FINAL EXAM

Question 1

What is a homogenous landscape?

Answer 1

The landscape is uniformed and have the same type of characteristics

Question 2

What is a heterogenous landscape?

Answer 2

Heterogeneous meaning that they are made up of a variety of different characteristics.

Question 3

Structure

Answer 3

indicates the way of the composition, and internal structure of an object.

Landscape structure is what the bird’s eyes see of the landscape in the the direction perpendicular or oblique to the surface of earth

Question 4

Landscape structure gives information mainly about?

Answer 4

• Proportion of different land use/cover.
• To how many elements are these land use/cover categories differentiated? How big are they?
• How these elements are distributed in the landscape.

TEX Intensively farmed landscape in the eastern Czech Republic in the honbice cadastre, near Chrudim (arable land makes up more than 90 % of the cadaster)
This information talks about the landscape structure.

Question 5

• Why does the landscape have a structure?

Answer 5

we know why the landscape is structured, due to the effects of natural and cultural landscape processes; its affected by man, and nature for example fire, earthquakes — Natural conditions affects people and people affects landscape. As a result we have landscape structure.

Question 6

• Can we objectively quantify landscape structure?

Answer 6

Yes, we can in terms of landscape metrics. Meaning we can calculate specific characteristics, producing numbers that somehow charactersis landscape structure.

Question 7

What is TSES

Answer 7

The concept of the territorial system of ecological sustainability

Question 8

What are structural compounds of landscape?

Answer 8

• Landscape is composed of landscape segments
• Landscape segments have a character of (from the structural point of view):

Patches, corridors, landscape matrix

Question 9

Patches differ in following 5 basic characteristics:

Answer 9

1 Character (what land use/cover) land use
2 Origin (how did they come into being?)
3 Area (or other quantitative parameters)
4 Shape
5 Configuration in the landscape

Question 10

Biocentre

Answer 10

A large area that allows for permanent existence of natural gene pools to exist and thrive in the landscape.

Question 11

Bio corridor

Answer 11

Allows for biotic dispersal and migration between bio centers.

Question 12

What’s a ecotone?

Answer 12

An ecotone is an area that acts as a boundary or a transition between two ecosystems.

(between dry and wet ecosystems), mangrove forests (between terrestrial and marine ecosystems), grasslands (between desert and forest)

Question 13

Natural disturbance (patches and boundaries)

Answer 13

means that something has happen that creates a change or a void, the edges in the picture is due to freezing, cold weather that killed of some of the vegetation in the area.

Other natural impacts that can create patches  fire, freezing, flooding or a decide that impact vegetation.

(Boundaries tends to have very unique edges, some has ha convex or concave edge.)

Question 14

What is an inter-digitated patch edge?

Answer 14

A inter-digitated is a patch with edges that looks like a hand or leaf, some is curvilinear which means wavey (linear is straight).

Question 15

Edge

Answer 15

Outer area of a patch or ecological community

Question 16

how big is a patch?

Answer 16

Are mostly in hectars, km2 or meters2

Question 17

Why are patches important?

Answer 17

Because they significantly affect the flows of nutrients, energy and species;

Question 18

Patch shape – why does it matter

Answer 18

Patch shape reflects effects of different management strategies
Patch shape has consequences for how the landscape functions
Because it is related to the edge effect and to flows of nutrients and species.

Question 19

Patch

Answer 19

= non-linear element that differs from its surroundings, (forest in agriculture, town in forest)

Question 20

Corridor

Answer 20

= linear element that differs from its surrounding, (road, through forest, hedgerow.)

Question 21

Matrix

Answer 21

= The dominant element/type in the landscape, the context, (urban, forest, agriculture).

Question 22

What creates heterogeneity?

Answer 22

1. Substrate(=below) Heterogeneity: tex natural resource patches: hills, wet areas, rock outcrops.
2. Natural Disturbances: Fires, hurricanes, insect, infestation…
3. Human activity: foresting, farming, urban development

Question 23

Mosaic

Answer 23

Landscape pattern and structure

Question 24

Egde withs is determines by:

Answer 24

1. Prevailing wind direction –> wind can blow around seeds
2. Uphill and/or downhill pattern of the landscape –> When u have a uphill/downhill with wind moving the wind tend to move more rapidly based on air temperature.
3. External forces such as sunlight & precipitation  when you have more sunlight and precipitation meaning that water can get in to the soil that will cause the edge to expand

Question 25

Woodes Corridors

Answer 25

Long areas of forested corridors

Question 26

Trough corridors

Answer 26

Definition of trough: Long shallow often V-shaped receptacle for drinking water or feed of domestic animals. Ex: Conduit, deain, or channel for water: a trench

Question 27

Riparian corridors

Answer 27

– vegitation that excist next to a river. -Creates connectivity in fragmented landscapes -Stabilizes slopes and buffers from erosion -Provides specicies movement Foraging - the wildlife can eat, dispersal they can move around in the landscape, and migrate.

