Final Exam Flashcards
(35 cards)
Authoritarian Populism Definition
- Not all populists are authoritarian or vice versa
- Authoritarianism here comes from social psychology (those who favor obedience over liberty)
- Prioritizes collective security for group at expense of liberal autonomy of individual
1) Importance of security against risks, justifying aggression towards outsiders who threaten disorder or accepted group norms
2) Value of group conformity to preserve âour traditional way of life
3) Need for loyalty toward strong leader
Authoritarian Values and Consequences
1) Values
- It is important to her/him to behave properly. She wants to avoid doing anything people would say is wrong.
- It is important to her/him to live in secure surroundings. She/he avoids anything that might endanger his/her safety
- It is import to him/her that government ensure his/her safety. She wants the state to be strong so it can defend its citizens
- Tradition is important to her/him. She tries to follow the customs handed down by his/her family
- She/he believes that people should do what they are told. She/he thinks people should follow the rules at all times, even when no one is watching
2) Consequences
- Threats to Democracy â remove checks and balances on executive power. E.g Hungry limited power of courts and electoral commission, favorable electoral system. In Turkey imprisoned opponents and fired civil servants
- Heighten public concern about race relations, and immigration policy, pulling moderate parties more extreme
- Damaging civic culture â Deeping public disentachment with working of political institutions
- Diminished social tolerance and trust
Brexit
- Jan 2013, David Cameron promised if Conservatives won not election would held in-out referendum on Brexit. June 23, 2016, slim majority voted to leave - 51.9%
- Governed by strategic calculation â stem tide of UKIP. UK won 12.6 of votes in 2015 election
- Euroscepticism had grown in Conservative party under Thatcher
- Referendum occurred during multiple European problems â Eurozone and refugee crisis
- âVote Leaveâ emphasized potential savings to taxpayer from Brexit, more funds for NHS, regaining, sovereignty over British borders, control of immigration
- Remain side â economic risks of withdrawal for jobs, prices and business
- Results revealed deep divide between the Leave area of UK- economically disadvantaged communities with many older, less educated, voters, versus the Remain terroitories Economic thesis dominated early popular commentary based on geography of the Leave
vote - But also individual-level variation, education, birth cohorts, and attitudes towards immigration. Social class not signficaint when control for education
- Authoritarian populist attitudes strong predictors of leave vote
âSomewheresâ vs âAnywheresâ
Collective Behaviour Theory
- Also labeled strain or breakdown theories because typically posit collective behavior comes about during period of social disruption when grievances are deeply felt rather than being standard part of political process
- Used to study wide variety of phenomenon including one in which there are few secondary or intermediate groups, such as religious groups or community organizations to bind people together.
- Social changes such as industrialization and urbanization uproot people from nomal associations. Consequently, people become isolated from social and pol institutions. This creates anxiety alienation which makes them vulnerable to recruitment by social movement
- Empirical research challenged this showing that is not isolated individuals but those with ties to social networks and participate in organizations most likely to be recruited into social movements
- Relative Deprivation Theory: People often rebel when things are improving: it is not the most deprived groups that engage in collective action, but those who seem to be improving their position. As conditions improve, expectations rise, but rate of improvement does not meet expectations
- E.g. Support for womenâs movement increased as women gained access to education but did not achieve commensurate access to high pay jobs.
- Popular in 1960s and 1970s. But studies to test theory found little evidence that objective measures of relation deprivation not good predictors of various types of rebellions.
- Although feelings of relative deprivation may be present, they are not likely to generate collective action in absence of other factors such as resources and organization riots, social movements, and revolutions
- Number of different collective behavior approaches.
However, they all argue social moments (and other collective behavior) arise as a result of some type of strain such as social change or dramatic events. The psychological states of participants are the focus
Political Opportunity Structure
- POS refers to features of the political environment that influence movement emergence and success.
