FINAL EXAM

Question 1

Explain why scientists use scientific names instead of common names

Answer 1

It uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names so that it is universally understood

Question 2

Describe the scientific system of naming organisms

Answer 2

• Scientists use a two-name system called a Binomial Naming System
• Scientists name animals and plants using the system that describes the genus and species of the organism
• The first word is the genus and the second is the species
• The first word is capitalized and the second is not.

Question 3

Evaluate the role of Linnaeus in creating the modern system of naming organisms

Answer 3

• 18th century taxonomist
• Classified organisms by their structure
• Developed naming system still used today
• Called the “Father of Taxonomy”
• Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature

Question 4

Explain how to write a scientific name using binomial nomenclature

Answer 4

• Genus species
• Latin or Greek
• Italicized in print
• Capitalize genus, but NOT species
• Underline when writing

Question 5

How does the classifying of living things reflect their evolutionary history

Answer 5

Two species within the same genus likely share a recent common ancestor in their evolutionary history.

Question 6

List in order, the 7 levels of biological classification

Answer 6

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 7

Summarize characteristics that biologists use to classify organisms

Answer 7

Physical features, the fossil record, and DNA sequences

Question 8

Summarize the biological species concept

Answer 8

It determines what organisms are part of a species. According to this concept, a species is defined as a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Question 9

Explain how a cladogram is constructed

Answer 9

by grouping organisms together based on their shared derived characteristics.

Question 10

Describe how biologists use cladograms to determine evolutionary histories

Answer 10

By putting emphasis on derived characters and recognizing ancestral characteristics, scientists can compare different phylogenies of the same groups of organisms.

Question 11

Interpret a dichotomous key

Answer 11

To use the key, the scientist starts at the top, or beginning, and sees which of the two options apply to their organism. Based on their answer, the key directs them to a new question. They continue in this way until reaching an endpoint, the name of an organism.

Question 12

Identify unifying characteristics of all animals

Answer 12

• eukaryotic
• multicellular organisms
• heterotrophs

Question 13

Recognize the advantage of multicellularity

Answer 13

• Intelligence and evolution
• organisms are larger
• multiple cells will perform multiple different functions
• longer lifespan

Question 14

Contrast the body plans of asymmetrical, radially symmetrical, and bilaterally symmetrical animals

Answer 14

RADIAL SYMMETRY
body parts are arranged around a central axis

BILATERAL SYMMETRY
organisms can be divided into two near-identical halves along a single plane

ASYMMETRY
absence of balanced proportions

Question 15

List three structures derived from mesoderm

Answer 15

muscle, bone, connective tissue

Question 16

Describe the advantage of a one-way gut

Answer 16

allows for efficient processing of food and absorption of nutrients.

Question 17

Contrast the three kinds of body cavities

Answer 17

• Acoelomate: no body cavity
• Pseudocoelomate: partial body cavity
• Coelomate: true body cavity

Question 18

Analyze how animal body plans are related to phylogeny

Answer 18

Anatomical features in animals’ body plans mark the branching points on the evolutionary tree

Question 19

Summarize the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes

Answer 19

how they develop in the early embryo stages. In protostomes the mouth opening is the first to be formed later followed by the anus. In deuterostomes the anus forms first followed by the mouth. This all occurs in the gastrulation stage.

Question 20

Distinguish among the stages of embryonic development in animals

Answer 20

Fertilization → Zygote → Cleavage → Morula → Blastula → Gastrula

The zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions (called cleavage) to form a structure called a morula. The morula develops into a structure called a blastula through a process called blastulation. The blastula develops into a structure called a gastrula through a process called gastrulation.

Question 21

Identify the structures in sponges and their function

Answer 21

Osculum - current of water exits

Spicules - structural support

Mesohyl - maintains sponge’s shape

Porocyte - control the amount of water that enters pores

Pinacoderm - forms an external barrier to protect it from the outer environment

Spongocoel - nutrition

Amoebocyte - regeneration and in transportation of food particles

Inhalant pore - water enters and exits the sponge

Choanocyte - aid the movement of water through the sponge

Question 22

Evaluate the importance of sponges to humans

Answer 22

Sponges filter the water and improve its quality

Question 23

Describe the differences among the various types of sponges

Question 24

Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction in sponges

Answer 24

ASEXUAL
- Budding: A part of the sponge grows off the parent, eventually becoming a new sponge
- Fragmentation: A part of the sponge breaks off, settles on the seafloor, and forms a new sponge
- Gemmules: Gemmules are sphere-shaped groups of amoebocytes surrounded by a tough layer of collagen (spongin) and spicules.

