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GLGY 305 > Final exam 3 > Flashcards

Final exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where were theropods placed within Dinosauria according to the historical arrangements?

A

Originally classified as Saurischia with the sauropodomorphs

But are now lumped with the Ornithischia in a new group called the Ornithoscelida

The pelvic area of Therapods (historical Saurischia)
- Pubis faces down and slightly forward (anteriorly)

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2
Q

Meaning of theropoda?

A

Beast foot

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3
Q

Characters of theropods?

A

Therapods are bipedal, active runners.
Characters (some):
- knife-like teeth (thin, curved backwards, serrated)
- Extra openings in front of the antorbital fenestrae called the promaxillary fenestrae
- Large hands with grasping ability …

But many of these characters are lost or modified in derived therapods (ie. Trex does not have large hands)

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4
Q

Were all theropods carnivorous?

A

Nope some were herbivores and omnivores
ranged from toothy to toothless

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5
Q

Bones of theropods?

A

The limb bones of theropods are hollow with a thin, dense outer layer
The hollow bones likely house air sacs, especially in derived forms, that made them efficient breathers

Birds also have very thin, hollow bones, providing strong evidence that birds evolved from therapods

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6
Q

What combination of characters made theropods active predators?

A

light skeleton and unidirectional breathing

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7
Q

Geographic distribution of theropods

A

Global distribution of non-coelurosaurian theropds

Theropods have been found on every single continent from virtually every kind of terrestrial environment

The diversity in theropod habitats

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8
Q

Herrerosaurus

A

Theropoda - herrerasaurids
Unclear of whether they are basal theropods are a sister group of the sauropodomorphs (in saurischia)
For now we will lump them as a basal group of theropods

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9
Q

Coelophysoidea

A

Part of the group Neotheropoda

Theropoda - Neotheropoda - Coelophysoidea

Characters that define Neotheropoda =
Lose digit 5 (pinky) on hand
Functionally 3-toed foot
Furcula present

Small- medium carnivores

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10
Q

Neotheropod tracks

A

They have four toes but the 3rd one hangs off of the ground like the dew claw in dogs

Claws, slender toes, longer foot than wide, more v-shaped foot outline

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11
Q

What does the presence of a furcula mean?

A

(wishbone/clavicle) Means that the animal is a Neotheropod

The furcula strengthens the thorax, acts like spring, storing energy for more efficient flight

Energy released during the upstroke
May also aid in respiration by helping to pump air through the air sacs

Can be quite small ,sometimes undetectable in theropods

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12
Q

Coelophysis

A

basal neotheropod

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13
Q

Dilophosaurus

A

basal neotheropod

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14
Q

Ceratosaurs

A

Group of neotheropoda

Waste basket taxon - lots of different skull structures/variability

stout, pushed in snout
Very short, vestigial forearms
Teeth found in juveniles but not adults

weirdos, mostly meat-eating

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15
Q

Tetanurae

A

Group of theropods
Theropoda –> Neotheropoda –> Tetanurae
Character that defines Tetanurae; Interlocking zygopophyses on tail vertebrae - gives an inflexible tail

One group - Megalosauroidea - and then the remainder of theropods

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16
Q

Megalosauroidea

A

A group within the Tetanurae
Back half of the tail stiffened by interlocking zygopophyses (fore and aft-projections from neural arches

Includes megalosaurus - the first dinosaur to be named (1676)

Spinosaurus (longest theropod) and its relatives are considered crocodile mimics…They had a croc-like snout and conical teeth but the teeth are not laterally compressed
- Couldn’t resist tortional stress so likely fed more fish/small terrestrial animals

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17
Q

Spinosauridae

A

Family within the Megalosauroidea
Theropoda - Neotheropoda - Tetanurae - Megalosauroidea

This group includes the longest theropod - Spinosaurus

Has some aquatic-like features (position of nares, dense leg bone compared to other theropods)

Some of them had a sail or hump on the back – function? Maybe thermoregulation, display, maybe swimming

Spinosaurus was originally constructed as a biped but recent data suggests that Spinosaurus may be partially quadrupedal (would be the only quadrupedal theropod)

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18
Q

Avetheropoda

A

Character that defines all Avetheropoda = loss of digit lV - so down to 3 digits!