- In contrast to resource mobilization, emphasizes resources external to the group
- Specific definitions of political opportunity structure differ considerably. Tarrowâs(1994) elaboration of concept is most widely employed
-Extent of openness of polity, shifts in political alignment, divisions among elites, availability of influential allies, repression or facilitation by the state - Openness: Relationship between protest and political opportunity may be curvilinear
- Shifting Alignments: Electoral instability, especially when based on new coalitions, encourages challengers and may induce elite to compete for support from outside the polity
- Divided Elites: Conflicts among elites encourage resource poor groups to take risks of collective actions; encourage elites who are out of power to seek out new groups
- Influential Allies: Political parties especially important
- Repression: More likely for groups which demand fundamental change and threaten elite interests. Can be explicit, often case in authoritarian regimes, in democratic regime tolerance of non-violent contention can vary
- State strength and centralization
Cultural Turn in Social Movements
- Movement leaders offer symbolically laden messages to gain support from followers. Movements do not simply seek instrumental goals, they make and manipulate meanings
- Frames are communicative devices. Snow and Benford (1988), framing serves three purposes:
1) Delivers an interpretation of problem and its causes
2) Suggests how problem might unfold in future and what can be to solve problem
3) Provides reasons and motives to engage become committed - Movements âframeâ Contentious politics
⢠Social movements work at ânamingâ grievances, connecting them to other grievances, constructing larger frames of meaning that will resonate with a populationâs cultural
predispositions
⢠Frame point to collective solutions and encourage people to adopt collective identity
⢠Process of framing alignment not always easy. Competitors with powerful cultural resources, ordinary people have own reading of event, risk of alienating most militant supporters
⢠Frames will often point to an injustice/inequity, will attribute responsibility and propose solution - Can be short utterances or more elaborate ideological packages - Frames can be used to construct identities and mark boundaries. Require solidarity to act collectively. However, individuals have multiple identities, may be to many too mobilize, so will try to suppress those which fit badly with their goals
Types of coalition governments
1) Minimum Winning Coalition
- An office-seeking politician is interested in the intrinsic benefits of office; he wants as much office as possible.
- A policy-seeking politician only wants to shape policy.
- In an office-seeking world, a formateur can get other parties to join the government only by giving them office.
- Gamsonâs Law states that cabinet portfolios will be distributed among government parties in strict proportion to the number of seats that each party contributes to the governmentâs legislative seat total.
- An implication is that you will not want more parties in government than is strictly necessary to obtain a legislative majority.
- A minimal winning coalition (MWC) is one in which there are no parties that are not required to control a legislative majority
2) connected coalition
- In a policy-seeking world, a formateur can get other parties to join the government only by giving them policy concessions. It is likely that a formateur will have to give more policy concessions to large parties than small parties.
- An implication is that you will want to form coalitions with parties that are located close to you in the policy space.
- A connected coalition is one in which the member parties are located directly next to each other in the policy space. A second implication is that you will choose the connected least minimal winning coalition.
3) minority coalition
- A minority coalition government comprises multiple governmental parties that do not together command a majority of the legislative seats
Regime type and democracy
1) Background
- In 1980s and 1990s debate over whether the presidential system or parliamentary system more conducive to democracy. Most closely connected with Juan Linz
- Some empirical evidence: Between 1946 and 1999, 1 in 23 presidential systems became a dictatorship, 1 in 56 parliamentary regimes
- Fusion of power of parliamentarian supposed to make governing easier because majority support in parliament, highly disciplined parties prone to cooperate with each other produces highly centralized decision making
- Presidential regimes frequently generate system which cant count on a majority, legislators with little incentive to co-operate with each other. As a consequence, highly decentralized decision making
- Presidential regimes lack the mechanism to resolve the conflict between executive and legislatures, minority government, divided government, and deadlock drive actors to extra-constitutional mechanism
2) Majority
- Majoritarian Imperative: Governments in parliamentary typically require majority support â confidence of legislature. But about 1/3 of government formed under parliamentarian are minority
- Decision to be part of government depends on other factors â ability to influence policy outside government.
- Presidential system which reach gridlock no more likely to collapse than those that in which President ahs veto to override
-More important seems to be number of parties needed to govern and cohesion of the parties governing
3) Cooperation
- Political parties in parliamentary systems have incentive to co-operate; parties in government support executive and opposition parties will not escalate conflict out of hope for being part of the government
- Party discipline: Threat of legislative dissolution induces party discipline. Under presidentialism lack of incentive to accept the discipline of political parties.
- But even parliamentary system politicians have to consider costs of supporting party line over constituency preferences
- Assumed in parliamentary system voting more according to party label rather than legislatorsâ personal attributes, but this depends more on the electoral system. Key factor is control party has on the ability of politicians to get elected or re-elected
- Centralization of Decision-Making Process: Largely based on US example. Other legislatures in Presidential systems more centralized
- Other Presidential systems ability to initiate legislation, not just react veto, also have decree power
Consequences for Parties Governing and Electoral Strategies
- When executive enjoy separate survival and origins, partiesâ collective action and delegation problems differ in fundamental ways
- When separate origins, parties no longer single goal in mind â winning legislative seats. Instead, two goals: winning direct executive elections and legislative seats.
