Final Exam Flashcards
(295 cards)
1
Q
self diagnosis
A
thinking symptoms automatically apply to you
2
Q
1 in ___ Canadians
will experience a
diagnosed mental
disorder in their
lifetime
A
1 in 5 (needs to be checked)
3
Q
the scientific study of abnormal behaviour to
help describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of
functioning
A
Abnormal Psychology
4
Q
“disease of”
A
pathology
5
Q
Features of psychological abnormality (4Ds)
A
Deviance (diff, extreme, unusual)
Distress (upsetting)
Dysfunction (affects life)
Danger (risk of harm)
6
Q
a psychological perspective that seeks to identify
the causes and treatment of psychological disorders, with the goal of improving well-being, functioning, and relationships
A
Clinical perspective
7
Q
Divergence from the accepted social norms of behavior
A
Deviance
8
Q
behaviours, thoughts and emotions that differ markedly
from a society’s ideas about proper functioning
A
Deviant behaviour
9
Q
behaviour, ideas or emotions usually have to cause ____ before they can be labelled as abnormal
A
Distress
10
Q
What is the difference between eccentric and deviant behaviour?
A
Whether it causes distress (but not always, ex - schizophrenia can empower people/make them think they’re God, etc.)
11
Q
Examples of eccentric behaviour (non-deviant)
A
Nurse washing hands more than normal
12
Q
Abnormal behaviour that tends to interfere with daily functioning
A
Dysfunction
13
Q
4 areas of dysfunction in life
A
- relationships
- work
- education
- general health
14
Q
abnormal behaviour may become dangerous to oneself or others
A
Danger
15
Q
Behaviour may be consistently careless, hostile, or confused
A
Dangerous behaviour
16
Q
research consistently shows that ______ is the exception rather than the rule to abnormal behaviour
A
dangerousness
17
Q
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition)
A
DSM-5
18
Q
DSM-5 describes 22 major categories containing
_____ different mental disorders
A
over 200
19
Q
Why is DSM-5 useful to researchers
A
establishes
consistent and reliable diagnoses
20
Q
DSM-5 continuum scale
A
low, moderate, high levels of each symptom
21
Q
Study of causes of disorders
A
Etiology
22
Q
abnormal psychological experiences are
conceptualized similarly to physical illnesses
A
Medical model
23
Q
Medical model believes psychological illnesses have (3)
A
- defined symptoms
- distinctive biological and environmental causes
- possible cures
24
Q
explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors
A
Biopsychosocial perspective
25
suggests that mental illness develops when a person who has some predisposition or vulnerability to
mental illness (the “diathesis”) experiences a major life stressor
(the “stress”)
Diasthesis-stress model
26
New initiative that aims to guide the classification & understanding of mental
disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them
Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)
27
Longterm goal of RDoC
to better understand what abnormalities cause different
disorders & to classify disorders based on those underlying causes, rather than
observed symptoms
28
RDoC researchers study causes of abnormal functioning on (3)
* Biological factors: genes, cells, brain circuits
* Psychological domains: learning, attention, memory
* Social processes and behaviour
29
____ of MH sufferers do not seek treatment
60%
30
____________ are likely attached to labelling people with
psychological disorders.
