Final Exam Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
A regular day for horses is spent:
A
45% eating
35% resting
15% moving
2
Q
Groups of horses splint themselves into
A
Bands controlled by a stallion
3
Q
How long to young colts and fillies stay with the band
A
2-3 years
4
Q
What do young colts and fillies do when they leave the band
A
Join a new band
Stay in the same band
Live alone
Stallions will form bachelor bands
5
Q
True or false
Stallions tend not to breed with their own daughters
A
True
6
Q
When there is a group of mates and geldings and no stallions
A
The group together under a boss mare or gelding
7
Q
Dominance is determined
A
Within the first month following the intro of a new horse
8
Q
True or false
If the dominant mare is done drinking at the waterer, horses will follow even if they are still thirsty
A
True
9
Q
True or false
Dominance determines order in which horses obtain resources
A
True
10
Q
How many hours will it take for a horse to get the sufficient amount of food needed for nodule functions on good pasture
A
4 hours
11
Q
Time spent grazing in daylight hours
A
60-80% of the time
12
Q
Two things horses will avoid when grazing on pasture
A
Feces
Forages with lots of stem
13
Q
Latrines
A
Where they defecate and urinate regularly
14
Q
Pheromones
A
Given off by an individual horse to help identify it to others. Often signals sexual receptivity
15
Q
True or false
You should use loud voices around horses
A
False
Quite, low voices
16
Q
What is the degree of rotation of a horses ear
A
180 degrees
17
Q
Flat and backwards ears indicate what in horses
A
Anger
18
Q
Degree of a horses vision
A
340 degrees
19
Q
Where are a horses blind spots
A
Directly in front of them (1m)
And directly behind them
20
Q
True or false
Horses have a large range of binocular vision
A
False
They have a small range of binocular vision
21
Q
How do horses adjust their head to focus on distant objects
A
Extend their head
22
Q
How do horses adjust their head to focus on close up objects
A
Flex their head
23
Q
Horses have limited color vision
What colors do they see
A
Blues and greens
24
Q
True or false
Horses have good monochromatic vision
A
True
25
What are 3 things that occur due to monocular vision combined with poor focusing
1: black mats or water puddles look like deep holes
2: fear of objects they’ve seen before in new positions or places
3: different, bright colours may spook them
26
A squeal or screen indicates
A threat
27
A snort indicates
Fear
28
Whinny neighs indicate
Greeting
29
A blow indicates
Curiosity
30
A nicker is
Quiet communications often between mates and foals
31
True or false
| Horses are most sensitive to touch around their head
True
32
How does a horse lay down
Places all 4 feet beneath the body and collapses
33
How does a horse stand up
Extends front legs first
Pushes up with hind legs
(Need a lot of room)
34
Where should you stand when a horse lies down
By the withers
More in front with the neck
Back/to the side 1 meter
35
How far can a horses kick range
6-8 feet
36
True or false
| You can stand at about an arms reach away from horses when walking behind then
False
| Stand very close or very far
37
True or false
| You should not touch the horse or speak when your walking behind them because it could scare them
False
| Always have a hand on the horse and speak calmly so the horse knows where you are
38
A horse strikes with
It’s front legs
39
How to prevent a horse from biting you
Hold the lead close to the head/mouth and arm rigid
40
True or false
| Horses will always try to escape perceived danger and the will run over anything in its way
True
41
True or false
| Horses are okay with separating from their band/herd
False
| Separation causes anxiety
42
How do you prevent separation anxiety during check ups
Bring a companion horse
43
How far is a horses flight zone
3-10 meters
44
True or false
| It is okay to bring treats out to bribe a stubborn horse while with the rest of the herd
False
| All the horses will Mob you
45
True or false
| You should never stand directly in front of a horse
True
46
How should you approach a horse
At a curve to the withers
47
True or false
| You can look at a horse directly in the face
False
This is predatory
Look at their withers
48
Why is scratching the withers of a horse a calming gesture for them
Because it is seen often in mutual grooming which is a important social aspect for horses
49
First step when trying to capture a horse with a halter
Attach the lead rope to the halter
50
True or false
| Horses should be tied to a post for a vet check
False
| They should always be held by a handler
51
True or false
| The handler can stand on whatever side of the horse when the horse is getting a vet check
False
| They should always stand omg the same said as the vet
52
True or false
| The lead shank should always be attached with a snap or a knot
True
53
If the horse acts up and the handler pulls the head to wards them, where will the hind end go?
Away from them
54
Important tips for tying a horse to a post
Rope should be shoulder level or higher
Tied to a solid post
Rope should be relatively short
Tied with a quick release knot
55
True or false
| You can leave a horse tied to a post alone
False
| Never leave a tied up horse alone
56
2 reasons Why should an escape door in a trailer be open with a rope across it?
