FINAL EXAM Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Globalization and culture
A
Behaviors, beliefs, knowledge, technologies, etc. are mobile
2
Q
Media as a courier of culture
A
culture is becoming globalized due to its spread through media (ex. social media)
3
Q
Digital divide
A
half of the world population is offline
4
Q
cultural imperialism
A
ideas and practices of one culture imposed upon others
5
Q
westernization
A
values systems, institutions, and material goods are spreading from west and replacing non-western values
6
Q
pidgin language
A
language with no native speakers, develops in a single generation after 2 or more language groups come into contact
7
Q
creole language
A
pidgin language passed on to future generations; more vocab and developed grammar
8
Q
linguistic diversity
A
has been cut in half in the past 500 years
9
Q
genocide
A
destruction of a group (killing or preventing birth)
10
Q
ethnocide
A
destruction of a culture
11
Q
cultural homogenization
A
cultures are gradually becoming the same
12
Q
cultural hybridization
A
not one single culture, but many cultures with similarities and differences
13
Q
popular culture
A
Mass produced media (music, films, shows, ads, etc.) that involves values, belief systems, and cultural practices
14
Q
globalization and marketing
A
marketing helps globalize western values that encourages consumption
15
Q
cultural misappropriation
A
process where one entity benefits from another culture without permission and without giving something in return.
16
Q
cultural borrowing
A
can result from inspiration or respect (diffusion as a part of cultural exchanges)
17
Q
Consumption (through?)
A
through entertainment, goods, services, and space (ex. national park, amusement park)
18
Q
competitive consumption system
A
individuals compare and compete based on visible consumables
19
Q
consumables as symbols and benefits
A
shows identity, status, prestige, success, love and affection, rewards/treats
20
Q
reference groups
A
the people we look to as models
21
Q
cumulative impact - ads
A
scholars argue that there is a cumulative impact of all of the messages since they are everywhere and more sophisticated
22
Q
historic processes
A
20s-30s:marketing research begins
50s: mass production begins, increase in status indicators (cars, fashion, appliances, television)
since 70s: branded products (water, coffee, fashion), willingness to pay for status
23
Q
marketing/advertising/media
A
research found that heavy TV viewers can have exaggerated understanding of what others have, causing the want for more consumption
24
Q
upscale bias
A
people living a standard of living that doesnt match their job/income (ex. modern family, friends)
25
planned obsolescence
when tech companies plan to have old products to break, forcing people to buy new products
26
perceived obsolescence
when you think you need to replace something but you don't (Ex. clothes)
27
possession overload
"everything i own owns me"
28
body positivity and consumtion
today's society teaches young kids that bodies are objects to be scrutinized, and then tells them that buying stuff is the way to deal with insecurities generated by narrow appearance standards
29
consumption and the environment
this level on consumption is environmentally unsustainable
30
consumption and economics
economic growth is a goal of all countries & an increase of GDP=an increase of production and consumption, which is not sustainable
31
anthropocene
the current geological epoch characterized by human impact
32
climate change
the increase of greenhouse gases causing extreme global warming and many other destructive effects such as natural disasters, and every season getting longer except for winter
33
permafrost
the thawing of the permafrost in siberia has increased 100x in the past 4 years, causing a "carbon bomb" from the carbon and other greenhouse gasses from permafrost entering the atmosphere
34
fossil fuels
coal emissions, use and collection of oil, etc.
35
mercury
being found in air, water, soil, bioaccumulation in fish, and even breast milk - making women of childbearing age vulnerable
36
air pollution
kills more than 4.2 million worldwide per year, is linked to lung and bladder cancer, and a possible relationship found between air pollution exposure in 3rd trimester or pregnancy & autism
37
e-waste (electronic waste)
increasing globally (est 21% global increase between 2015-2019), creates global flows of waste exportation
38
colorado river
not enough snowmelt from climate change - water hasn't reached colorado river delta since 1992
39
oceans and plastics
40
displacement
increasing from climate change Ex. the pacific island and rising sea levels
41
solastalgia
pain experienced when the place where one lives is under assault; desire for the place to continue to give comfort
42
ecological grief
an emotional response to loss or change in environment; near or far
43
sustainable consumtion
meeting present needs without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs
44
evidence that we are on the right track
prices of solar panel/watt drastically decreasing, beginning to reclaim materials from e-waste (ex. lithium recycling plant), there are 50+ business programs in the US that offer degrees with a concentration in sustainability
45
glaciers and climate change
mountain glaciers receding and providing less and less water - ex. peruvian andes: majority of water use in peru is from the glaciers because of their dry climate - they are completely dependent on the limited supply of water
46
ascribed social status
a position a person is born into
47
achieved social status
assumed through the efforts of an individual or family members
48
egalitarian societies
all have the same or similar access to resources, as well as power and prestige
49
stratified societies
some have more access to some or all resources, power, and prestige
50
caste
form of hierarchical society with membership determined by birth, and with no social mobility (ex. india)
51
class
another form of a hierarchical society, by socio-economic status
52
socio-economic status
status bases on both economic and social factors
53
ethnicity
an ethnic group shares beliefs, values, customs, history
54
race
not a biological category - a social and cultural construct
55
race and genes
GENETICS DOES NOT GIVE US RACE - any two human differ genetically by less than .1%
56
role of the environment in genes
begins before we are born - exposure to toxins, nutrition of mother and children, chronic stress, discrimination etc.