stigmas
31
Labelling may lead to low _______________
low self-esteem
32
dangers of labelling
Roughly 60% of sufferers do not seek treatment
* Education does not dispel the stigma
* Labelling may result in unnecessary consequences
* Labelling may be tough to shake
* Labelling may lead to low self-esteem
* May contribute to an external LOC
33
Why might empathy be low for MH disorders
stigma that people are making it up
34
Class of mental disorders involving
excessive fear, anxiety, and avoidance
Anxiety disorders
35
Anxiety is _________ with other anxiety & depression
highly comorbid (appears alongside)
36
3 types of anxiety disorders in the DSM–5
* Phobic disorders
* Panic disorder
* Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
37
Lifetime prevalence of anxiety
up to 29%
38
Most prevalent psych disorder
anxiety
39
disorder characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear
& avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
Phobic disorder
40
irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly
interferes with an individual’s
ability to function
Specific phobia
41
Examples of phobias (2)
Specific phobia, Social Anxiety Disorder
42
Anxiety about social or
performance situations in
which scrutinization by others
& embarrassment may occur
Social anxiety disorder (SAD)
43
People tend to judge themselves as performing ____ competently than reality
less
44
___ of population is diagnosed with SAD at any given time
4%
45
Chance of being diagnosed with SAD in lifetime
12-14%
46
Women are ____ likely to be diagnosed with SAD
More
47
Is SAD only fear of negative judgement?
No, can include positive judgement.
48
Preparedness theory
We easily acquire fears that are evolutionarily relevant (snakes, heights, etc.) over biggest real threats like electricity/cars
49
Why do people develop phobias? (6)
* Preparedness theory
* Classical conditioning
* ___________________
* Temperament
* Biological model
* Stress
50
Pairing negative situation with a stimulus
classical conditioning
51
Direct, vicarious, informational pathways that lead to phobias
Behavioural accounts
52
Direct, vicarious, informational pathways that lead to phobias
Bevahioural accounts for phobias
53
involves sudden occurrence of multiple psychological
and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror (panic attacks)
Panic disorder
54
Panic attacks must happen in the _____ of a trigger
absence of a trigger
55
Lifetime diagnosis of panic disorder is _____
5%
56
Specific phobia
involving a fear of public places
Agoraphobia
57
Phobia characterized by chronic excessive worries
accompanied by restlessness, fatigue,
concentration problems, irritability, muscle
tension, and sleep disturbance
Generalized anxiety disorder
58
Lifetime prevalence of GAD
5%
59
GAD is higher in ____ SES
Low SES
60
OCD involves (2)
Obsessions and compulsions
61
repetitive, intrusive, thoughts…
Obsessions
62
repetitive behaviours designed to reduce anxiety or
prevent something bad from happening
Compulsions
63
Cognitive theory for OCD
Caused by misinterpretation of thoughts, can't shake intrusive thoughts off.
64
Lifetime prevalence of OCD
2-3%
65
Not just right experience
OCD behaviours caused by feeling that something isn't right
66
Examples of OCD-related disorders (2)
hoarding & body dysmorphia
67
OCD is due to (2)
interference and distress
68
OCD is ___ from Anxiety disorders in DSM-5
separated
69
characterized by:
* A traumatic event
* chronic physiological arousal (hypervigilance)
* recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma
(e.g. “flashbacks”)
Posttraumatic stress disorder
70
Lifetime prevalence of PTSD
up to 10%
71
mood disturbances are central feature
Mood disorders
72
Depressive disorders (2)
* Major Depressive Disorder
* Persistent Depressive Disorder
73
Types of mood disorders (2)
-Depressive disorder
-Bipolar and related disorders
74
Mood disorder prevalence in Canada
1 in 12
75
characterized by a severely depressed mood and diminished
interest or pleasure that lasts 2+ wks; and three other symptoms
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
76
Other term for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
“unipolar depression”
77
Additional symptoms of MDD (8)
weight loss/gain or increase/decrease in appetite
* insomnia/hypersomnia
* psychomotor agitation/retardation
* fatigue/loss of energy
* feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
* indecisiveness, or reduced ability to think or concentrate
* recurrent thoughts of death/suicide, a suicide attempt, or a plan
78
____ believe they should be able to handle MH problems themselvs
73%
79
individuals
who are prone to depression
automatically attribute negative
experiences to causes that are
internal, stable, and global
Helplessness theory
80
Unstable emotional
condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
Bipolar disorder
81
_______ lasts 1wk+ and involves any of:
grandiosity, energy, decreased need for sleep, elated or irritable mood, feelings of
invincibility and/or grandiosity, racing thoughts, reckless behaviour.