Question 28

Human made corridors

Answer 28

Tends to be straight 1. Utility easements or routes – Examples  electric wiers, gas line, buried water line (man made corridors for utlity 2. Roadways 3. Railways

Question 29

Location Guidelines for Wildlife underpasses and Tunnels

Answer 29

1. Crossings need to be species-specific 2. Best where woodland and/or topography joins roadside 3. Avoid areas with disturbances example dogs, noise, houses 4. Make wide crossings over wetlands and watwecourses 5. Provide multiple crossings points close together 6. Provide salt and feeding stations away from road

Question 30

Edge with are determined by which 3 factors?

Answer 30

1. Prevailing wind direction 2. Uphill and/or downhill pattern of the landscape 3. External forces such as sunlight & precipitation

Question 31

How do u expand an edge with a laid hedge and a liner brush pile?

Answer 31

**Linear brush pile:** a pile of brush wood, when the wood from the pile starts to decompose it might have seeds in it, and can also trap seed from the forest area, and thats make the area expand. **Laid hedge:** is a still alive woven hedge that grows vertical.

Question 32

How do u expand an edge with a **Drainage swale with wetlands-planting?**

Answer 32

A swale is a smal waterchannel, a swale with wetlandsplanting allows the edge to expand over de swale.

Question 33

4 ways to expand a edge area

Answer 33

Laid hedge Drainage swale with wetlands planting Linear brush pile Advancing shrub-forb edge

Question 34

Forman's 4 important facts about patches

Answer 34

1. maintaining a few large patches of natural vegetation. 2. **Wide vegetation corridors** - almost all natural resources and human activities in a landscape depend on stream and river systems. 3. Maintaining connectivity for movement of species among larger patches. 4. Maintaining heterogeneous bits of the nature through human development areas

Question 35

How wide are forest patch edges?

Answer 35

Edge with are determined by: 1. **Equator-facing edges** - Based on sunlight 2. **Prevailing wind direction** - wind blow seeds 3. **Downhill/Uphill configuration**

Question 36

5 typical corridors we see in landscape

Answer 36

1. **Riparian corridoes** - haiking trails, green way 2. Forest or highway edges 3. Roads and trails 4. Streams and rivers 5. Utility easements

Question 37

What are the ecological importance of Riparian-corridors?

Answer 37

1. **Creates connectivity in fragmented landscapes** 2. **Stabilize slopes and buffers from erosion** 3. **provides movement for species for:** foresting, dispersal and migration

Question 38

6 Corridor functions

Answer 38

1. Habitat 2. Conduit - area for movement 3. Barrier - from what's on the inside 4. Filter - 5. Source - where thing originated from 6. Sink - thing collect in a sink

Question 39

The goal of the ecological network is

Answer 39

**- Preservation and restauration** of development of a natural conditions in the landscape ## Footnote **- Make positive influence /impact on surrounding landscape,** **- Improoving conditions for multifunctional using of landscape** **- Preservation of important landscape phenomena**

Question 40

General definition of landscape

Answer 40

Landscape refers to a territory This territory is usually complex, composed of elements that differ from each other in the area, shape and character

Question 41

How do we identify the matrix

Answer 41

**1) Using the criteria of the _relative area_** (landscape feature taking more than 50 % of the studied area refers to the matrix) **2) Based on the the _conectivity_ criteria** (matrix refers to the most continuous landscape feature)

Question 42

Natural landscape

Answer 42

characterized by natural vegetation A natural landscape is made up of a collection of landforms, **such as mountains, hills, plains, and plateaus. Lakes, streams, soils**

Question 43

**Different types of cultural landscape**

Answer 43

**The harmonious** cultural landscapep **Disturbed** cultural landscapep **Devastated** cultural landscapep **Historic** cultural landscape

Question 44

Three Principle Concepts of landscape (from Zonneveld)

Answer 44

1. **The perception Landscape (physiognomy or images)** scenery plus sound, emotion synonyms with scenery 2. **The Landscape Pattern or structure** (mosaic) common in the attribute sciences, most common in biological science approach to landscape ecology. 3. **The Landscape as an eco-system** (comprehensive whole) each attribute is at once a component of – and acting and influenced by other components. These relationships however operate at different time scales – relates closely with the temporal scale of sustainability.