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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Types of AW assessment

A

Input/resource based measures (assess aspects of the animals environment)
Animal or outcome based measures (assess the actual state of the animal)
Management based measures (assess the overall level of management, AC procedures)

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2
Q

What is minimalistic AW assessment

A

Identify a small number of indicators to predict animal welfare

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3
Q

Who can assess AW

A

Producers, veterinarians, auditing organizations, scientists

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4
Q

Types of audits

A

Internal audit (self assessment)
Second party (customer)
Third party (auditing body)

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5
Q

What are the six views on AW

A

Contractarian
Utilitarian
Animal rights
Contextual approaches
Respect for nature
Combination/hybrid

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6
Q

What is contractarian view

A

Individuals who can contract into morality
1 stand to gain from contract
2 capable of entering/maintaining contract
Human centered
Animal use acceptable if it brings benefit to humans
More benefit = more care

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7
Q

What is the utilitarian view

A

Consequences should aim to maximize pleasure and minimize pain/suffering
Pain is pain
Animals can suffer, interest in avoiding it
Pleasant life, death leads to another pleasant life

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8
Q

What is the animal rights view

A

Animals should not be used no matter the circumstance
Rights given to species possessing sentience
Abolish experimentation, agriculture, pets

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9
Q

What is the contextual view

A

Consider relationship with owner, emotions towards the animal, prior interaction
Pain/suffering wrong bc we sympathize?
‘Special obligation’ to vulnerable animals

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10
Q

What is respect for nature

A

Concern for extinction of species
Value in membership of species, not individuals

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11
Q

What is a grand challenge

A

Set of unsolved problems to spark progress in the field

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12
Q

Four grand challenges

A

Rising population, food demand, energy demand
Climate change

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13
Q

What are the five domains of animal welfare

A

good nutrition
good environment
good health
appropriate behaviour
positive mental experiences

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14
Q

What are functional, natural and affective states

A

Functional = health, freedom from disease, nutrition
Natural = natural environment, behaviour, nature
Affective state = pleasure, pain, happiness

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15
Q

For a decision by a veterinarian to be considered ethical, it must be demonstrated to be appropriate and beneficial to…

A

The animal
The owner
Society
The veterinarian
The veterinary profession

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16
Q

What is compassion fatigue

A

Caregiver’s reduced ability or interest in being empathetic or being unable to bear the suffering of his or her clients

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17
Q

Causes of compassion fatigue in vets

A

Unrealistic client expectations
Conflict between client/animal interests
Financial obligations
Animal suffering
Emotional attachment to animals 50%
Euthanasia of animals 75%

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18
Q

Outcomes of inability to pay for veterinary treatment

A

Euthanasia
Co-pay financial plan
Pro-bono treatment
No treatment
Surrender to humane society, vet clinic

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19
Q

Justifications of euthanasia

A

End animal suffering
Address welfare issues
Protect society
Protect other animals
Economic

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20
Q

If a life worth living is not possible, then…

A

A good death may be preferable

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21
Q

What is a motivational state

A

states within the brain that determine the likelihood and intensity of a given behavioral pattern

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22
Q

What needs to be provided for animals to behave normally

A

Make sure animals have enough space, proper facilities, and the company of animals of their own kind

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23
Q

Root causes of animal neglect

A

Absentee owner/caretaker
Financial constraints
Physical constraints
Lack of knowledge
Inept application of good management practices
Age related
Insensitivity to welfare animals

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24
Q

Responses to SPCA AW investigation

A

Leave if unfounded
Verbal warning to improve conditions
Written warning
Warning letter
Seizure of animals
Prosecution
Prohibition order