- Separate executive elections mean presidential candidates can campaign on and elections for different reasons â or even elected by different set voters than their legislative parties. Such intra-partisan divergence of electoral incentives impossible under parliamentary system
- Separation of survival also means that whether presidents and their parties were elected for similar and by similar voter bases, once in office presidents can take policy stances that differ from their partyâs without dismissal
Types of decentralization
1) Administrative decentralization: Set of policies that transfer the administration or delivery of social services, such as education, health, or housing to sub-national government
2) Fiscal Decentralization: Set of politics designed to increase the revenues or fiscal autonomy of sub-national governments. Fiscal decentralization policies can assume different institutional forms such as increase of transfers from the central government, the creation of sub-national taxes, or the delegation of tax authority that was previously national
3) Political decentralization: Designed to devolve political authority or electoral capacities to sub-national actors. Examples of this type of reform are the popular election of mayors or governors, who previously were appointed, the creation of sub-national legislative assemblies, constitutional reforms that strengthen the political autonomy of sub-national governments
Decentralization pros
1) Administrative Efficiency: Multi-tier governments make it possible to satisfy citizensâ preferences for goods and services more precisely and cost-effectively. Central governments better provide some public goods, others locally
2) Local Knowledge: When preferences are spatially heterogeneous, local governments are thought to be better informed about the local costs and benefits of policies and in a better position than more distant central governments to tailor policies to fit local circumstances
3) Market Preserving Federalism: Competition among local government to attract mobile residents and investment, induces them to be more honest, efficient, and responsive
4) Democracy: By reducing the scale of government, increases citizen participation and cultivates civic virtue. Also enhances electoral accountability because voters have better information about local than about central
government performance
5) Ethnic Conflicts: Political decentralization defuses ethnic conflict by satisfying limited demand for autonomy, socializing ethnic politicians into cooperative behavior
6) Policy Innovation: Allows for policy experimentation, whereby local units can act as âlaboratories for democracyâ adopting different policies, with the most effective ones then being emulated by other jurisdictions
Decentralization cons
1) Race to the Bottom: In effort to attract investment, local governments may compete with each other by reducing labor and environmental protections and providing minimal welfare provisions
2) Higher levels of Income Inequality: Federalism institutionalizes a system of veto points that enables defenders of specific territorial interests to block nationwide redistributive programs. Primes second dimensions (territory, ethnicity) which limits the feasibility of large redistributive coalitions
3) Fiscal Co-ordination: Decentralization could lead to failure of fiscal coordination across government that results in inefficiency. When local and central governments can independently tax the same base or are expected by voters to spend on the same items can lead to over taxation or underspending
4) Ethno-territorial conflict: Can fuel separatism by institutionalizing identity politics. May embolden separatist leaders, and increase support for ethnic-regional parties. May reduce incentives to form inter-ethnic coalitions. Multilevel governance provides opportunity for separatist movements, but also the possibility of accommodation
5) Regional Inequalities: Rights, social welfare, and quality of life become highly conditional on the region they live in
6) Fiscal Pressures: Politically strong local governments undermine fiscal and macro-economic stability by pressuring the central government for aid. Local governments under value central fiscal budget because they view the central budget as a âcommon poolâ and exploit âsoft budget constraintsâ
Gellnerâs theory of nationalism
- Nations and Nationalism (1983)
- Nations and nationalism are sociologically essential components of modernization, of the transition from agrarian to industrial society
- Modernization produced a new type of industrial society, requiring a mobile, literate, and numerate workforce able to engage in semantic work and context free
communication. A workforce that could change jobs and learn new skills and the creation of national labor markets and improved communications - This necessitated a common language and culture homogenization, which required a highly developed mass, public education system, transmitting the same basic,
standardized culture to everyone. It required the propagation of a homogenous, common âhighâ culture - Language and culture became how uprooted individuals who were not bound by kinship ties became bound together. Cultural similarity became the basis of political legitimacy and identifying with an abstract national community
Gellnerâs theory of nationalism Cons
- Excessively Functionalist
- It tries to account for nationalism on the basis of the consequences it generates. More specially, nationalism is explained by reference to a historical outcome (the emergence of industrial society) which chronologically follows it
- It fails to account for either nationalism in non-industrial society and resurgence of nationalism in post industrial society
- It fails to take into account either the role of war and the military in fostering both cultural homogenization and nationalism or the relationship between militarism and compulsory education
- Is largely apolitical, cannot explain passion generated by nationalism
- Why should people who identify with a high culture be willing to lay down their lives for it? Gellner seeks the answer in modern systems mass education system.
