Final Exam

Question 1

_____said: “Man is by nature a social animal….”

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

The statistical technique used by investigators to combine the quantitative results from all previous studies on a question is known as _____________.

Answer 2

Meta-analysis

Question 3

Likert scales are/are not useful for measuring connotative meanings.

Answer 3

are not

Question 4

Eight stages of psychosocial development were identified by _________________.

Answer 4

Erik Erickson

Question 5

Research shows that questions of ________ length produce more complete answers than __________questions.

Answer 5

moderate; shorter

Question 6

Research shows that parenting practices and child outcomes are __________ in heterosexual families and lesbian families.

Answer 6

similar

Question 7

Lourdes asked her little sister Carmen what happened to all of her Halloween candy. Carmen smiled and said “I ated it!” Carmen’s statement provides an example of _____________.

Answer 7

Grammaticization

Question 8

In Asian societies social interaction takes form as _______________, according to Dr. Shinibu Kitayama.

Answer 8

adjustments

Question 9

Matt needed a roommate to share his apartment, so he placed an ad online. Justin replied, and they emailed back and forth, discussing their work, hobbies, and feelings about the local baseball team. Matt and Justin are engaging in _____________.

Answer 9

Self-disclosure

Question 10

You’re on your way to meet Chelsea for a study date. As soon as she sees you, she averts her gaze, moves her head down, and puts her hand to her face. You’re not sure what has happened, but you are relatively certain that Chelsea is _____________.

Answer 10

Embarrassed

Question 11

Which of the following is not one of the six fundamental emotions according to Ekman?

Answer 11

Jealousy

Question 12

On Tuesday, Camryn found out that she was selected for a summer internship she had been hoping for. Later that day she missed her normal bus and had to wait another 15 minutes for the next one, but she happily used the time to call a friend. The next morning she spilled her coffee on her favorite sweater, but didn’t get upset. She had much better things to be thinking about—like all the great people she’d meet during her internship. Camryn was experiencing _____________.

Answer 12

mood

Question 13

Shame and guilt are both social emotions, and are similarly caused by a specific, single incident in which the actor has committed an offense against another. They do not differ, however, in how long they endure.

Answer 13

true

Question 14

Julia was having a bad day. She had a terrible fight with her roommate, and then got lost on her way to her interview, making her feel flustered and anxious. Before the interview began she decided to take a few moments to think about the fun plans she had for the coming weekend. She smiled to herself. Soon, she started to feel happy. By the time her interview began she was feeling very positive. Julia was practicing _____________.

Answer 14

deep acting

Question 15

George swears that he can tell when his dog is happy just by looking at his face. “He smiles, just like you and me,” George tells you. Based on this, you think George might enjoy reading the work of _____________and make a mental note to get him a copy of the book “Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals” for his next birthday.

Answer 15

Charles Darwin

Question 16

Love, one of the five social emotions, is neither an inherently positive nor negative emotion.

true/false

Answer 16

true

Question 17

Facial expressions help us to determine the general affect of a person, but the context is what allows us to label another’s emotion.

true/false

Answer 17

true

Question 18

Culture can play an important role in the attribution process. For instance, college students who major in the social sciences may adopt a “cultural lens” that leads them to make more situational attributions in comparison to their peers majoring in engineering or business.

true / false

Answer 18

true

Question 19

Harold’s mother is a physician. When Harold thinks of his mother, he relies on a _____________schema. When he thinks of physicians, he relies on a _____________schema.

Answer 19

person; role

Question 20

Marcus’s friend set him up on a blind date with a woman named Sharon. His friend told him that Sharon is sociable, so Marcus assumes that she is also happy, humorous, and tolerant. Marcus is relying on _____________.

Answer 20

An implicit personality theory

Question 21

__________________________ explored how behavior was influenced by external events with variables preceding and following, i.e., antecedents (A), the behavior (B), and consequences (C), as outcomes of operant conditioning.

