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PSYC 102 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

self diagnosis

A

thinking symptoms automatically apply to you

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2
Q

1 in ___ Canadians
will experience a
diagnosed mental
disorder in their
lifetime

A

1 in 5 (needs to be checked)

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3
Q

the scientific study of abnormal behaviour to
help describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of
functioning

A

Abnormal Psychology

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4
Q

“disease of”

A

pathology

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5
Q

Features of psychological abnormality (4Ds)

A

Deviance (diff, extreme, unusual)
Distress (upsetting)
Dysfunction (affects life)
Danger (risk of harm)

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6
Q

a psychological perspective that seeks to identify
the causes and treatment of psychological disorders, with the goal of improving well-being, functioning, and relationships

A

Clinical perspective

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7
Q

Divergence from the accepted social norms of behavior

A

Deviance

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8
Q

behaviours, thoughts and emotions that differ markedly
from a society’s ideas about proper functioning

A

Deviant behaviour

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9
Q

behaviour, ideas or emotions usually have to cause ____ before they can be labelled as abnormal

A

Distress

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10
Q

What is the difference between eccentric and deviant behaviour?

A

Whether it causes distress (but not always, ex - schizophrenia can empower people/make them think they’re God, etc.)

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11
Q

Examples of eccentric behaviour (non-deviant)

A

Nurse washing hands more than normal

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12
Q

Abnormal behaviour that tends to interfere with daily functioning

A

Dysfunction

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13
Q

4 areas of dysfunction in life

A
  • relationships
  • work
  • education
  • general health
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14
Q

abnormal behaviour may become dangerous to oneself or others

A

Danger

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15
Q

Behaviour may be consistently careless, hostile, or confused

A

Dangerous behaviour

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16
Q

research consistently shows that ______ is the exception rather than the rule to abnormal behaviour

A

dangerousness

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17
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition)

A

DSM-5

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18
Q

DSM-5 describes 22 major categories containing
_____ different mental disorders

A

over 200

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19
Q

Why is DSM-5 useful to researchers

A

establishes
consistent and reliable diagnoses

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20
Q

DSM-5 continuum scale

A

low, moderate, high levels of each symptom

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21
Q

Study of causes of disorders

A

Etiology

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22
Q

abnormal psychological experiences are
conceptualized similarly to physical illnesses

A

Medical model

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23
Q

Medical model believes psychological illnesses have (3)

A
  • defined symptoms
  • distinctive biological and environmental causes
  • possible cures
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24
Q

explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors

A

Biopsychosocial perspective

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25
Q

suggests that mental illness develops when a person who has some predisposition or vulnerability to
mental illness (the “diathesis”) experiences a major life stressor
(the “stress”)

A

Diasthesis-stress model

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26
Q

New initiative that aims to guide the classification & understanding of mental
disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them

A

Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)

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27
Q

Longterm goal of RDoC

A

to better understand what abnormalities cause different
disorders & to classify disorders based on those underlying causes, rather than
observed symptoms

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28
Q

RDoC researchers study causes of abnormal functioning on (3)

A
  • Biological factors: genes, cells, brain circuits
  • Psychological domains: learning, attention, memory
  • Social processes and behaviour
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29
Q

____ of MH sufferers do not seek treatment

A

60%

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30
Q

____________ are likely attached to labelling people with
psychological disorders.

A

stigmas

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31
Q

Labelling may lead to low _______________

A

low self-esteem

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32
Q

dangers of labelling

A

Roughly 60% of sufferers do not seek treatment
* Education does not dispel the stigma
* Labelling may result in unnecessary consequences
* Labelling may be tough to shake
* Labelling may lead to low self-esteem
* May contribute to an external LOC

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33
Q

Why might empathy be low for MH disorders

A

stigma that people are making it up

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34
Q

Class of mental disorders involving
excessive fear, anxiety, and avoidance

A

Anxiety disorders

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35
Q

Anxiety is _________ with other anxiety & depression

A

highly comorbid (appears alongside)

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36
Q

3 types of anxiety disorders in the DSM–5

A
  • Phobic disorders
  • Panic disorder
  • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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37
Q

Lifetime prevalence of anxiety

A

up to 29%

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38
Q

Most prevalent psych disorder

A

anxiety

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39
Q

disorder characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear
& avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

A

Phobic disorder

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40
Q

irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly
interferes with an individual’s
ability to function

A

Specific phobia

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41
Q

Examples of phobias (2)

A

Specific phobia, Social Anxiety Disorder

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42
Q

Anxiety about social or
performance situations in
which scrutinization by others
& embarrassment may occur

A

Social anxiety disorder (SAD)

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43
Q

People tend to judge themselves as performing ____ competently than reality

A

less

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44
Q

___ of population is diagnosed with SAD at any given time

A

4%

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45
Q

Chance of being diagnosed with SAD in lifetime

A

12-14%

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46
Q

Women are ____ likely to be diagnosed with SAD

A

More

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47
Q

Is SAD only fear of negative judgement?