Mania
82
characterized by
-a profound disruption of basic psychological processes;
-a distorted perception of reality;
-altered or blunted emotion; and
-disturbances in thought, motivation, & behaviour
Schizophrenia
83
Includes "Positive” & “negative” symptoms, disorganized behaviour
schizophrenia
84
Prevalence of schizo in pop
1%
85
______ rarely develops before adolescence
schizophrenia
86
Positive symptoms of schizo
-Hallucinations
-Delusions
-Disorganized speech
-Grossly disorganized behaviour
-Catatonic behaviour
87
False perceptual experiences
Hallucinations
88
False beliefs, often bizarre, persecutory, or grandiose
Delusions
89
Severe disruption of verbal communication
(rapid, incoherent shift from one unrelated topic to another)
Disorganized speech
90
Behaviour inappropriate for the
situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often
with specific motor disturbances
Grossly disorganized behaviour
91
decrease in all movement
Catatonic behaviour
92
Negative symptoms of schizo
deficits/disruptions of normal emotions; absence
or insufficiency of normal behaviour, motivation, and emotion,
93
Examples of negative symptoms of schizo
Emotional and social withdrawal, apathy, poverty of speech
94
Cognitive symptoms of schizo
Deficits in
cognitive abilities in executive
functioning, attention, and
working memory
95
Specific events or chronic pressures that place
demands on a person or threaten their well-being
Stressors
96
Physical and psychological response to internal or
external stressors
Stress
97
Subfield of psychology concerned with
the ways that psychological factors influence the causes and
treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health
Why “internal”?
Health psychology
98
Unrealistic expectations are an example of an ______
internal stressor
99
Stress can come from negative and __________ events
positive
100
_____________ events produce less psychological distress and fewer physical symptoms
Positive
101
______ can sometimes counteract the effects of negative events
Happiness
102
Sources of stress that occur continuously/repeatedly
Chronic stressors
103
5 examples of chronic stressors
strained relationships
discrimination
bullying
overwork
finances
104
______________ studies links between our environments & stress levels
Environmental psychology
105
Studies show ____________ can be related to
more effective coping
perceived control over
stressful events
106
Role of locus of control in stress
Internal locus of control = more effective coping
107
Emotional
and physiological reaction to an
emergency that increases readiness
for action
Fight or flight response
108
hormone released by adrenal glands
is esp. released in times of stress to help
metabolize more glucose for your body to act
Cortisol
109
when a person is unable to find resolutions to difficult situations — even when a solution is accessible. External locus of control.
Learned helplessness
110
Rapid mobilization of bodily resources to respond to the threat (fight or flight)
Alarm phase
111
Adaptation to arousal
state, and coping with
stressor
Resistance phase
112
The body’s resistance collapses; leads
to aging, infection, tumor growth, organ damage, even death
Exhaustion phase
113
Constant exposure to stress leads to (2)
* Wear and tear on the body
* Accelerated ageing
114
Chromosomes (DNA) are repeatedly copied, carrying genetic
information to new cells: process facilitated by __________
telomeres
115
caps at the ends of the chromosomes that prevent them from sticking to
each other; shorten with every cell division (natural aging)
telomeres
116
Stress shortens _______
telomeres
117
What happens when cells stop dividing when telomeres become too short
Organism death
118
Stressors can cause _______ to flood the
brain, wearing down the immune system and
making it less able to fight invaders
hormones
119
study of how the immune
system responds to psychological variables
Psychoneuroimmunology
120
Decreased immune response/stress may be related to
___________
Low socioeconomic status
121
Example of heart & circulatory system affected by stress
atherosclerosis
122
Example of heart & circulatory system affected by stress
atherosclerosis
123
Research links intensity, drive, anger & hostility
to _____________
increased rates of heart disease
124
Tendency towards
easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of
time urgency & competitive achievement strivings
Type A behaviour pattern
125
________ is one of the best predictors of heart disease,
above and beyond diet & smoking
Hostility
126
__________ & ___________ stress responses are intertwined
Physiological & psychological
127
interpretation of a stimulus as stressful or not
Primary appraisal
128
determination of whether the stressor is something