Answer 21

B F Skinner

Question 22

Kelley’s (1973) model indicates that attributions are made to the context or situation when consistency is low.

true/false

Answer 22

true

Question 23

Juliana is reviewing applications for a nursing position. She finds that she has a greater positive response to well qualified male nurses than well qualified female nurses, and conversely, a more negative response to poorly qualified male nurses than poorly qualified female nurses. She suspects that this has something to do with the fact that she spends most of her time with other female nurses since her unit has no male nurses. Her response to the male applicants could be due to the _____________effect.

Answer 23

Complexity-extremity

Question 24

Private behaviors, which are less visible, tend to have a greater level of consistency with attitudes.

True/False

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Heather is vegan, and feels that it is the best way to eat. She believes that harming (and domesticating) animals is morally wrong. She also believes that relying only on plant-based sources of food is best for the earth, and she feels that consuming animal-based products is unhealthy. Finally, she believes that if everyone were vegan we would have less hunger in the world. This is an example of _____________.

Answer 25

Horizontal structure

Question 26

When asked to explain his attitudes on many topics, such as the death penalty, welfare reform, and abortion, Sean relies on his faith in God and the Bible to justify his position. Sean’s attitudes rest on a _____________.

Answer 26

primitive belief

Question 27

What are the universal principles by which Influence Professionals operate?

Answer 27

reciprocation, scarcity, authority, commitment, liking and consensus.

Question 28

Pete loves his daughter, but he does not like the sweater she so carefully knit for him. In this structure, Pete has a positive _____________to his daughter, and a negative _____________to the sweater.

Answer 28

Sentiment relation; unit relation

Question 29

A social psychologist interested in how common stereotypes associated with gender influence judgments about a job applicant’s appropriateness for a job would likely draw on the cognitive perspective in their research. true/false

Answer 29

true

Question 30

Connection _____________________, and separation is _________________.

Answer 30

matters, loss

Question 31

For the third time in a month, Jason needs to cancel his dinner plans with his girlfriend, Melinda, due to a problem at work. Before he calls to give her the bad news, he imagines how the different explanations and apologies he could offer might appear to her, and how she might react. Jason is engaging in a process called _____________.

Answer 31

role-taking

Question 32

The concept that meanings are not inherent but are negotiated in interaction with others is a main premise of what perspective?

Answer 32

Symbolic interactionism

Question 33

Shelby works at the local coffee shop. She has noticed that some people leave money in the tip jar, while others do not. She begins to keep track of who tips, their gender, their age, and how long they had to wait in line. In this situation, ___________________ is the dependent variable.

Answer 33

tipping behavior

Question 34

The administration at a state university would like to learn how participation in university clubs and organizations impacts student’s college experience and overall sense of happiness. They plan on using student email addresses to distribute the survey, and are offering an incentive to increase the response rate. They hope to produce results that can be generalized to other universities with similar student bodies. What type of sample would be best suited to this study?

Answer 34

A simple random sample

Question 35

Julian placed a large plain box labeled “clothing donations to help local kids” at the grocery store. After leaving the box in place for one week, he removed the contents and counted articles of clothing. The following week, Julian added several photos of small children to the box. After the photos had been attached to the box for one week, Julian again removed the contents and counted the articles of clothing. Julian’s research method is best categorized as _____________.

Answer 35

a field experiment

Question 36

Which animal was used in “aging” research in order to compare the learning curve of this animal to human--based on closing the eye at an auditory signal in order to avoid a puff of air blown into the open eye?

Answer 36

rabbit

Question 37

Every Sunday morning, before starting his day, Matthew weighs himself. Each time he steps on the scale it tells him he weighs 15 pounds. Being a fully grown adult, Matthew is quite sure that he weighs more than that. We could say that Matthew’s scale is _____________.

Answer 37

reliable

Question 38

Instrumental conditioning is more effective when it is consistent. true/false

Answer 38

true

Question 39

Christopher is studying how Americans in their late teens and early twenties transition into adult roles. He is especially interested in how schools, the family, and other institutions—such as religious organizations—act as socializing agents during this important period in people’s lives. Which perspective on socialization is Christopher most likely utilizing?