A

No, can include positive judgement.

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48
Q

Preparedness theory

A

We easily acquire fears that are evolutionarily relevant (snakes, heights, etc.) over biggest real threats like electricity/cars

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49
Q

Why do people develop phobias? (6)

A
  • Preparedness theory
  • Classical conditioning
  • ___________________
  • Temperament
  • Biological model
  • Stress
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50
Q

Pairing negative situation with a stimulus

A

classical conditioning

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51
Q

Direct, vicarious, informational pathways that lead to phobias

A

Behavioural accounts

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52
Q

Direct, vicarious, informational pathways that lead to phobias

A

Bevahioural accounts for phobias

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53
Q

involves sudden occurrence of multiple psychological
and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror (panic attacks)

A

Panic disorder

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54
Q

Panic attacks must happen in the _____ of a trigger

A

absence of a trigger

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55
Q

Lifetime diagnosis of panic disorder is _____

A

5%

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56
Q

Specific phobia
involving a fear of public places

A

Agoraphobia

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57
Q

Phobia characterized by chronic excessive worries
accompanied by restlessness, fatigue,
concentration problems, irritability, muscle
tension, and sleep disturbance

A

Generalized anxiety disorder

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58
Q

Lifetime prevalence of GAD

A

5%

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59
Q

GAD is higher in ____ SES

A

Low SES

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60
Q

OCD involves (2)

A

Obsessions and compulsions

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61
Q

repetitive, intrusive, thoughts…

A

Obsessions

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62
Q

repetitive behaviours designed to reduce anxiety or
prevent something bad from happening

A

Compulsions

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63
Q

Cognitive theory for OCD

A

Caused by misinterpretation of thoughts, can’t shake intrusive thoughts off.

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64
Q

Lifetime prevalence of OCD

A

2-3%

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65
Q

Not just right experience

A

OCD behaviours caused by feeling that something isn’t right

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66
Q

Examples of OCD-related disorders (2)

A

hoarding & body dysmorphia

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67
Q

OCD is due to (2)

A

interference and distress

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68
Q

OCD is ___ from Anxiety disorders in DSM-5

A

separated

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69
Q

characterized by:
* A traumatic event
* chronic physiological arousal (hypervigilance)
* recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma
(e.g. “flashbacks”)

A

Posttraumatic stress disorder

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70
Q

Lifetime prevalence of PTSD

A

up to 10%

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71
Q

mood disturbances are central feature

A

Mood disorders

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72
Q

Depressive disorders (2)

A
  • Major Depressive Disorder
  • Persistent Depressive Disorder
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73
Q

Types of mood disorders (2)

A

-Depressive disorder
-Bipolar and related disorders

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74
Q

Mood disorder prevalence in Canada

A

1 in 12

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75
Q

characterized by a severely depressed mood and diminished
interest or pleasure that lasts 2+ wks; and three other symptoms

A

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

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76
Q

Other term for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

A

“unipolar depression”

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77
Q

Additional symptoms of MDD (8)

A

weight loss/gain or increase/decrease in appetite
* insomnia/hypersomnia
* psychomotor agitation/retardation
* fatigue/loss of energy
* feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
* indecisiveness, or reduced ability to think or concentrate
* recurrent thoughts of death/suicide, a suicide attempt, or a plan

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78
Q

____ believe they should be able to handle MH problems themselvs

A

73%

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79
Q

individuals
who are prone to depression
automatically attribute negative
experiences to causes that are
internal, stable, and global

A

Helplessness theory

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80
Q

Unstable emotional
condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)

A

Bipolar disorder

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81
Q

_______ lasts 1wk+ and involves any of:
grandiosity, energy, decreased need for sleep, elated or irritable mood, feelings of
invincibility and/or grandiosity, racing thoughts, reckless behaviour.