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25
Three circles of AW
Health Emotions Natural living
26
What are the five freedoms
Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition Freedom from discomfort Freedom from pain, injury and disease Freedom from fear and distress Freedom to express normal behaviour
27
What are the five provisions
Provide ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor Provide an appropriate environment including shelter and comfortable resting area Preventing/rapid diagnoses and treatment Ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering Provide sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal's own kind
28
How do determine if an animal is in pain
Physiological changes Behavioural changes Sensory/sensitivity testing Grimace scales Lameness scores Posture, gait, activity, vocalization, mental state, evoked behaviour
29
What is a motivational state
States within the brain that determine the likelihood and intensity of a given behavioural pattern
30
Aims of AW assessment
Improve AW Identify best practices Identify areas of opportunity Assess if a facility meets welfare regulations Certify a facility
31
What is a trigger audit
Audit is scheduled following a trigger, such as complaint, result of assessment reports
32
Problem with self-assessment
Bias barn blindness (ask another producer)
33
Goals of second party assessment
Verifies that requirements are being followed, promote partnership/understanding
34
Goal of third party assessment
Validate the program participants compliance to a written standard, performed by auditing organization
35
Advantages/disadvantages of animal based measures
Adv = most directly related to AW, easy/reliable Disadv = Costly/time consuming, specialized training, does not establish cause
36
Advantages of resource based measures
Adv = easy to audit, can prevent welfare problems
37
Advantages/disadvantages of management based measures
Adv = assess how best practices are implemented Disadv = not direct measure of welfare, recordkeeping
38
Quantitative vs qualitative risk assessment
Qualitative (severity) = #hazards, how severe the they are is Quantitative (incidence) = how long it lasts (how long is feed intake reduced etc), how many animals get it (duration/likelihood)
39
What is the critical level
Criterion which separates acceptability from unacceptability
40
After a complaint is received and a code compliance inspection is done, what are the three outcomes?
Fully compliant = tell producer Minor non compliance = tell producer with corrective actions Moderate and severe non compliance = board reviews, re-inspection, license suspended or not
41
Why chose individual housing? Group?
Individual = decreases aggression, competition, illness Group = social contact, naturalness, increased space
42
Risk assessment is?
Ranking the threats to AW
43
Ranking of tie stalls, free stalls or straw yards
Worst = free stalls (leg/locomotion issues, too few stalls/cow) Then tie stalls (inadequate bedding, no exercise) Best is straw yard (but causes udder problems)
44
Suffering in animals
Animal experiences pain and shows reduced frequency of behaviours known to be important to it (depression) Can also be associated with fear, breaking of will
45
What happens to + and - motivated behaviours during suffering
Decreased in positively motivated behaviours Decrease in negatively motivated behaviours (escaping aversive) = learned helplessness
46
If the number of cows per feeder increases, what happens?
Time spent feeding decreases by 2/3 Eating rate >3x
47
Deletion of what gene is associated with weight and appetite in labradors
Canine POMC (while selecting for labs with high food drive = easier to train working dogs)
48
How do codes of practice relate to freedom from hunger and thirst
They include feed and water requirements for each species
49
Common water requirements in codes of practice
Palatable, clean Constant access Unfrozen
50
What is quantitative restriction? Leads to what?
Restricts quantity fed Modified behaviours and stereotypies (prevention of foraging behaviours)
51
What is qualitative restriction
Lower quality feed fed ad libitum No signs of hunger/stress
52
Pain in animals is an..
Aversive sensory experience eliciting protective motor actions Results in learned avoidance
53
What is pain that may not have a well defined onset and may not respond to typically effective treatments
Chronic neuropathic pain
54
What is nociception
Detection of noxious stimulus, not the same as pain as does not require mental processing of the brain
55
Pain from stimulation which is not normally painful is Increased pain when the same noxious stimulus is repeated is
Allodynia Hyperalgesia
56
Responses to pain..