However, the passion of the early nationalists cannot be the product of mass national mass education system which had not come into being at that time. - It is not possible to have a national educational system without determining who the nation is. Who will receive the education? In which language
Detriment of Secession
- The withdrawal of territory and the people living on that territory from the sovereignty of an existing state and the establishment of a newly independent state with sovereignty over that territory and its people
- Only one successful case of secession between 1945-1991 - Post Cold War break up soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia
- Cultural Distinctiveness
- Expected risks and benefits associated with separatism versus unionism
- Territorial Concentration of National Minority
- Group Size
- Ideological difference from the rest of the country
- Regional Autonomy
- Irredentist Potential
Micro-foundations of ethnicity
1) Dignity and Self-Esteem:
- People derive dignity, self-esteem, and/or belonging from being part of an ethnic group that is considered somehow better than another group or set of groups.
- The key reason why people identify so strongly with ethnic groups is that they are inherently linked with peopleâs core needs for dignity, self-esteem, and/or belonging.
- When oneâs group is threatened or denigrated, oneâs own self is threatened or denigrated.
2) Social Identity Theory:
- People construct their identities by distinguishing between those who are like them (in-group) and others (âout groupâ).
- They can then ascribe positive traits to their own group and negative traits to other groups Will lead people to exaggerate the differences between their group and others and minimize the similarities
3) Differences in Values and Preferences:
- Ethnic differences reďŹect simply divergent values.
- Ethnic groups arise out of the desire for culturally distinctive collective goods (such as state institutions), which are valued due to the shared practices and ways of life (religion, language, modes of production) that culture represents.
- For example, speakers of Language A prefer to live n a country where Language A is the sole government language to one where Language B is the sole government language.
- Similarly, inhabitants of a particular territory are likely to share socioeconomic ways of life that give them shared
interests differing from those of groups residing elsewhere
4) Ethnicity as cognition:
- Ethnicity is a way of seeing the world.
- Ethnic and national identities and the action that ďŹows from them might best be conceptualized as âschemasâ or other mental mechanisms that help one understand and interpretant information and deďŹne a course of action.
- The degree to which a purported group actually behaves like a group (displays âgroupnessâ) depends on the historical
processes, institutional environments, and elite strategies that help shape ethnic schemas and cue their activation
5) Ethnicity as Uncertainty Reduction:
- When we combine limited human cognitive capacity with an impossibly complex and largely unknowable social world, it is
obvious that uncertainty is going to play a very large role in how people attempt to establish personal points of reference so as to navigate the social world.
- The groups that humans form all tend to be based on at least some sense that they share a common fate.
- But identity dimensions can tell an individual more than âI am in this category of people,â adding âtherefore the following things could possibly affect me.â
Varieties of capitalism
- VoC paradigm positis the exitence of two varieietes among advanced economies: the liberal (LMEs) and the coordinated (CMEs)
- Key point of distinction is the degree of reliance on market mechanism in LMEs, as opposed to non-market fomrs of co-ordination in CMEs
- The distinguishing feature of each type is that they solve problems of âcoordinationâ (between the firm and its financiers, employees, suppliers, and customers) in different ways.
Spheres in which firms need to solve co-ordination problems:
1)Industrial relations:
- Firms have to coordinate with their workers, trade unions and other employers over wage and productivity.
- Generally CMEs have a higher level of membership in trade unions and employers organizations, and bargaining over wages tends to happen at the industry, sectoral, or national level.
- Conversely in LMEs workers and employers are often less organized, and wage negotiations take place at the company level
2)Vocational training and education:
- In CMEs, workers tend to have specific skills that are tied to the firm or the industry they are working in.
- In LMEs, workers have more general skills that easily can be used to work at other companies.
- By pressuring major firms to take on apprentices and monitoring their participation in such schemes, these associations limit free-riding on the training efforts of others; and, by negotiating industry-wide skill categories and training protocols with the firms in each sector, they ensure both that the training fits the firmsâ needs and that there will be an external demand or any graduates not employed by the firms at which they apprenticed
3)Corporate governance:
- In CMEs typically provides companies with access to finance that is not entirely dependent on publicly available financial data or current returns.