that can be handled or not
Secondary appraisal
129
stressor that you believe might not be overcome
Threat
130
stressor you feel fairly confident you can control
Challenge
131
The body responds differently to a threat (negative
appraisal) than a ___________ (positive appraisal)
Challenge
132
A state of physical, emotional & mental exhaustion created
by long-term involvement in an ___________ demanding situation
Burnout
133
Burnout is accompanied by lowered ________ & ________
performance & motivation
134
Burnout is caused by (2)
* Emotionally stressful jobs (or uni)
* Gauging your self-worth by success at work (or uni) alone
135
Two kinds of psychological factors influence health
-health-relevant personality traits
-health behaviours
136
Examples of health-relevant personality traits
Type A behaviour, optimism, hardiness
137
Examples of health behaviours
-heathy eating
-exercising
-avoiding sexual risks
-not smoking
-sleeping routine
138
Optimism is one of
the best psychological
predictors of
_______?
happiness
139
(seeing the sunny side of every situation) is healthier than
pessimism (expecting things to go wrong)
Optimism
140
______ seems to aid maintenance of psychological health in the face of physical problems
Optimism
141
A person’s level of optimism or pessimism tends to be ________________
stable, heritable
142
Stress-resistant people have _______
hardiness
143
3 C's of hardy people
* A sense of Commitment
* Belief in control
* Acceptance of challenge
144
_____ individuals seem to be thick-skinned and able to take more
stress or criticism that may hurt others, tend to handle stress better, and are overall healthier
Hardy
145
You can train yourself to be more _____
hardy
146
exercise of voluntary control over the
self to bring it into line with preferred standards; willpower
Self-regulation
147
Self-regulation involves
delay of instant gratification for longterm gains
148
In Western cultures, the average weight is
___________
increasing alarmingly
149
prevention of
obesity is more effective than
dieting
150
Must increase ______________ if increase
caloric intake
bodily activity
151
we have a tendency to
___________ our own risk.
underestimate
152
__________ are ways to counteract
physical & psychological stress
Stress management techniques
153
3 forms of stress management
-The mind
-The body
-The situation
154
We often _________ stressful events in our mind
magnify
155
We have ___________ memories of stressful events
intrusive
156
avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders
of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint
Repressive coping
157
Deliberately ignoring the problem through putting unpleasant thoughts
& emotions out of one’s mind
Repressive coping
158
Facing the stressor & working to overcome it
* unpleasant, but usually short lived
Rational coping
159
Three-step process of rational coping
1) Acceptance: accepting that a stressor exists
2) Exposure: attending to or seeking out the stressor
3) Understanding: working to find the meaning
stressors hold in one’s life
160
finding a new or creative way to think
about a stressor that reduces a threat
Reframing
161
reframing technique that helps people cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about situations
Stress inoculation training (SIT)
162
Bodily techniques useful in
stress management
* Relaxation
* Meditation
* Biofeedback
* Aerobic exercise
* Sleep
163
__________involves changing your life to reduce
stress through
Situation management
164
Situation management techniques (4)
* Social support
* Religious or spiritual practice
* humour
* Avoiding procrastination
165
the aid gained through interacting with others
Social support
166
Good relationships with family & friends and taking part in social
activities can be as good for you as _____ and _____
exercising & not smoking
167
Being in a relationship is
associated with ____ Mental Health
better
168
Female social support response to stress
Tend-and-befriend response
169
Male social support response to stress
Fight or flight response
170
Women are ______ likely to seek support under stress
more
171
the hormone __________ triggers social
responses
oxytocin
172
affiliation with or engagement
in the practices of a particular religion
Religiosity
173
having a belief in &
engagement with some higher power, not
necessarily linked to any particular religion
Spirituality
174
Why is religiosity and spirituality associated with lower stress
better social networks, following
healthy advice of spiritual leaders/teachings
175
reduces sensitivity to ___________ & ___________
Pain and stress
176
Humour is linked with
hardiness
177
putting off a task for later
procrastination
178
Why do we procrastinate?