1: so you can escape
2: so it lets light into the trailer (horses will not walk into an area they cannot see)
57
True or false
| When loading horses into a trailer, you should load stubborn horses first
False
| Always load the “easy” horses first and the stubborn horses will likely follow
58
True or false
| Horses respond to pressure from behind better than pulling them forward
True
59
```
Ears flat and backwards
Rapid tail movement
Snaking the head
Pawing
Squealing
Threats
Raising hind legs
Are all signs of:
```
Aggression
60
2 Reasons why horses have aggression towards humans
1: stalled horses
2: due to dominance or fear from a bad experience
61
3 reasons why horses may have aggression towards other horses
1: breeding (overused, not ready)
2: dominance
3: territorial
62
How should you introduce two new horses
With two fences in between them
63
Does castration help with aggression and dominance problems
Potentially
64
Why may a mare have maternal aggression towards people
Protection of the foal
65
How to prevent maternal aggression or deal with it
1: accustom mare to foals caregivers prior to delivery
2: minimize contact during the first few days after delivery (when maternal aggression is really high) a
66
3 reasons for stallion aggression
1: overused for breeding
2: breeding out of season
3: when the stallion doesn’t like the mare
67
True or false
| Stallions tend to not want to mate with mares they were stabled with
True
68
How do you rest stallion aggression
Change and rotate stallions more
Use artificial insemination
Physical restraint with hobbles
Desensitization/clicker training
69
What are stereotypic behaviours
Behaviours that are Repetitive with invariant patterns with no obvious goal, function or benefit
70
Are stereotypies harmful?
Not always
| Can predispose horses to disorders but not the direct cause
71
What are the two main causes of stereotypies
Feed related
| Boredom
72
What is Cribbing/wind sucking/aerophagia
Stable vice/oral stereotypy
| Grasps object with upper incisors and suck air into the esophagus and stomach
73
What are the predisposing factors of cribbing/wind sucking
Weaned in a stall and kept in a stall after weaning
Fed concentrates
Eating very fast (like to be grazing most of the time)
Lack of time at pasture
Lack of straw bedding in stall
Common in thoroughbreds
74
What can cribbing/wind sucking cause
Colic
75
What is wood chewing
Eating wooden fence posts or building material in stall
76
What are the predisposing factors of wood chewing
Horses kept indoors
Fed concentrates or hay cubes (eat very fast)
Common in thorough needs
77
How can you treat wood chewing
Provide roughage (long stem hay)
Pasture time
Find ways to slow them down when eating (put hay in a box with holes in it)
Turn out more
78
What is weaving
Repetitively moving head from side to side and may shift weight on forelegs
79
Predisposing factors of weaving
Stalled horses
Boredom
Usually done in front of a window
80
What can weaving cause
Wear and tear on joints
81
What is box walking
Repetitively walking around the edges or side of a stall
Similar to weaving but less common
Often seen prior to turn out or feeding
82
What are the predisposing factors of weaving and box walking
```
Common in warmbloods and thorough breds
Stalled horses
Weaned in a stall
Not pasture time
Lack of multiple open windows
Lack of straw bedding
Lack of forage
```
83
What can weaving and box walking cause
Colic
84
How can you treat weaving and box walking
Provide mirrors
Pasture time
More social contact
More forage
85
When are horses sexually mature
2-3 years old
86
True or false
| Horses are seasonally polyestrous
True
87
True or false
| Horses do not cycle in the winter and fall unless under artificial lighting
True
88
What is a horses gestational period
340 +/- 20 days
89
True or false
| All thorough breds are born January 1st
True
90
How are mares determined if they are in heat
Brought to a stallion
| Or determined by ultrasound
91
Courtship of a stallion
Prances
Sniffs mare
Flehmen
Nuzzles and grooms mare with mouth
92
What is flehmen
The horse lifts head, curls upper lip and sniffs
93
Signs a mare is not ready to mate
Ears pinned back
Squeal
Kicks at stallion
Moves away
94
True or false
| You should always tease a stallion with a solid barrier in between them
True
95
Signs a mare is in heat
```
Stands still
Lifts/moves tail for stallion
Urinates
Squat
Winks
Turns hind quarters towards stallion
```
96
If a mare has a foal while the stallion is trying to mate:
She will keep the foal out of the way and on the other side of her
97
What is a “wink” during horses mating
Eversion of the vulvar labia
98
What is waxing
When beads of colostrum dry on the ends of teats
99
When a sticky, white milky secretion comes from the teats
Parturition is within 24-48 hours
100
When the vulva swells and relaxes
Parturition is within days
101
First stages of labour for a horse
```
Restless
Kicking at belly
Looking at flanks
Sweating
Looks for a quiet area
```
102
True or false
| A mare may not foal if people are watching
True
103
True or false
| Foals are often born at night when no one is around
True
104
Second stage of labour in horses
Rupture if the allantois (embryonic membrane)