- CMEs by the presence of dense networks linking the managers and technical personnel inside a company to their counterparts in other firms on terms that provide for the sharing of reliable information about the progress of the firm LMEs tend to rely more heavily on public information about finances and short-term capital, such as stock markets.
4)Inter-firm relations:
- In CMEs these relationships are supported by a number of institutions.
- Business associations promote the diffusion of new technologies by working with public officials to determine where firm
competencies can be improved and orchestrating publicly subsidized programs to do so.
- A considerable amount of research is also financed jointly by companies, often in collaboration with quasi-public research
institutes.
- In LMEs economies are based, for the most part, on standard market relationships and enforceable formal contract. E.g Technology transfer in LMEs is secured through the movement of scientists and engineers from one company to another (or from research institutions to the private sector) that fluid labor markets facilitate
5)Firms relations with their own Employees:
- In CMEs, managers often have to cooperate with employees to reach major decisions.
- While in LMEs, there are often more adversarial relations between management and employees, in which managers are the prime decision-makers.
- In LMEs top management normally has unilateral control over the firm, including substantial freedom to hire and fire.
- Firms are under no obligation to establish representative bodies for employees such as works councils; and trade unions are generally less powerful than in CMEs.
Esping Anderson Welfare State
- Traditional focus was on how much a sate spends on welfare e.g social spending as % of GDP
- Esping Anderson: Mistake to look at overall spending levels
1) Decommodification: The extent to which an individualâs welfare is reliant upon the market, particularly in terms of
pensions, unemployment benefit and sickness insurance)
2) Social stratification: The role of welfare states in maintaining or breaking down social stratification
3) Privateâpublic mix: The relative roles of the state, the family, the voluntary sector and the market in welfare provision).
Anglo-Saxon Liberal Regime:
- E.g US, UK, Canada
-Benefits tend be low and are means tested, targeted at low income recipients
- Primarily tax financed
- Public spending on social protection is low
- Encourages market solutions (e.g. private pension plans and private health option) by subsidizing private welfare schemes
Continental/Bismarckian regime:
- E.g. Germany, France, Austria, Italy, Netherlands
- Social rights are based not based on citizen status but on employment relations
- Welfare benefits are differentiated according to income and record of contributions to social insurance fund .
- Major occupational groups have all have their own social insurance schemes
- Historically encouraged traditional family structures â those not employed are covered through spouse and family benefits encourage motherhood
Scandinavian/Social Democratic Regime:
- Predominantly tax financed, but in contrast to liberal model, benefits are granted without means testing Benefits tend to be much more generous and levels of public spending tend to be much higher
- Almost no role for market in providing welfare services
- All occupational groups under one universal insurance scheme
- Strongly interventionist state used to promote equality through a redistributive social security system
Compensation and competition hypothesis
- The compensation hypothesis holds that open markets create a need for new compensatory policies that (democratic) governments may supply.
- Moreover, social policies can also be productive assets as they foster a better educated, better trained, and healthier workforce, provide coordinated market economies with speciic skill proiles, and contribute to the development
of a more equal and less conlictual society.
- Where such compensatory schemes are absent, preferences for protectionism may intensify.
Democracy and Economic Growth
- Protection of property rights â state not only threat to private property, can be landless peasants, organized workers, etc. Those who suffer as a consequence of private property in democracy can call for redistribution
- Citizen preferences and protection against fiscal predatory
- Greater stability, leads to greater investment
- Benefits of group decision making
- Democracy generates demand for immediate consumption at the expense of investment.
- Insulation of decision makers from particularistic/societal pressures.
- Acemoglu and Robinson (2012): Authoritarianism cannot generate economic growth long term in long term, need democratic institutions for growth beyond certain level of development - once get beyond importing foreign technology, exporting of low-end manufacturing
- Gerring et al (2005): Democracy as a stock rather than a level. Institutional effects unfold over time and are cumaltive, so canât just look at current levels of democracy and econ. growth
- Democracy enhances a nationâs stock of human, political and social capital
- Two mechanisms:
i) Learning: from other decision makers, and between those occupying formal positions of powers and voters.
ii) Institutionalization- Takes time to establish and administer formal rule of law, to ensure compliance and rule for diffusion of norms - Problem of endogenous selection
Resource curse and Economic Growth
1) Dutch Disease:
- Rise in the value of natural resource exports produces an appreciation in the real exchange rate.