A task may:
* be boring
* be difficult or unpleasant
* require too much effort
179
Delaying gratification correlated with _________________
intelligence
180
________________________ can reduce procrastination
procrastination
181
Bodily techniques useful in stress management
* Relaxation
* meditation
* Biofeedback
* Aerobic exercise
* Sleep
182
technique for reducing tension by consciously
relaxing muscles of the body
Relaxation therapy
183
condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical
activity, heart rate, breathing rate & blood pressure
Relaxation response
184
symptoms of stress
tension, cortisol, blood pressure
185
practice of intentional contemplation
meditation
186
Benefits of meditation
* cognitive: e.g. attention
* emotional: e.g. emotional regulation
* physical: e.g. slows ageing
187
Benefits of meditation
* cognitive: e.g. attention
* emotional: e.g. emotional regulation
* physical: e.g. slows ageing
188
focus on the "here and now"
mindfulness
189
exercise that increases
the heart rate & oxygen intake for a
sustained period
Aerobic exercise
190
Aerobic exercise may increase may increase _________ and
__________
serotonin and
endorphins
191
Hyperarousal is associated with high ____
cortisol
192
Sleep deficiency can cause us to feel stressed because (3)
ess patient, more agitated, emotional reactivity
193
Sleep can reduce (2)
blood pressure, cholesterol levels
194
Types of psychotherapies offered (6)
-Cognitive behavioural
-Interpersonal
-Psychodynamic
-Humanistic/existential
-Family systems
-Other
195
Fewer than _______ of mental health patients receive “minimally adequate” treatments
40%
196
2 categories of psych treatment
-Psychological
-Biological
197
Example of psychological mental health treatment
-Therapy
198
Examples of biological mental health treatment
-Drugs
-Surgery
-Direct intervention
199
Therapy also talked "talk therapy"
Psychotherapy
200
a process whereby psychological problems are treated through
communication and relationship factors between an individual &
a trained mental health professional
Psychotherapy
201
involves drawing on techniques from different therapies
Eclectic psychotherapy
202
Therapy to explore childhood events
and encourage clients to use this understanding to develop
insight into their psychological problems
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
203
______________ assumes that humans are born with aggressive & sexual urges
that are repressed during childhood by the use of defense mechanisms
Psychoanalysis
204
Psychoanalysis goal
To understand the unconscious through
developing insight
205
Therapy to address interpersonal relationships as
barriers to reaching one’s potential
Humanistic & existential therapies
206
Therapy to address interpersonal relationships as
barriers to reaching one’s potential
Humanistic & existential therapies
207
Types of Humanistic & existential therapies
-person-centred therapy
-gestalt therapy
208
helps client become aware of and take responsibility for thoughts,
behaviours, experiences & feelings
Gestalt therapy
209
Therapy to offer solutions to help change the immediate circumstances with lasting
effects (unlike medications); learned adaptive strategies & ways of thinking
Cognitive and behavioural therapies
210
Therapy with assigned homework in between sessions
Cognitive and behavioural therapies
211
Therapy that relies on principles of learning to change maladaptive
behaviours
Behavioural therapy
212
Learning principles of behaviour therapy
operant conditioning & classical conditioning
213
Therapy that works to help identify
and disordered thinking patterns
Cognitive therapy
214
Therapy that involves giving clients/in-patients tokens for desired behaviour,
which can be later traded for rewards
Token economy
215
100 level on COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATE STRESS SCALE (2)
-Being raped
-Finding out HIV positive
216
Why do positive events cause stress
require readjustment and preparedness
217
Many chronic stressors are linked to __________.
social relationships
218
How can our environments contribute to stress?
noise, traffic, crowding, pollution, and even the threat of violence
219
people who live in cities show significantly ________ amygdala activity in response to stressors than do those who live in towns
greater
220
How does stress from discrimination effect people?