A

Mania

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82
Q

characterized by
-a profound disruption of basic psychological processes;
-a distorted perception of reality;
-altered or blunted emotion; and
-disturbances in thought, motivation, & behaviour

A

Schizophrenia

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83
Q

Includes “Positive” & “negative” symptoms, disorganized behaviour

A

schizophrenia

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84
Q

Prevalence of schizo in pop

A

1%

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85
Q

______ rarely develops before adolescence

A

schizophrenia

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86
Q

Positive symptoms of schizo

A

-Hallucinations
-Delusions
-Disorganized speech
-Grossly disorganized behaviour
-Catatonic behaviour

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87
Q

False perceptual experiences

A

Hallucinations

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88
Q

False beliefs, often bizarre, persecutory, or grandiose

A

Delusions

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89
Q

Severe disruption of verbal communication
(rapid, incoherent shift from one unrelated topic to another)

A

Disorganized speech

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90
Q

Behaviour inappropriate for the
situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often
with specific motor disturbances

A

Grossly disorganized behaviour

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91
Q

decrease in all movement

A

Catatonic behaviour

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92
Q

Negative symptoms of schizo

A

deficits/disruptions of normal emotions; absence
or insufficiency of normal behaviour, motivation, and emotion,

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93
Q

Examples of negative symptoms of schizo

A

Emotional and social withdrawal, apathy, poverty of speech

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94
Q

Cognitive symptoms of schizo

A

Deficits in
cognitive abilities in executive
functioning, attention, and
working memory

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95
Q

Specific events or chronic pressures that place
demands on a person or threaten their well-being

A

Stressors

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96
Q

Physical and psychological response to internal or
external stressors

A

Stress

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97
Q

Subfield of psychology concerned with
the ways that psychological factors influence the causes and
treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health
Why “internal”?

A

Health psychology

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98
Q

Unrealistic expectations are an example of an ______

A

internal stressor

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99
Q

Stress can come from negative and __________ events

A

positive

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100
Q

_____________ events produce less psychological distress and fewer physical symptoms

A

Positive

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101
Q

______ can sometimes counteract the effects of negative events

A

Happiness

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102
Q

Sources of stress that occur continuously/repeatedly

A

Chronic stressors

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103
Q

5 examples of chronic stressors

A

strained relationships
discrimination
bullying
overwork
finances

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104
Q

______________ studies links between our environments & stress levels

A

Environmental psychology

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105
Q

Studies show ____________ can be related to
more effective coping

A

perceived control over
stressful events

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106
Q

Role of locus of control in stress

A

Internal locus of control = more effective coping

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107
Q

Emotional
and physiological reaction to an
emergency that increases readiness
for action

A

Fight or flight response

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108
Q

hormone released by adrenal glands
is esp. released in times of stress to help
metabolize more glucose for your body to act

A

Cortisol

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109
Q

when a person is unable to find resolutions to difficult situations — even when a solution is accessible. External locus of control.

A

Learned helplessness

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110
Q

Rapid mobilization of bodily resources to respond to the threat (fight or flight)

A

Alarm phase

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111
Q

Adaptation to arousal
state, and coping with
stressor

A

Resistance phase

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112
Q

The body’s resistance collapses; leads
to aging, infection, tumor growth, organ damage, even death

A

Exhaustion phase

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113
Q

Constant exposure to stress leads to (2)

A
  • Wear and tear on the body
  • Accelerated ageing
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114
Q

Chromosomes (DNA) are repeatedly copied, carrying genetic
information to new cells: process facilitated by __________

A

telomeres

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115
Q

caps at the ends of the chromosomes that prevent them from sticking to
each other; shorten with every cell division (natural aging)

A

telomeres

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116
Q

Stress shortens _______

A

telomeres

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117
Q

What happens when cells stop dividing when telomeres become too short

A

Organism death

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118
Q

Stressors can cause _______ to flood the
brain, wearing down the immune system and
making it less able to fight invaders

A

hormones

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119
Q

study of how the immune
system responds to psychological variables

A

Psychoneuroimmunology

120
Q

Decreased immune response/stress may be related to
___________

A

Low socioeconomic status

121
Q

Example of heart & circulatory system affected by stress

A

atherosclerosis

122
Q

Example of heart & circulatory system affected by stress

A

atherosclerosis

123
Q

Research links intensity, drive, anger & hostility
to _____________

A

increased rates of heart disease

124
Q

Tendency towards
easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of
time urgency & competitive achievement strivings