- This, in turn, makes exporting non-natural resource commodities more difficult.
- Foreign exchange earned from the natural resource meanwhile may be used to purchase internationally traded goods, at the expense of domestic manufacturers of these goods.
- Simultaneously, domestic resources such as labor and materials are shifted to the natural resource sector (called the âresource pull effectâ).
- Consequently, the price of these resources rises on the domestic market, thereby increasing the costs to producers in other sectors.
2) Volatility:
- There are a number of difficulties with a highly volatile income source.
- Most obvious is the fact that long-term planning is rendered difficult by great uncertainty over future financing, especially as a result of fluctuations in the value of the commodity.
- The result can be high levels of expenditure in good years followed by deep cuts in bad years.
3)Corruption:
- The short-run availability of large financial assets increases the opportunity for the theft of these assets by political leaders.
- Those who control these assets can use that wealth to maintain themselves in power, either through legal means (e.g. spending in political campaigns) or coercive ones (e.g. funding militias).
- Temptation for rent-seeking behavior by official
Chinas economic growth
1) Background
- Massive expansion of Chinaâs economy, which now trails only the United States in absolute size. Average 9-10% GDP growth over last three decades
- Universal increase in living standards that have elevated hundreds of millions from absolute poverty
- Intense competition in most sectors despite substantial areas in which official direction remains strong
2) Change
- Rapid structural change from rural/agricultural to urban/non- agricultural, from isolation to growing integration with global markets, and from public to mixed (and increasingly, private ownership)
- Reforms in rural sector in 1970s: Household cultivation replaces collective farming â which meant that farmers could claim fruits of extra effort for themselves rather than receiving tiny shares of collective production. Increased incentives for production
- Expansion of Private Town Village Enterprises (TVE) â businesses owned by rural units and indivdiuals permitted in 1980s to engage in almost any income generating activity- allowed agricultural reforms to go ahead
- Creation of dual price system that split transactions for most commodities into plan and market components. Once producers had satisfied plan requirements, they could now distribute after plan residual at increasingly flexible prices. Enlarged market for entrepreneurs and rural migrants to pursue employment oppertunities in town and cities, where they could now use cash to purchase food and other essential formerly only available only to holders of location-specific ration coupons
3) SEZ
- Establishment of âspecial economic zonesâ, initially in southern provinces. With the arrival of ethnic Chinese from Hong Kong and Taiwan, small-scale these zones became drives of regional and national economic growth. As small scale manufacturing of labor-intensive exports become more expensive in other parts of Asia, turned to China. SEZ in mainland China are granted more free-oriented economic policies and flexible governmental measures by the government, compared to planned economy elsewhere.
- Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs.
A) Greater independence from the central government on international trade activities.
B) Economic characteristics are represented as â4 principlesâ:
1. Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital
2. Primary economic forms are Sino-foreign joint ventures and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises
3. Products are primarily export oriented
4. Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces
Patrimonial states
Neo-patromonial states:
- Neopatrimonial states have been the least effective agents of industrialization.,
- Nigeria illustrates the characteristics of such neopatrimonial polities.
- Public officeholders often treat public resources as their personal patrimony.
- Moreover, neopatrimonial states lack a competent professional class of civil servants.
- In these states, bureaucrats often create mutually corrupt alliances with their cronies and are often disconnected from other social and economic groups, such as workers and peasants
State- Society Relations
- Not level of state intervention but type of state structure and relationship to other elements of society
Predatoryâ states:
- lack the bureaucratic institutions (e.g., corporate coherence, meritocratic recruitment, professionalism) necessary to ensure political elites enough autonomy to resist corruption.
- State does not have âautonomyâ: to formulate collective goals. Instead, allows office holders to purse their individual interests
- Ties to society are to individual, not connections between constituencies and the state as an organization.
- Extracts investable surplus without providing collective goods.
- Thus predatory states rarely succeed in fostering economic development
Developmental states:
- not completely insulated from society. Instead, they are embedded in a dense network of social ties that enable political elites to negotiate goals, policies, and implement strategies with business actors.
- These are not personal, clientelistic ties but rather connections between constituencies and the state as an organization
- Neither autonomy nor embeddedness alone are enough. States must enjoy embedded autonomy to provide the appropriate incentives for entrepreneurial claims to flourish and become strong enough to compete eÂĄectively in athe global market place