SEXUAL
- Sponges are monoecious or hermaphroditic, meaning each sponge forms both sperm and eggs
- Eggs are kept inside the sponge
- Sperm are released into the water that takes it to another sponge of the same species, where it will enter and fertilize an egg
- Egg develops into a larva which is eventually released from the sponge

Question 25

Describe the two cnidarian body forms

Answer 25

There are two basic cnidarian body shapes: a polyp form, which is attached to a surface; and an upside-down free-floating form called a medusa

Question 26

Describe the general characteristics of cnidarians

Answer 26

- Radial symmetry - Hollow gut - Gastrovascular cavity has a single opening - Two tissue layers (diploblastic) - Outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis - Either polyp or medusa shaped - Tentacles surround mouth

Question 27

Summarize how cnidocytes function

Answer 27

Cnidarians have a stinging cell called the cnidoblasts or nematocysts. These cnidoblasts are deployed by the tentacles that end or retract toward the mouth. Each of the cnidoblasts has a capsule with a coiled threat that can be forcefully ejected and contains a toxin or immobilizing prey.

Question 28

Compare the three classes of cnidarians

Answer 28

ANTHOZOA - only polypoid SCYPHOZOA - predominantly medusoid HYDROZOA - the most primitive, both body forms are generally developed

Question 29

Compare asexual and sexual reproduction in cnidarians

Answer 29

polyps primarily reproduce asexually by budding, however, some produce gametes (eggs and sperm) and reproduce sexually. Medusae usually reproduce sexually using eggs and sperm

Question 30

Describe the general characteristics of flatworms

Answer 30

- Acoelomate - Bilateral symmetry - Show cephalization - Respiration through skin - Single opening to digestive tract (pharynx)

Question 31

Explain how flatworms maintain homeostasis

Question 32

Compare the three classes of flatworms

Answer 32

TURBELLARIA - Spade (shovel)-shaped head and two eyespots - Eat protozoans for scavenge - Flame cells remove waste - Are hermaphrodites - Can reproduce by regeneration - Are free-living (not sessile) TREMATODA - Are parasitic flukes - Have suckers on both ends of the body - Can live inside or outside of host - Nervous and excretory systems like turbellarians - Hermaphrodites - Have complex life cycles CESTODA - Parasitic - Tapeworms - Long, ribbon-like bodies - Absorbs nutrients from host - Hermaphrodites

Question 33

Summarize the evolutionary advantages of segmentation

Answer 33

a small change in an existing segment can produce a new kind of segment with a different function. Thus, some segments are modified for reproduction, some for feeding, some for more movement, and others for eliminating wastes

Question 34

Describe two ways annelids affect humans

Answer 34

- improves soil fertility - acts as food and bait

Question 35

Describe the basic annelid body plan

Answer 35

- Have a true coelom fully lined with mesoderm - Body divided into external segments called metameres (metamerism) - Metameres correspond to internal segments - Have a one way digestive system with a mouth and anus - Well developed brain and sensory organs - Fluid filled coelom provides hydrostatic skeleton - Most have external bristles or setae that aid movement - Setae may be modified into flashy appendages called parapodia

