these same skull features in dinosaurs to infer herbivory
45
What are some adaptations for chewing in the skull?
Expansion of the coronoid process for jaw muscle attachment Closely packed teeth with flat grinding surfaces (see with cheek teeth) Teeth occlude (fit together tightly top to bottom) for efficient grinding. An inset tooth row to support cheeks (so food doesnt fall out of the mouth when chewing) Jaw joint is above or below the tooth row (allowing the upper and lower teeth to make contact at the same time)- less stable jaw joint but allows for simultaneous contact of teeth plus for grinding side to side --- gives a mechanical advantage
46
Gastroliths
stomach stones that help to mechanically breakdown food in non-chewers Reduce E costs for aquatic taxa- can help with balance as well
47
Were theropods good or bad chewers?
Probably bad chewers Teeth spaced out or no teeth at all Tooth row not inset (no cheeks) Wide gape pointy serrated teeth (steak knives) Dominant tooth function: tearing Slim torsos
48
When would carnivores hold on to their prey?
When the prey was small compared to themselves. When the prey was large relative to themselves they would likely adopt a slashing bite tactic - bite and release and wait for the animal to bleed out NEed to weigh the risk vs benefit
49
Were sauropodomorphs good chewers?
Not good chewers - their teeth were spaced out and peg-like (no grinding surfaces) Teeth spaced out Tooth row not inset DOminant tooth function: puncturing vegetation However they do have barrel-shaped guts for fermentation and some have gastroliths NOT CARNIVORES
50
Were ornithischians good chewers?
They were okay, good, and great chewers They have similar skull adaptations to herbivorous mammals Cropping section (beak), diastema (gap for food manipulation), cheek teeth (grinding surface) -jaw joint below the tooth row (simultaneous grinding) BY ANALOGY - SPECIALIZING ONT HE SAME DIET TYPE IS HERBIVOROUS MAMMALS
51
rhamphotheca
beak made of keratin found in ornithischia For cropping vegetation Not well preserved lots of the time
52
Direct evidence for what dinosaurs ate
Coprolites (fossilized poop) and cololites (gut contents)
53
Indirect evidence for what dinosaurs ate?
- Skull adaptations -Assemble all known fossilsf rom an area - carnivores likley ate the herbivores who ate plants Look for teeth marks on bones ( can;t identify spec but still gives info) Compare to other skeletons of species are alive to infer behaviours + compare enviros they might have lived in
54
Adaptations for fish eating animals
Elongate narrow snout, conical, interlocking teeth Helps to trap slippery prey Forward tilting teeth to spear fish Piscivorous birds either have sharp pointed beaks to spear fish or large lower jaws to scoop the fish
55
Is Allosaurus a carnivore?
Sure is
55
Meaning of Sauropodomorpha
Lizard-foot-form Extremely big, not so smart -
56
What are some characters that define the sauropodomorpha?
Relatively small HEAD At least 10 neck vertebrae that form a long neck Additional vertebrae in front and behind sacrum Big thumb with large claw Long femur Lived for more than 160 million years
57
What was the distribution of the Sauropodomorpha?
Found all over - around for a long time too - very successful
58
Basic appearance of prosauropoda?
Smaller, bipedal A basal or primitive Sauropod As they become more derived, sauropods get a lot bigger, they get quadripedal, and their heads get smaller relative to their body size
59
Which way does the pubis of a Sauropodomorph face?
Forward and down
60
Largest dino?
Argentinosaurus huinculensis 35 m long and ~75 tons. But just estimates Patagotitan may have been larger
61
What did Sauropods do to keep things light?
Pheumatic bone - kept tje upper skeleton light In their vertebrae - have an internal system of cavities and openings Extremely small, delicately built skull with large openings Small head because it goes at the end of a long neck Their bony nostril openings migrate backwards on top of their head
62
What are two main groups of Sauropods?
Diplodocoidea Macronaria
63
Diplodocoidea
fully retracted nares above the eyes Subrectangular snout peg-like teeth along front of jaw forming tooth comb Subgroup of sauropods
64
Macronaria
Sub group of Sauropods Nares as large or larger than the orbit Nares move towards the top of the skull Shortening and elevation of the skull, indicating a more powerful biting force.
65
What evidence suggests that the fleshy nostrils of sauropods lie closer to the end of the snout?
Abundance of foramina for blood vessels and nerves indicates fleshy nostrils further down the face and closer to the mouth than the eyes nares = bony nostrils
66
Nuchal ligament
Structure particularly important in sauropods. An elastic rope of connective tissue that ran down the neck and back to support the head so the muscles didn't have to work as hard. Passive way to hold the neck in the horizontal plane.
67
How is blood passed through the neck up to the head?