Answer 39

the impact of social structure

Question 40

In terms of self-definition, Western societies emphasize traits such as, ____________________________, and _________________________________.

Answer 40

independence, personal goals

Question 41

Dr. Hazel Markus, Stanford University, highlights that Eastern societies emphasize what it means to be a person is to be _________________, rather than being ___________________.

Answer 41

better, good

Question 42

Omar is shopping for a new car. He really wants to get a big SUV so that it would be easier to bring his dogs out for hikes, but he knows his hiking club friends would disapprove; they all drive hybrids or electric cars. Omar is _____________.

Answer 42

Considering the generalized other

Question 43

Isabelle is an orthopedic surgeon, but as a humble person she doesn’t wear a white coat or have her patients call her “Doctor.” Instead, she wears overalls and tells everyone to call her “Izzy.” Her role performance is likely being shaped by _____________.

Answer 43

personal characteristics

Question 44

For our sense of self we are both _______________________ and ___________________ of our social world.

Answer 44

products, architects

Question 45

Parents are important influences on children’s self-appraisals regarding academics and sports, but not for perceived attractiveness. true/false

Answer 45

true

Question 46

The process of imaginatively occupying the position of another person and viewing the self and the situation from their perspective is known as _____________.

Answer 46

role taking

Question 47

Affect can be both positive or negative and relate to any kind of subjective evaluation of an object. true/false

Answer 47

true

Question 48

Young people often misinterpret neutral faces of the elderly as angry or sad due in part to their wrinkles. true/false

Answer 48

true

Question 49

We are more likely to experience embarrassment when _____________.

Answer 49

we are in a group

Question 50

While the factors that produce an emotion vary by culture (e.g., what causes a person shame in a collectivist culture is different than what causes shame in an individualistic culture), the relative importance of emotions does not. true/false

Answer 50

false

Question 51

Effort is _____________and _____________, while ability is _____________ and _____________.

Answer 51

Internal; unstable; internal; stable

Question 52

The work of ____________________________explored instrumental conditioning, trial and error, the Law of Effect.

Answer 52

Edward Thorndike

Question 53

After graduation Carolyn struggled to find a job. After a particularly bad day filled with rejection letters, Carolyn met up with a friend for coffee. The friend asked Carolyn why she thought she had not yet found a job, and Carolyn stated that it was most certainly due to the poor economy. Carolyn’s response may be influenced by _____________.

Answer 53

self-serving bias

Question 54

Because of its relation to our perceptions of another’s intent—such as whether they may help or harm us—and its ability to capture traits like friendliness and sincerity, warmth is the primary dimension upon which we base our impressions. true/false

Answer 54

true

Question 55

The following statement—“I haven’t read everything published on the topic, and so I may be off base, but I think the author’s argument is flawed—contains an example of _____________.

Answer 55

disclaimer

Question 56

Facial expressions may be interpreted differently based on the context in which they occur. true/false

Answer 56

true

Question 57

Ji-hoon and his classmates were working on a project for their English-as-a-second-language course. They spoke primarily in English, as the assignment required, but when they came to a part they were confused about, they began to speak in Korean. This is an example of _____________.

Answer 57

code switching

Question 58

In terms of the power of the situation, research and real life experiences overwhelmingly demonstrate that our ___________________ can affect our behavior and our _________________can affect our attitudes.

Answer 58

attitudes, behaviors

Question 59

The use of language allows people to communicate with others about experiences that they do not share directly. true/false

Answer 59

true

Question 60

Depending on whether they had blue eyes (good) or brown eyes (bad), how long did it take the children in Jane Elliot’s 3rd grade class to change their behavior?

Answer 60

15 minutes

Question 61

In regards to attitude-behavior correspondence, which of the following is not an element of both an attitude and a behavior?

Answer 61

judgement