A

Type A behaviour pattern

125
Q

________ is one of the best predictors of heart disease,
above and beyond diet & smoking

A

Hostility

126
Q

__________ & ___________ stress responses are intertwined

A

Physiological & psychological

127
Q

interpretation of a stimulus as stressful or not

A

Primary appraisal

128
Q

determination of whether the stressor is something
that can be handled or not

A

Secondary appraisal

129
Q

stressor that you believe might not be overcome

A

Threat

130
Q

stressor you feel fairly confident you can control

A

Challenge

131
Q

The body responds differently to a threat (negative
appraisal) than a ___________ (positive appraisal)

A

Challenge

132
Q

A state of physical, emotional & mental exhaustion created
by long-term involvement in an ___________ demanding situation

A

Burnout

133
Q

Burnout is accompanied by lowered ________ & ________

A

performance & motivation

134
Q

Burnout is caused by (2)

A
  • Emotionally stressful jobs (or uni)
  • Gauging your self-worth by success at work (or uni) alone
135
Q

Two kinds of psychological factors influence health

A

-health-relevant personality traits
-health behaviours

136
Q

Examples of health-relevant personality traits

A

Type A behaviour, optimism, hardiness

137
Q

Examples of health behaviours

A

-heathy eating
-exercising
-avoiding sexual risks
-not smoking
-sleeping routine

138
Q

Optimism is one of
the best psychological
predictors of
_______?

A

happiness

139
Q

(seeing the sunny side of every situation) is healthier than
pessimism (expecting things to go wrong)

A

Optimism

140
Q

______ seems to aid maintenance of psychological health in the face of physical problems

A

Optimism

141
Q

A person’s level of optimism or pessimism tends to be ________________

A

stable, heritable

142
Q

Stress-resistant people have _______

A

hardiness

143
Q

3 C’s of hardy people

A
  • A sense of Commitment
  • Belief in control
  • Acceptance of challenge
144
Q

_____ individuals seem to be thick-skinned and able to take more
stress or criticism that may hurt others, tend to handle stress better, and are overall healthier

A

Hardy

145
Q

You can train yourself to be more _____

A

hardy

146
Q

exercise of voluntary control over the
self to bring it into line with preferred standards; willpower

A

Self-regulation

147
Q

Self-regulation involves

A

delay of instant gratification for longterm gains

148
Q

In Western cultures, the average weight is
___________

A

increasing alarmingly

149
Q

prevention of
obesity is more effective than

A

dieting

150
Q

Must increase ______________ if increase
caloric intake

A

bodily activity

151
Q

we have a tendency to
___________ our own risk.

A

underestimate

152
Q

__________ are ways to counteract
physical & psychological stress

A

Stress management techniques

153
Q

3 forms of stress management

A

-The mind
-The body
-The situation

154
Q

We often _________ stressful events in our mind

A

magnify

155
Q

We have ___________ memories of stressful events

A

intrusive

156
Q

avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders
of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint

A

Repressive coping

157
Q

Deliberately ignoring the problem through putting unpleasant thoughts
& emotions out of one’s mind

A

Repressive coping

158
Q

Facing the stressor & working to overcome it
* unpleasant, but usually short lived

A

Rational coping

159
Q

Three-step process of rational coping

A

1) Acceptance: accepting that a stressor exists
2) Exposure: attending to or seeking out the stressor
3) Understanding: working to find the meaning
stressors hold in one’s life

160
Q

finding a new or creative way to think
about a stressor that reduces a threat

A

Reframing

161
Q

reframing technique that helps people cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about situations

A

Stress inoculation training (SIT)

162
Q

Bodily techniques useful in
stress management

A
  • Relaxation
  • Meditation
  • Biofeedback
  • Aerobic exercise
  • Sleep
163
Q

__________involves changing your life to reduce
stress through

A

Situation management

164
Q

Situation management techniques (4)

A
  • Social support
  • Religious or spiritual practice
  • humour
  • Avoiding procrastination
165
Q

the aid gained through interacting with others

A

Social support

166
Q

Good relationships with family & friends and taking part in social
activities can be as good for you as _____ and _____

A

exercising & not smoking

167
Q

Being in a relationship is
associated with ____ Mental Health

A

better

168
Q

Female social support response to stress

A

Tend-and-befriend response

169
Q

Male social support response to stress

A

Fight or flight response

170
Q

Women are ______ likely to seek support under stress

A

more

171
Q

the hormone __________ triggers social
responses

A

oxytocin

172
Q

affiliation with or engagement
in the practices of a particular religion

A

Religiosity

173
Q

having a belief in &
engagement with some higher power, not
necessarily linked to any particular religion

A

Spirituality

174
Q

Why is religiosity and spirituality associated with lower stress

A

better social networks, following
healthy advice of spiritual leaders/teachings

175
Q

reduces sensitivity to ___________ & ___________

A

Pain and stress

176
Q

Humour is linked with

A

hardiness

177
Q

putting off a task for later

A

procrastination

178
Q

Why do we procrastinate?

