Final Exam

Question 1

Behavior

Answer 1

Any action observed & described

Question 2

Nature vs. nurture

Answer 2

Nature: genes to a certain degree
Nurture: environmental influences

Question 3

what do environmental influences affect (behavior)

Answer 3

talk, walk, posture, body language

Question 4

Fixed Action Patterns

Answer 4

specific behaviors elicited by sign stimulus

Question 5

Learning

Answer 5

change in behavior brought about by experience

Question 6

Imprinting (birds)

Answer 6

young birds follow the first moving thing they see & are sensitive to parents vocalization

Question 7

Associative learning

Answer 7

a change in behavior that involves an association between two events

Question 8

two types of associative learning

Answer 8

classical & operant conditioning

Question 9

Classical conditioning (Pavlov)

Answer 9

2 stimuli at the same time to form association

Question 10

Operant conditioning

Answer 10

stimulus-response brought about through rewards

Question 11

Communication

Answer 11

an action by a sender that influences the behavior of the receiver

Question 12

four types of animal communication

Answer 12

visual, chemical, auditory, tactile

Question 13

chemical communication (pheromones)

Answer 13

powerful chemical signals passed in low concentration (territory marking)

Question 14

visual communication (+examples)

Answer 14

most used by diurnal species; courtship dances, firefly flashes

Question 15

tactile communication (+example)

Answer 15

when one individual touches another; waggle dance of honeybees

Question 16

Optimal foraging theory

Answer 16

animals need to ingest food that will provide more energy than the energy expended acquiring the food

Question 17

usually, primates are __________

Answer 17

polygamous

Question 18

dimorphic definition

Answer 18

taking two different forms (i.e. sexes)

Question 19

what do women prefer in men

Answer 19

1) financial success

2) symmetry

Question 20

what do men prefer in women

Answer 20

youthfulness & attractiveness

Question 21

earliest organized society

Answer 21

hunters & gatherers

Question 22

altruism definition

Answer 22

selfless behavior

Question 23

inclusive fitness

Answer 23

an individual’s personal reproductive success & that of their relatives (to pass from generation to generation)

Question 24

reciprocal altruism

Answer 24

minimal short-term reproductive sacrifice made to maximize future reproductive potential

Question 25

another name for heterotrophs

Answer 25

consumers

Question 26

three types of heterotrophs

Answer 26

herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

Question 27

another name for autotrophs

Answer 27

producers (plants)

Question 28

when nitrogen is converted into ammonium ions

Answer 28

nitrogen fixation

Question 29

chemoautotrophs

Answer 29

bacteria that gets energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds

Question 30

organisms that manufacture organic nutrients for other organisms

Answer 30

autotrophs

Question 31

energy ____ & chemical _______ characterize every exit

Answer 31

flow; cycling

Question 32

how does energy enter an ecosystem? who is it absorbed by?

Answer 32

sunlight; producers

Question 33

how do chemicals enter an ecosystem?

Answer 33

when producers take in inorganic nutrients

Question 34

grazing food webs begin with ________

Answer 34

producers

Question 35

detrital food webs begin with _______

Answer 35

detritus

Question 36

biomass definition

Answer 36

number of organisms at each level multiplied by their weight (gets lower as you go up the ecological pyramid)

Question 37

Inverted pyramids can be found in _______ _________

Answer 37

aquatic ecosystems

Question 38

Three types of biogeochemical cycles

Answer 38

1) reservoir 2) exchange pool 3) biotic community

Question 39

reservoir

Answer 39

source unavailable to producers

Question 40

exchange pool

Answer 40

source from which organisms take chemicals

Question 41

biotic community

Answer 41

chemicals move through community along food chains

Question 42

two main types of biogeochemical cycles

Answer 42

1) gaseous | 2) sedimentary

Question 43

gaseous cycle

Answer 43

chemical element is drawn from & returns to the atmosphere

Question 44

sedimentary cycle

Answer 44

chemical element is drawn from soil by plant roots, eaten by consumers & returned to soil by decomposers

Question 45

three types of gaseous cycling

Answer 45

nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon

Question 46

Phosphorus cycle

Answer 46

phosphorus moves from rocks on land to oceans, phosphorus moves back on land through geological upheaval

Question 47

what are phosphates found in?

Answer 47

fertilizers, animal feeds, detergents

Question 48

Nitrification

Answer 48

production of nitrates which plants can also use

Question 49

Denitrification

Answer 49

conversion of nitrate back to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria

Question 50

Carbon cycle

Answer 50

Photosynthesis takes CO2 from the atmosphere & cell respiration returns it

Question 51

Greenhouse effect

Answer 51

CO2 and other gases absorb and radiate heat back to earth