| Then the delivery of the foal
105
How long does parturition take in horses
20-40 minutes
| Any longer is potentially dangerous
106
Third stage of labour for a horse
Passage of the placenta
107
How long does it take to pass the placenta for a horse
Within 3 hours of foaling
108
True or false
| You can pull out the placenta of a horse
False
| You can tie a not in it while it hangs out of the horse to assist passage. Never pull it out
109
Signs of bonding between a mare and foal
Mare licks the foal
| Nickers
110
When does a foal typically stand after birth
Within an hour
111
When does a foal drink colostrum after birth
2 hours
112
Why is it common to give a foal an enema
To get out the neonatal poop than can cause impaction
113
Period of dependence of a foal
First month
| Stays very close to dam
114
Socialization period of a foal
2-3 months
115
True or false
| Colts and fillies with groom both sexes
False
Colts with only groom fillies
Fillies with groom both sexes
116
How should a foal be handled for the first 42 days of life
Gently and frequently
| Daily training and desensitization to human, halters. Etc
117
Period of increasing independence for a foal
4 months
118
True or false
| Horse neonates are picky about who they suck from
False
| They are promiscuous suckers
119
True or false
| Dams don’t care who sucks from them
False
| They are very picky
120
3 principles that assist fostering a foal
1: Foal to a mare that has recently lost a foal
2: make it difficult for mare to identify new foal
3: restrain the mare for she has to allow sucking
121
How can you make it difficult for mare to identify foster foal
1: put a strong smelling ointment in the muzzle of the mare to restrict sense of smell
2: blindfold mare
3: cover the foster foal with the dead skin of the dead foal
4: wash the dead foal and then put the water onto the dead foal
122
Why do you need two people to assist the foal in sucking from mare
One to restrain the mare
| One to assist the foal
123
True or false
| A foster foal should be kept away from the mares head when she is restrained for sucking
True
124
How often should the process of restraining a mare to allow a foster foal to suck be repeated
Every 2 hours
125
If the attempt to foster a foal to a mare, when will it happen?
24-48 hours
126
How much more sensitive is a horses sense of smell to humans
Their olfactory centre is 20x bigger
127
Two methods a cow smells
```
Nostrils
Vomeronasal organ (jacobsons’s organ)
```
128
What and where is the vomeronasal organ
Located on the roof of the mouth
Must do the flehmen response to use this duct
Nerves connect it to the brain
Important in the recognition of individual (pheromones)
129
Balk
Stops, Won’t move
130
What will cows do if they hear a noise coming from the area you are moving them to
Balk
131
Do cows prefer old, strong and bitter flowers or Fresh feed
Fresh feed
132
True or false
| Cows may balk at colour changes
True
133
True or false
| Cows have poor binocular vision and poor ability to focus their vision
True
134
True or false
| Cows are not sensitive to sharp contrast of dark and light
False
| There are sensitive to it
135
What is a cows field of vision
330 degrees
136
Where is a cows blind spot
Directly behind them
137
True or false
| Grazing animals have a slit shaped pupil and a visual system that is most efficient at scanning things at a distance
True
138
What happens if you enter a cows blind spot
The cow will stop and turn so they can see you
139
True or false
| Cows will balk at very bright lighted areas
True
140
Why are solid fences and alleyways better for cows
Because an open fence would create alternating light and dark patterns which they are sensitive to and distracted by
141
Amount of time spent grazing depends on
Environmental conditions
Quality and availability of feed
Distance between water and feed
142
When do cows graze the most
Early morning and evening
| 6am and 6pm
143
When do cows ruminate and rest the most
Noon (hottest hours of the day)
144
True or false
| Cows carry a long term memory of the best grazing areas and it may take them up to a year to adjust to new pasture
True
145
True or false
| Cows tend to graze together
True
146
Signs of limited forage for cows
Will graze for a very long time
If they are grazing during a hot sunny day
If they aren’t grazing as a herd (scattered)
147
How do cows lay down
Fold the front limbs and then hind end goes down
148
How does a cow stand up
Hind end up first and then the front legs
149
Signs of a threat from a bull
```
Lowering the head
Hind legs draw forward
Eyes and horns on object
Pawing
Snorting
Rubbing head neck and horns on the ground
```
150
True or false
| Cows will lose interest in you once they run you over or knock you down
False
| They will continue to toss, kneel on, or smash on the victim
151
What are the most dangerous breeds of cows
Dairy breeds like jersey and Holstein bulls
152
Cow tameness depends on
Frequency of handling
Breed
The Handler
153
Breeds of cows that are often gentle
Hereford
| Simmental
154
True or false
| It is okay for you to stand between a cow and a calf
False
| NEVER stand between a cow and her calf
155
True or false