A

A task may:
* be boring
* be difficult or unpleasant
* require too much effort

179
Q

Delaying gratification correlated with _________________

A

intelligence

180
Q

________________________ can reduce procrastination

A

procrastination

181
Q

Bodily techniques useful in stress management

A
  • Relaxation
  • meditation
  • Biofeedback
  • Aerobic exercise
  • Sleep
182
Q

technique for reducing tension by consciously
relaxing muscles of the body

A

Relaxation therapy

183
Q

condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical
activity, heart rate, breathing rate & blood pressure

A

Relaxation response

184
Q

symptoms of stress

A

tension, cortisol, blood pressure

185
Q

practice of intentional contemplation

A

meditation

186
Q

Benefits of meditation

A
  • cognitive: e.g. attention
  • emotional: e.g. emotional regulation
  • physical: e.g. slows ageing
187
Q

Benefits of meditation

A
  • cognitive: e.g. attention
  • emotional: e.g. emotional regulation
  • physical: e.g. slows ageing
188
Q

focus on the “here and now”

A

mindfulness

189
Q

exercise that increases
the heart rate & oxygen intake for a
sustained period

A

Aerobic exercise

190
Q

Aerobic exercise may increase may increase _________ and
__________

A

serotonin and
endorphins

191
Q

Hyperarousal is associated with high ____

A

cortisol

192
Q

Sleep deficiency can cause us to feel stressed because (3)

A

ess patient, more agitated, emotional reactivity

193
Q

Sleep can reduce (2)

A

blood pressure, cholesterol levels

194
Q

Types of psychotherapies offered (6)

A

-Cognitive behavioural
-Interpersonal
-Psychodynamic
-Humanistic/existential
-Family systems
-Other

195
Q

Fewer than _______ of mental health patients receive “minimally adequate” treatments

A

40%

196
Q

2 categories of psych treatment

A

-Psychological
-Biological

197
Q

Example of psychological mental health treatment

A

-Therapy

198
Q

Examples of biological mental health treatment

A

-Drugs
-Surgery
-Direct intervention

199
Q

Therapy also talked “talk therapy”

A

Psychotherapy

200
Q

a process whereby psychological problems are treated through
communication and relationship factors between an individual &
a trained mental health professional

A

Psychotherapy

201
Q

involves drawing on techniques from different therapies

A

Eclectic psychotherapy

202
Q

Therapy to explore childhood events
and encourage clients to use this understanding to develop
insight into their psychological problems

A

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

203
Q

______________ assumes that humans are born with aggressive & sexual urges
that are repressed during childhood by the use of defense mechanisms

A

Psychoanalysis

204
Q

Psychoanalysis goal

A

To understand the unconscious through
developing insight

205
Q

Therapy to address interpersonal relationships as
barriers to reaching one’s potential

A

Humanistic & existential therapies

206
Q

Therapy to address interpersonal relationships as
barriers to reaching one’s potential

A

Humanistic & existential therapies

207
Q

Types of Humanistic & existential therapies

A

-person-centred therapy
-gestalt therapy

208
Q

helps client become aware of and take responsibility for thoughts,
behaviours, experiences & feelings

A

Gestalt therapy

209
Q

Therapy to offer solutions to help change the immediate circumstances with lasting
effects (unlike medications); learned adaptive strategies & ways of thinking

A

Cognitive and behavioural therapies

210
Q

Therapy with assigned homework in between sessions

A

Cognitive and behavioural therapies

211
Q

Therapy that relies on principles of learning to change maladaptive
behaviours

A

Behavioural therapy

212
Q

Learning principles of behaviour therapy

A

operant conditioning & classical conditioning

213
Q

Therapy that works to help identify
and disordered thinking patterns

A

Cognitive therapy

214
Q

Therapy that involves giving clients/in-patients tokens for desired behaviour,
which can be later traded for rewards

A

Token economy

215
Q

100 level on COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATE STRESS SCALE (2)

A

-Being raped
-Finding out HIV positive

216
Q

Why do positive events cause stress

A

require readjustment and preparedness

217
Q

Many chronic stressors are linked to __________.