Theropoda - Neotheropoda - Tetanurae - Avetheropoda

Sub group within = Allosauroidea and then the rest of the theropods-

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19
Q

Allosauroidea

A

Allosaurids were the major predator groups across most of the world for most of the Jurassic and Cretaceous (81 million years)

174 Ma- 93 Ma

Some got very big… the larger ones possible hunted Sauropods
3-fingered meat-eaters
Tyranosaurs were in NA so they outcompeted Allosaurs here… but they have a decent fossil record in South America and Africa

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20
Q

Characters that define Coelurosauria?

A

Enlarged brain, long, narrow foot

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21
Q

Coelurosauria

A

They have enlarged brains and long, narrow, feet

Contain Tyrannosauroidea and the rest of the Theropods

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22
Q

Tyrannosauroidea

A

Includes more famous theropods like T. Rex
However even within this clade, they started out as small-midsized predators underfoot of larger allosaurs

**Dominant predator forms like T. Rex only evolved after the extinction of allsosauroids. Once the competition had decreased it allowed tyrannosaurs to increase in size in the particular ecosystem

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23
Q

Tyrannosauridae

A

Family within the Tyrannosauroidea clade

Apex predator forms didn’t last too long - 2-fingered

Very diverse but all only had small two-fingered forelimbs

Got to quite big sizes, heavy built

Several species found in NA prior to T. rex

Tyrannosaurus rex was not native to NA - likely originated in Asia

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24
Q

Compsognathidae

A

Theropoda - Neotheropoda - Tetanurae - Avetheropoda - Coelurosauria - Compsognathidae

Small, lightly built runners. Has downy coat of insulating feathers. small carnivores

INCLUDES Sinosauropteryx - had a colour banded tail like a racoon or red panda
Don’t preserve well so the diversity of specimens collected is relatively low