Question 36

Compare the three classes of annelids

Answer 36

OLIGOCHAETA - EARTHWORMS - No parapodia - Few setae for movement - Bodies may have over 100 metameres - Internal partitions called septa - Distinct anterior and posterior ends - Bilateral symmetry - Cephalization (head with sense organs) shows specialization for burrowing - Have both circular and longitudinal muscles for movement - Have external, saddle-shaped structure called clitellum that forms a cocoon containing eggs and sperm HIRUDINEA - LEECHES - No setae or parapodia - Have anterior and posterior suckers for attachment - Some suck blood from hosts, while others are scavengers or predators - Mouth’s of blood-sucking leeches with chitinous teeth and secrete anticoagulant - Found in freshwater - Flattened dorso-ventrally - Hermaphrodites that cross-fertilize -32 body segments POLYCHAETA - SANDWORMS AND CLAMWORMS - Marine - Have paddle-like parapodia to move - Take in oxygen through parapodia - Some are free-swimming predators with strong jaws to feed on small animals - Many live commensally with sponges, mollusks, and echinoderms - Well developed head with antenna and specialized mouthparts

Question 37

Evaluate the importance of the coelom to mollusks

Answer 37

It provides space and attachment sites within the mesoderm for internal organs

Question 38

Interpret the function of the mantle and its adaptive advantage to mollusks

Answer 38

It houses the gills and in some secretes a protective shell over the visceral mass. Many species have modified it to use for siphoning water for feeding and propulsion.

Question 39

Analyze the importance of mucus and the muscular foot to mollusks

Answer 39

Mucus protects some mollusks. It also enables mollusks to stick to surfaces and slide easily through their habitats. The muscular foot is for movement which is modified into tentacles for squid and octopus

Question 40

Describe the characteristics of common mollusks

Answer 40

- Soft bodied invertebrate - Covered with protective mantle that may or may not form a hard, calcium carbonate shell - Second largest animal phylum - Have a muscular foot for movement which is modified into tentacles for squid and octopus - Complete, one way digestive tract with a mouth and anus - Coelomate - Cephalization ~ have a distinct head with sense organs and brain - Have a scraping, mouth like structure called the radula - Go through free swimming larval stage called trochophore

Question 41

Describe the three largest classes of mollusks

Answer 41

Class Gastropoda ~ snails and slugs Class Bivalvia ~ clams, mussels, and oysters Class Cephalopoda ~ octopus and squid

Question 42

Describe excretion, circulation, respiration, and reproduction in mollusks

Question 43

Compare the body plans and feeding adaptations of gastropods, bivalves and cephalopods

Question 44

Identify internal and external structures of the clam

Question 45

Compare and Contrast three classes of echinoderms

Question 46

Describe the major characteristics of echinoderms

Question 47

Summarize how the sea star’s water vascular system and tube feet function

Question 48

Describe the three major characteristics of arthropods

Question 49

Evaluate the importance of arthropods

Question 50

Distinguish structure and function in the major groups of arthropods

Question 51

Compare adaptations in the major groups of arthopods

Question 52

Identify characteristics of crustaceans

Question 53

Identify characteristics of arachnids

Question 54

Identify characteristics of insects

Question 55

Analyze how structure determines function in insects

Question 56

Compare and contrast complete and incomplete metamorphosis

Question 57

Explain some positive and negative impacts of insects on human populations

Question 58

Describe how growth occurs in arthropods

Question 59

Compare millipedes and centipedes

Question 60

Identify internal and external structures of crayfish

Question 61

Identify internal and external structures of grasshoppers

Question 62

Identify the 5 main characteristics of all chordates

Question 63

Describe the characteristics of all fish

Question 64

Distinguish between the 3 classes of fish Agnatha Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes

Question 65

Label the internal and external anatomy of a fish

Question 66

Know the major function of the structures of the fish

Question 67

Describe the characteristics of amphibians

Question 68

Distinguish between the 3 major orders of amphibians Anura Urodela Apoda

Question 69

Label the internal anatomy of a frog

Question 70

Know the function of a frog’s internal structures

Question 71

Identify the common characteristics of reptiles

Question 72

Identify the internal structures of lizards

Question 73

Know the function of the lizard structures

Question 74

Distinguish between the 4 classes of modern reptiles and give an example

Question 75

Identify the common characteristics of birds

Question 76

Identify the external features of most birds and know their function

Question 77

Describe how birds are classified

Question 78

Identify the structures and know the function of amniotic eggs

Question 79

Identify the common characteristics of mammals

Question 80

Distinguish between the various classes of mammals and give an example

Question 81

Identify and know the function of the internal structures of the rat.