-Increased maladaptive behaviours
-Higher rates of health problems
-Difficulty in interactions with clinicians
221
being rejected by people of your own race was associated with ___________ (mendes study)
greater displays of shame and physiological changes associated with an avoidance state (increased cortisol)
222
being rejected by members of a different race was associated with ______________________________
displays of anger, greater vigilance for danger, physiological changes associated with an approach state (i.e., higher cardiac output and lower vascular resistance), and higher risk taking.
223
In a 2011–2014 survey (Statistics Canada, 2016), _________of Canada’s non-Indigenous population rated their health as good or excellent.
60%
224
only ________of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit people respectively reported their health as good or excellent
48.5%, 51.3%, and 44.9%
225
life expectancy is ____________ for Indigenous people, compared to other Canadians
5 to 10 years shorter
226
children who attended school under the flight path reported ______ levels of noise annoyance and showed poorer reading comprehension
higher
227
events are most stressful when there is _______
nothing to do
228
Who named the fight-or-flight response
Walter Cannon (1992)
229
What happens when the sympathetic nervous system is activated
increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate
230
Order of HPA Axis
Hypothalamus (releasing factor) > Pituitary gland (ACTH through blood) > Adrenal gland (cortisol + catecholamine hormones)
231
2 catecholamines hormones
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
232
Who undertook a variety of experiments that looked at the physiological consequences of severe threats to well-being in the 1930s
Hans Selye
233
What did Hans Selye do
subjected rats to heat, cold, infection, trauma, hemorrhage, and other prolonged stressors
234
What did Hans Selye find
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
235
three-stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered.
three-stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered.
236
What does it mean that GAS is nonspecific
the response doesn’t vary, no matter what the source of the repeated stress.
237
3 stages of GAS
1. alarm phase
2. resistance phase
3. exhaustion phase
238
Alarm phase of GAS
fight-or-flight response, body rapidly mobilizes its resources to respond to the threat.
239
resistance phase of GAS
Body processes shut down: Digestion, growth, and sex drive stall; menstruation stops; production of testosterone and sperm decreases.
240
exhaustion phase of GAS
Many of the resistance-phase defences cause gradual damage as they operate
Leads to susceptibility to infection, tumour growth, aging, irreversible organ damage, or death.
241
Chronic stress can _____ the ageing provess
Spead up
242
caps at the ends of the chromosomes that prevent the chromosomes from sticking to each other.
telomeres
243
an enzyme that rebuilds telomeres at the tips of chromosomes.
telomerase
244
People exposed to chronic stress have ______ telomere length and _______ telomerase activity
Shorter, lower
245
Activities such as _______ and _______ seem to prevent chronic stress from shortening telomere length
exercise, meditation
246
Salary where happiness plateaus
$75,000 U.S
247
people with higher incomes live significantly _________ than those with lower incomes
longer
248
the difference between the wealthiest 1% and the poorest 1% is approximately ____ years for men and ____ years for women
15, 10
249
if you are poor but live in a place with higher population density, a higher percentage of immigrants and university graduates, higher government expenditures, and higher home values, you will live significantly _________.
longer
250
among children growing up in poor families, each year of life they spend _______________________ is associated with a significant increase in the amount of money they will earn as an adult later in life.