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25
Maniraptoriformes
Theropoda - neotheropoda - tetanurae - avetheropoda - coelurosauria - Maniraptoriformes Dinosaurs with Pennaceous (bird-like) feathers and wings Sub groups = Ornithomimosauria and the rest of the theropods
26
Ornithomimosauria
Bird (or ostrich) -mimic dinosaurs Branch of Maniraptoriformes These dinosaurs have wings with pennaceous feathers that were likely used for display or courtship (make this assumption based on what colouration in birds is used for modern day) Some got quite big The first feathered dinosaurs found in NA were ornithomimids found in AB
27
Deinocheirus
Mysterious theropod that was suspected to be a giant ornithomimid Only have giant arms for evidence 1965 (bad anatomical fidelity) Later we got more evidence - confirmed as Ornithomimid - appeared to have a spatula -like snout but there could've been soft tissue at the end that wasn't preserved. Likely herbivourous or omnivorous
28
Maniraptora characters
Defined by Elongate forelimbs and semi-lunate wrist bone Includes Therizinosauroidea and Oviraptorosauria and the rest of the theropods 'hand stealer'
29
Which group is the semi-lunate wrist bone found in?
Maniraptora wrist bone with a half moon shape Rounded half articulated with the forearm Allows motion of the wrist such that the hand can be rotated laterally as if it was folded (lateral rotation) -allows modern birds to fold their wings Evolved in Maniraptoriforms (group before Maniraptora
30
Maniraptor
Incl. the closest relatives to birds, hence are the MOST bird-like dinos Most tend to be omnivorour or herbivourous but some derived maniraptors are carnivorous - most are not using the claws for hunting... Includes clades therizinosauroidea and Oviraptorsauria and the rest of Theropods
31
Therizinosaurs
A clade within Maniraptora that were relatively huge with long claws. Likely herbivorous Long-clawed herbivorous weirdos ONLY NEOTHEROPODS WITH FOUR TOE TRACKS
32
Which is the only group of Neotheropods with four toe tracks?
Therizinosaurs (Maniraptora)
33
Oviraptorsauria
Ranged from small to large (8m) Parrot-like head with or without rest, toothless in derived forms Peg like spine at the top of the mouth (possible for eating eggs?) Short tail Feathers on forelimbs Tail fan of feathers on pygostyle-fused bones at the end of tail. Feathers on tail! parrot-like skull
34
Alvarezsaurs
A clade within Maniraptora They are small with short arms, small teeth, and seem to be covered in feathers Their hands are fused... Small omni/insectivores Ex. Shuuvia - insectivous potential - use pencil-like hands to dig
35
Alvarezsauridae
Family within Alvarezsaurs (Maniraptora) ex. Shuvuuia The short arms clearly served a function (specialized)... maybe for digging termite grounds - insectivorous?
36
Eumaniraptora - end of the theropoda cladogram
This group includes the 'raptors' with sickle-like killing claws INCLUDES AVIAN DINOS - BIRDS ex. Troodontids (Anchiornis- THE FIRST DINO TO Have a full body colour mapping) ex. Dromaeosauridae (ex. Velociraptor)
37
Dromaeosauridae
A clade within Eumaniraptora. Velociraptors! Generally small bodied predators, well known from Asia (velociraptors) Fighting dinosaurs Some larger forms highest brain to body size ratio of all non-avian dinos Have feather preening teeth - suggests grooming behaviour
38
Saurornitholestes
a remarkably preserved NA dromaeosaurid
39
Deinonychosauria
Clade off of Eumaniraptora Includes the sister clades: Troodontidae and Dromaeosauridae
40
Avialae
Next big group after Eumaniraptora Includes Archaeopteryx and Aves (INCL. Birds) Archaeopteryx is considered a transitional animal between nonavian dinos and birds
41
When do wing-like feathers begin to appear in the theropods?
In the Maniraptoriformes
42
When did down-like feathers become common/appear in theropods?
In Coelurosauria
43
Archaeopteryx
An Avialae Had both features of birds (feathers and furcula) and dinosaurs (a long tail and hands with claws) Most often classified as the world's oldest bird but of the 11 specimens recovered, one was classified as a small theropod because the feathers were poorly preserved Clearly transitional between non-avian dinosaurs and birds.
44
Who is in with the Ornithodirans?
Pterosauria, Dinosauromorpha, Dinosauria, birds etc they had a simple ankle joint, upright stance
45
Who is all in with the Archosaurs??
crocodiles, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, birds THEY ALL HAVE ANTEORBITAL FENESTRA
46
Crurotarsi
A group of Archosaurs that has a crurotarsal ankle and sprawled stance -- Crocodiles!
47
What character defines Pterosauria?
A group of Ornithodirans that has specializations for flight, including elongation of digit lV
48
lepidosauromorpha
A group of Diapsida that includes the snakes and the lizards
49
Mososaur
a marine reptile
50
plesiosaur
a marine reptile
51
Who is hollow-crested?
Lambeosaurinae Ornithopoda - Ankylopollexia -Hadrosauridae
52
Who is solid-crested?
Hadrosaurinae Ornithischia - Genosauria - Cerapoda - Ornithopoda - Ankylopollexia- Hadrisauridae
53
NTACMMEAA
Neotheropoda, Tetanurae, Avetheropoda, Coellurosauria, Maniraptiformes, Maniraptora, Eumaniraptora, Avialae, Aves
54
Megalosauroidea
A superfamily off of the branch Tetanurae
55
Which branch is Allosauroidea off of?
Avetheropoda
56
Which branch is Tyrannosauroidea off of?
Coelurosauria
57
Which branch is Ornithomimosauria off of?
Maniraptoriformes
58
Where is Compsognathidae in the Theropoda cladogram?
It is part of Coelurosauria
59
Characteristic that defines all Tetanurae?
Interlocking zygopophyses on tail vertebrae - gives for an inflexible tail
59
Characteristic that defines all Tetanurae?
Interlocking zygopophyses on tail vertebrae - gives for an inflexible tail
60
What level does natural selection act on?
THE INDIVIDUAL
61
Support for the Saurischia? (historical clado)
Elongate vertebrae in the neck Distinctly large hand, loss of finger V Thumb falls across the palm LESS SUPPORT THEN 4 ORNITHISCIA GROPUP

GLGY 305 (5 decks)

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