Neck is held close to horizontally Cervical ribs flexed while the dinosaur walked. Compression may have put pressure on the vertebral artery (takes blood to the head), helping to pump blood of the neck With a longer neck, there are more muscles to help pump
68
How did sauropods breath?
Air sac system like birds. Means that lungs are receiving oxygenated blood during both inhalation and exhalation Some of the air sacs are in their hollow bones
69
Characters specific to the Ornithischia
predentary bone Beak (toothless tip of snout) rhampotheca Palpebral bone that cross the outside of the eye socket Jaw joint set below the upper tooth row Cheek teeth with low, subtriangular crowns At least 5 sacral vertebrae Ossified tendons above the sacral region further along the vertebral column
70
Ornithischian pelvis?
Part of the pubis pointing backwards May have accomodated a larger gut region
71
Function of Ossified tendons above the sacral region further along the vertebral column
Passively hold the tail horizontally Counter balance - holding the chest and the head forward - suggests more of an active lifestyle
72
Primitive Ornithischia
Long hind limbs, bipedal jaw joint is below the tooth row can still see the palpebral bone
73
Genasauria
Well-developed muscular cheeks SEE INSET tooth rows Herbivores This is a group within Ornithischia
74
What are the main groups within the Genasauria?
(Ornithischia) Thyreophora Cerapoda (Marginocephalia + Ornithopoda)
75
Thyreophorans
Genasaurs (Ornithischia) with dermal armour, bone-plates embedded in the skin-along th eback surface of the bony. EMBEDDED in the skin Shield - bearer
76
Cerapoda
Genosaurs (Ornithischia) with a pronounced diastema (space between the cropping region and the back teeth) Includes the marginocephalia and the ornithopoda
77
Marginocephalia
A group within the Cerapoda (within the Genosauria - Ornithischia)
78
Ornithopoda
A group within the Cerapoda within the Genasauria within Ornithischia Incl. iguanodon, duck-bill dinosaurs, and other great chewers
79
What is the beak of Ornithischians made of?
Keratin - not preserved well because it does not fossilize rhamphotheca
80
Who are the Hadrosaurs?
Called the DUCKBILLED DINOSAURS Ornithopoda - Genosauria - Ornithischia Don't actually have a beak Consumed touch vegetation like conifer needles, twigs, needles and bark
81
What are the shared characters of Thyreophora
Ornithischia - Genosauria (dinos with cheeks) - Thyreophora - Parallel rows of bones that are embedded in the skin (called OSTEODERMS) that run down the necks, backs and tails Armoured dinosaurs! Though the armour is embedded in the skin - NOT ATTACHED TO THE SPINE
82
Primitive Thyreophora
Began as small and bipedal - but they quickly became larger quadrupedal dinos All derived thyreophorans are quadrupedal
83
Did dermal armour evolve in any other lineage of dino besides Thyreophora?
Yep - some sauropods have it SaltasaURUS
84
Were Thyreophora good chewers?
Ok chewers Have beak for cropping and inset tooth row/cheeks but their teeth are small, simple, triangular, lack regular grinding surfaces and do not fit well together also the coronoid process is small They ate shorter plants like ferns and cycads
85
What groups are within Thyreophora?
Scutellosaurus Eurypoda - Stegosauria - Ankylosauria
86
Stegosauria (roofed-lizards)
Eurypoda - Thyreophora - Genosauria - Ornithischia Almost global distribution Plates organized in rows down the neck, back and tail Medium sized dinos - about hippo size They have shorter forelimbs than hind limbs but they are NOT bipedal like other dinos with these limb proportions
87
How do we think Stegosaurs moved?
Likely just walked slowly Couldn't run bipedally likely because too head heavy Longer hindlimbs than forelimbs ...their weight is distributed towards the head.
88
Do we think that Stegosaurs were smart?
When looking at their brain case - we see their brain to body size ration was 1:1000 whereas humans are 1:40.... Very very small brain, slightly enlarged olfactory bulb
89
What do osteoderms include?
Spines, spikes, cones, and plates embedded within the skin For defense? The end of the tail yes - but they plates didn't have max visual impact from the front so unlikely for defense The spines and plates likely served at least some thermoregulation function -debated topic Juveniles do not appear to have plates or spikes.
90
Thagomizer
End of the tail in some stegosaurs that was likely used for defense. Pointed, splayed spikes that slashed side to side
91
Ankylosauria
Eurypoda - Thyreophora - Eurypoda Encased in an 'armour' of osteoderms; continuous shield around the neck, throat, back, and tail (sometimes head, cheeks and eyelids too) large gut, quadrupedal with longer hindlimbs than forelimbs 2 hippos! bigger than stegosaurs TAIL CLUB Broad distribution; maybe not global though

GLGY 305 (5 decks)

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