251
a tendency towards easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings
Type A behaviour pattern
252
of the 258 men who had heart attacks in the 9 years following the interview, more than___________had been classified as Type A
two-thirds
253
2 steps of stress interpretations
1. Primary appraisal
2. Secondary appraisal
254
The interpretation of a stimulus as being stressful or not
Primary appraisal
255
determining whether the stressor is something you can handle or not
Secondary appraisal
256
determining whether the stressor is something you can handle or not
Secondary appraisal
257
interpretations of stressors can change threats into _______
challenges
258
Increased ________ can improve your performance
arousal
259
researchers found that even interactions as innocuous as ____________ can produce threat or challenge responses
conversations
260
Theory of burnout cause
using your job to give meaning to your life
261
Prolonged exposure
recording a verbal account of the event and then listening to the recording daily.
262
a repetitive sound, such as om
Mantra
263
a technique used to measure the subtle activity of muscles.
electromyography (EMG)
264
EEG biofeedback (or neurofeedback) is moderately successful in treating brain-wave abnormalities in disorders such as __________
epilepsy
265
How can social support help stress and health?
-intimate partner can help you remember to exercise and follow your doctor’s orders
-Talking about problems with friends and family
-Sharing tasks and helping each other when times get tough
266
University students report engaging in academic procrastination between _____ and _______of the time
30% and 60%
267
persistent pattern of deviating from the norm _______qualify as a mental disorder.
does not
268
persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment
Mental disorder
269
a person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
Diathesis-stress model
270
Result of indigenous residential schools on mental health
resulted in many of the children suffering from psychological disorders such as depressive and anxiety disorders, substance-related and addictive disorders, and trauma and stressor-related disorders
271
rates of suicide amongst Indigenous Peoples in Canada are at least ______ times as high as they are in the general population
three
272
The example of intergenerational trauma in residential schools illustrates how incorrect it would be to ___________________________
oversimplify mental disorders by attributing them to single internal cause
273
5 categories of specific phobias
(1) animals
(2) natural environments (e.g., heights, darkness, water, storms);
(3) situations (e.g., bridges, elevators, tunnels, enclosed places);
(4) blood, injections, and injury;
(5) other phobia
274
Approximately _______of people in the United States and Canada will develop a specific phobia during their lives
12%
275
Researchers have found that infants who display __________ are at an increased risk for developing a phobic behaviour later in life
excessive shyness and inhibition
276
Researchers have found that infants who display __________ are at an increased risk for developing a phobic behaviour later in life
excessive shyness and inhibition
277
Approximately ______ people in the United States and Canada suffer from GAD at some time in their lives
1 in 16
278
the percentage of pairs that share the characteristic
Concordance rates
279
Reasons women are more susceptible to GAD than men
women are more likely than men to live in poverty, experience discrimination, or be subjected to sexual or physical abuse
280
People are more susceptible to PTSD if they
have a smaller hippocampus
281
How long does persistent depressive disorder last
at least 2 years
282
Approximately ______ Canadians meets the criteria for depression at some point in their lives
1 in 9
283
Women have ______ rates of depression than men
higher
284
depression shows _______ heritability, with heritability estimates increasing as a function of __________.
moderate, severity
285
Negative schema of depression
-interpretations of information
-attention
-memory
286
at least four mood episodes (either manic or depressive) every year
rapid cycling bipolar disorder
287
Bipolar disorder tends to be _____
persistent
288
one gene influences a person’s susceptibility to multiple disorders.
pleiotropic effects
289
Why might each twin have different susceptibility to mental health disorders?
Differences in epigenetics
290
a break from reality
psychosis
291
The symptoms of schizophrenia often are separated into (3)
positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms.
292
thoughts and behaviours, such as delusions and hallucinations, not seen in those without schizophrenia
Positive symptoms
293
deficits in or disruptions of normal emotions and behaviours for people with schizophrenia
Negative symptoms
294
deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically in executive functioning, attention, and working memory for people with schizophrenia
cognitive symptoms
295
Among children whose biological mothers had schizophrenia, the _________ increased their likelihood of developing schizophrenia
disturbed environment