57
performance vs. ability
performance is not a measure of ability - skiing example: unless we optimize circumstances so that all have the same conditions, we are measuring performance rather than ability
58
ancestry
ancestry and genetic makeup do shape us, but it is not the same as race
59
history of race
conquest, colonization, and slavery are the roots of the construction of the race concept
60
science and race
the history of race from colonization shaped how science explained human variation in the 18th and 19th centuries
61
eugenics
concerned with "socially desirable traits" and the elimination of "undesirable" traits via sterilization programs
Problem: most traits shaped by social conditions rather than genes
62
osteoporosis myth
that race has a factor in the probability of developing osteoporosis - a claim that black people don't get osteoporosis (not true)
63
indigenous cultures prior to contact
moved around, focused on family, all had access to food and shelter, wealth distribution, less cultural incentive to accumulate
64
indigenous relationship with land
access to land was guaranteed; no one had the right to permanently claim land; symbolic, emotional, spiritual, and other meanings are held on land - to lose you rland is to no longer be yourself
65
trends with indigenous contact
-Displacement (land considered "unused and available" because land use was different than the european style)
- destruction of subsistence bases
-privatization of communal land
-enslavement and forced entry into waged labor
-violence
-new diseases
-ethnocide and genocide
66
cultural modification
the goal of indigenous boarding schools, removing/changing parts of a culture
67
boarding/residential schools
ethnic cleansing of native american youth through force - "kill the indian, save the man"
68
resource extraction - indigenous power
a theme in which indigenous power/resources are taken from them through land grabs - many times forced off the land without compensation
69
Cerreión coal mine in colombia
explosives, dust and other things affect the land and people surrounding it - indigenous wayuu and afro colombian communities displaced (forced off without compensation) by mine
70
hydroelectric / dam projects
causes high levels of displacement and violence
71
land grabs
lands leased or bought by foreign or local companies and/or governments that pushes native people off the land
72
african palm
requires intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides and causes severe deforestation
73
simplification and homogenization - agriculture
these result in the conversion of targeted lands into monocultures dominated by a single cash crop of identical genetic makeup, age, and yield
74
mexico, land rights and NAFTA
mexico gave indigenous communities the right to communal land in their 1917 constitution but it was reformed under NAFTA in 1994 because NAFTA required privatization of land tenure systems - led to indigenous uprising
75
indigenous communities - revitalization
language revitalization, museums and undoing erasures, education
76
International development
conceptualization depends on who and when - Poverty alleviation, improving standards of living , engagement with global disparities (inequality within and between countries)
77
international development history
support for UN increased after WWII -> shifts away from colonizer/colonized -> 50s-60s: modernity modeled by US, economy = GDP and consumption/production =GDP -> 80s-present: critiques and rejections of development
78
intervention policy/philosophy
the idea that one has a superior way of doing things
79
who is engaged in development
Development banks (world bank and IMF), regional banks, government agencies, NGOs/INGOs, UN, peace corp
80
concerns with world bank and IMF
History - impacts of colonization,
economic harms of neoliberalism (implemented through loan conditions), neocolonialism - control through land rights and resource extraction
81
loan conditions
When world bank of IMF gives money, the receiving country must follow a set of "rules" (loan conditions) that they must follow to keep the loan. ex. privatization, cuts in social programs (education, healthcare)
82
NGOs/INGOs
(international)non-governmental organizations - not a part of a company/corporation
83
critiques of development
1. development is western centric (neocolonial)
2. Development is often used as a label for environmentally unsustainable activities (large hydroelectric dams)
3. Ulterior motives - stemming from the cold war;about strategy rather than helping other people
4. overlooking/ignoring the importance of culture (assumption of a "one shoe fits all")
5. Projects on indigenous lands rarely benefit indigenous peoples
6. failure to apply gendered and intersectional lenses (ex. privatizing healthcare is more expensive)
7. the donor system - non-profits depending on donors (corporations, foundations, governments, etc.) who set an agenda/satisfy only their own needs through others; legacy of colonial mentality
84
sustainable development goals
17 goals of poverty alleviation, environmental problems, etc.
assumptions - GDP=econ growth
misses - quality of life, inequality, environmental quality, crime, divorce, etc.
85
food sovereignty
effort to look at hunger and food systems, prioritizes local decision making, NOT food security - feeding people without asking about/fixing the cause of hunger
86
white saviorism
the mentality that the west has all of the answers and will fix other people's problems, as though the west doesn't have its own problems
87
decolonizing development
instead than using aid as a form of control, use it to truly help other people without ulterior motives
88
tourism
a large industry that is used as a popular development strategy
89
tourism and resource use
resource use increases as tourism becomes more luxurious (backpacker tourism vs all inclusive resorts)
90
sustainable tourism
tourism that meets the needs of the present without also protecting the opportunities for the future
91
ecotourism
environmentally and socially responsible tourism
92
tourisms effect on carrying capacity
countries carrying capacity exceeded from population growth from tourist and job seekers, which strain the infrastructure (ex. colorado)
93
greenwashing
when something is marketed as eco friendly, even if they are not
94
commoditization
rituals, traditions, music, etc. transformed into productions to attract tourist or sell
95
displacement
tourism related activities frequently push people from their homes/people lose access to place the tourist want to visit
96
bubbles (tourism)
all inclusive resorts considered bubbles - no access at all to the rest of the land/locals
97
leakages (tourism)
much of the profits from resorts leave the country (up to 90%)
98
neoliberalism and tourism
tourism agreements and incentives to foreign companies such as tax breaks, meaning that their not gonna have the money need for local infrastructure projects