| Calves are inquisitive creatures, but when the dam is around they will always follow her
True
156
Dairy cows are normally bred by
Artificial insemination
157
Beef cows are normally bred
Naturally
158
Females will tend to form a sexually active group. What are some signs that they are in heat
Stays in site of bulls
Females will mount each other to attract a bull
Vaginal mucus discharge at estrous
159
Female cows will mount each other to attract bulls. The cow that stands still to be mounted is likely
In heat
160
When a bull approaches a cow in heat
Chin rests on the back
Licks and sniffs perineal region
Tried to mount
161
True or false
| Intermission in mating of cows is a long process
False
| It is often only seconds long
162
If a cow is about to give birth they:
Seek a sheltered area away from the herd
Stands up more (stress)
Lies in semi sternal recumbent to calve
163
Cows frequency stand a lot more before parturition. When does this start before calving
3 days
164
First stage of labour for a cow
Standing a lot
Separated from herd
Mucus discharge from vagina
165
Second stage of labour for a cow
Amniotic membrane bursts
Calf is born
Cow is usually lying down
166
How long does parturition last in cows
1-2 hours
167
Third stage of labour for a cow
Expulsion of the placenta
168
How long does it take to birth the placenta
4-12 hours
| Anything longer is a retained placenta
169
Licking a calf is important for
Bonding
Breathing
Warmth
170
Why do cows eat the placenta and lick up all the amniotic fluid
To hide signs that a calf was born
| Probably from predators
171
What is Non nutritional sucking
Calf will suck on other calves, itself, appendages, skin tags or inanimate objects
172
Why do calves suck on things other than teats
Poor nutrition
Not enough food
The calf WANTS to suck it is a instinct
173
What does NOT help with non nutritional sucking
Penning or isolating the calf
174
What does a device that prevents a cow from sucking help with and what does it not help with
It prevents the cow from licking on itself and others
| But does not get rid of the motivation to suck
175
What is the best way to stop non nutritional sucking
Redirection
| Provide a dry test next to the feeding area
176
What are the disease risks of selling a foster calf to another farm
Risk of transferring a disease between herds
177
Silent heat (biggest concern in dairy herds)
The physical signs of heat are all minimal (discharge, vulvar relaxation, behavioural)
178
How to prevent or catch silent heats in cows
Frequent observation
| Teaser bulls
179
Nymphomania in cows
Increased sexual behaviour in high producing dairy cows that are 4-6 years old and have had calves
180
What happens in nymphomania
They mount other cows excessively
| Decrease in milk production
181
True or false
| In most cases, nymphomania is associated with follicular cysts on their ovaries
True
182
True or false
| Poor libido can be from painful feet
True
183
What happens when bulls have poor libido
Bulls refuse to mount
avoid estrous cows
And fail to develop erections
184
What can cause poor libido in cows
Inexperienced young bulls that attempt to breed with aggressive cows
Bulls that are used to frequently
Stress if environment
185
How to deal with poor libido
Make bulls watch other bulls mount cows
Rotate teaser bulls
Get the bulls feet trimmed in the spring to prevent this for breeding season
186
True or false
| Masturbation is seen in 3% of all feedlot steers
True
187
What contributes to masterbation and excessive mounting in feedlots
Hormonal factors
Over Crowding
Dominance
188
True or false
| The buller cow is the one being mounted
True
189
True or false
| The buller and the mounting steer may have poor growth because of stress and increased activity
True
190
What is the most common solution when dealing with buller steers
To separate the buller steers and put all the bullers together
191
Why might hand reared bulls be more aggressive?
Inadequate socialization
May imprint to humans and think it is a human
Dominance problems
192
True or false
| Cows typically kick backwards
False
| They typically kick forwards
193
Why might cows be reluctant to enter a milking parlour
Previous bad experiences
Electric shock
Mastitis
Rough handling
194
When is food throwing onto a cows back more common
When the cow is fed a total mixed ration
195
Signs a cow is unwell
```
Little interest in their environment
Dull eyes
Sluggish movement
Poor grooming
Drool
Poor appetite
```
196
Signs a cow is well
Alert
Stretches upon standing
Vocalizes pain and distress
Good grooming
197
True or false
| It is easier to get a halter on a cow than to put into a chute
False
| It is easier to drive cows into pens and chutes
198
The size of a cows flight zone depends on
The tameness of a cow
199
A cows flight zone can range from
Extensively hand raised cows: 50 meters
| Feedlot cattle:2-5 meters
200
Best direction to move with cows to make cows move forward down a chute
From head to butt
201
When herding cows
WALK in a zig zag motion from behind
202
True or false
| You have to catch all of the stragglers when herding cows or else they won’t come
False
| If you herd the majority the stragglers will follow (herd animals)