Postural responses Gait changes Activity (restlessness, head turn towards pain) Vocalization Mental state (BAR vs depressed) Evoked behaviour (prey species don't watch approach, wildlife allow to approach) Grimace scales
57
How to relieve pain
Opiods Anti-inflammatories Anesthesia
58
Relationship between welfare and disease
Disease will cause poor welfare, which initiates immunosuppression and can cause disease
59
Anthropocentric vs anthropomorphic
Centric = man has dominion Morphic = man has no dominion
60
Three stress models
Environmental Psychological Biological
61
Biotechnologies for measuring fear in animals
Telemetry Heart Rate Endocrinology (cortisol lvls) Infrared thermography
62
Using IRT to measure acute vs chronic stress
Acute stress will cause a drop in temperature once hypothalamus registers the stressor (chronic stress) increase in temperature BUT then HPA fatigue over very long time leads to decrease in temperature
63
Reasons to early detect disease
Reduce treatment cost (improve efficacy) Improved performance Improved AW Reduced morbidity period
64
Research techniques used in dairy
Reversal learning to test adaptability/flexibility Preference testing Motivation testing ("pay a price")
65
How does cortisol vary normally
Throughout the day, during play/reproduction Should be paired with another factor
66
Disadvantages of living in wild
Change in habitat The elements Inconsistent food access Hunger, habitat loss Predators Competition Illness/disease
67
Advantages to living in wild
Free to express natural behaviours, control environment, reproduce
68
How do animal protection laws vary in provinces and territories
Provincial animal protection stronger than criminal code Ontario lacks protection laws - rules legislated municipally
69
Alberta has the strongest legislation for..
Protecting wild animals in captivity
70
Dale Gienow's wildlife center called...
Muskoka Wildlife Center
71
Permits that WILDNorth has
CVMA permit Federal permit for work/care/release of migratory birds Provincial rehabilitation permit
72
Animals selected for high production efficiency are more prone to...
Behavioural, physiological and immunological problems
73
Genetic selection in dogs emphasized ____________ over _________________
Morphological standards/behavioural traits over health and functional attributes
74
Genetic selection of laying hens for high rates of lay lead to
Loss of bone mineral = skeletal problems, increased fragility (fractures)
75
Selection for high milk production in dairy cattle leads to...
Ketosis, fat liver, inflammation, mastitis, lameness, low heat tolerance
76
Disease that is directly related to selection for leaner carcass in pigs
Porcine stress syndrome
77
Why use animals in research
Advance scientific understanding Study disease in animals and humans Develop and test potential treatments and vaccines
78
Areas of research using animals? What animals?
Cancer, disease, pain, neuroscience/behaviour research Use mice, fish, birds, cattle, rats, amphibians, pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits
79
Most common animals used in research
mice and fish
80
Three R's of animal research
Replacements (replace use of animals) Reduction (fewer animals used; minimum necessary) Refinement (modification of procedures to minimize pain/distress)
81
What do institutions need in order to use animals in their research
Canadian Council on Animal Care requires there to be an animal care committee (ACC)
82
ACC should include
Scientist Vet Community rep Institutional member not using animals Technical staff Student representation ACC coordinator
83
What can the ACC do
Stop any objectionable procedures causing unnecessary pain or distress Have animals killed humanely
84
Examples of replacement dimension
Cell culture systems Human volunteers Species of lower phylogeny Imaging techniques Organoids Skin models
85
Refinement to improve AW requires
Scientific validation (benefits animal) Does not detract from scientific integrity
86
Numbers below or above the minimum necessary amount of animals needed (reduction) leads to..
Experiment becomes meaningless, unethical
87
Comorbidities of obesity
Metabolic abnormalities (diabetes) Orthopedic & joint concerns (arthritis, ligament tearing) Respiratory and cardiac issues
88
Health and welfare implications of obesity
Exercise/heat intolerance Reduced immune function Reduced longevity/quality of life
89
Lean feeding dogs had impacts on what?
Reduced BW Increased lifespan Reduced metabolic issues Delay onset of age related concerns
90
Energy requirements depend on
Breed/size Life stage Physical activity Habitat (indoor vs outdoor)
91
Metabolizable energy accounts for
Gas, fecal and urine losses

An Sc 376 (11 decks)

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