A

social relationships

218
Q

How can our environments contribute to stress?

A

noise, traffic, crowding, pollution, and even the threat of violence

219
Q

people who live in cities show significantly ________ amygdala activity in response to stressors than do those who live in towns

A

greater

220
Q

How does stress from discrimination effect people?

A

-Increased maladaptive behaviours
-Higher rates of health problems
-Difficulty in interactions with clinicians

221
Q

being rejected by people of your own race was associated with ___________ (mendes study)

A

greater displays of shame and physiological changes associated with an avoidance state (increased cortisol)

222
Q

being rejected by members of a different race was associated with ______________________________

A

displays of anger, greater vigilance for danger, physiological changes associated with an approach state (i.e., higher cardiac output and lower vascular resistance), and higher risk taking.

223
Q

In a 2011–2014 survey (Statistics Canada, 2016), _________of Canada’s non-Indigenous population rated their health as good or excellent.

A

60%

224
Q

only ________of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit people respectively reported their health as good or excellent

A

48.5%, 51.3%, and 44.9%

225
Q

life expectancy is ____________ for Indigenous people, compared to other Canadians

A

5 to 10 years shorter

226
Q

children who attended school under the flight path reported ______ levels of noise annoyance and showed poorer reading comprehension

A

higher

227
Q

events are most stressful when there is _______

A

nothing to do

228
Q

Who named the fight-or-flight response

A

Walter Cannon (1992)

229
Q

What happens when the sympathetic nervous system is activated

A

increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate

230
Q

Order of HPA Axis

A

Hypothalamus (releasing factor) > Pituitary gland (ACTH through blood) > Adrenal gland (cortisol + catecholamine hormones)

231
Q

2 catecholamines hormones

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

232
Q

Who undertook a variety of experiments that looked at the physiological consequences of severe threats to well-being in the 1930s

A

Hans Selye

233
Q

What did Hans Selye do

A

subjected rats to heat, cold, infection, trauma, hemorrhage, and other prolonged stressors

234
Q

What did Hans Selye find

A

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

235
Q

three-stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered.

A

three-stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered.

236
Q

What does it mean that GAS is nonspecific

A

the response doesn’t vary, no matter what the source of the repeated stress.

237
Q

3 stages of GAS

A
  1. alarm phase
  2. resistance phase
  3. exhaustion phase
238
Q

Alarm phase of GAS

A

fight-or-flight response, body rapidly mobilizes its resources to respond to the threat.

239
Q

resistance phase of GAS

A

Body processes shut down: Digestion, growth, and sex drive stall; menstruation stops; production of testosterone and sperm decreases.

240
Q

exhaustion phase of GAS

A

Many of the resistance-phase defences cause gradual damage as they operate

Leads to susceptibility to infection, tumour growth, aging, irreversible organ damage, or death.

241
Q

Chronic stress can _____ the ageing provess

A

Spead up

242
Q

caps at the ends of the chromosomes that prevent the chromosomes from sticking to each other.

A

telomeres

243
Q

an enzyme that rebuilds telomeres at the tips of chromosomes.

A

telomerase

244
Q

People exposed to chronic stress have ______ telomere length and _______ telomerase activity

A

Shorter, lower

245
Q

Activities such as _______ and _______ seem to prevent chronic stress from shortening telomere length

A

exercise, meditation

246
Q

Salary where happiness plateaus

A

$75,000 U.S

247
Q

people with higher incomes live significantly _________ than those with lower incomes

A

longer

248
Q

the difference between the wealthiest 1% and the poorest 1% is approximately ____ years for men and ____ years for women

A

15, 10

249
Q

if you are poor but live in a place with higher population density, a higher percentage of immigrants and university graduates, higher government expenditures, and higher home values, you will live significantly _________.

A

longer

250
Q

among children growing up in poor families, each year of life they spend _______________________ is associated with a significant increase in the amount of money they will earn as an adult later in life.

A
251
Q

a tendency towards easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings

A

Type A behaviour pattern

252
Q

of the 258 men who had heart attacks in the 9 years following the interview, more than___________had been classified as Type A

A

two-thirds

253
Q

2 steps of stress interpretations

A
  1. Primary appraisal
  2. Secondary appraisal
254
Q

The interpretation of a stimulus as being stressful or not

A

Primary appraisal

255
Q

determining whether the stressor is something you can handle or not

A

Secondary appraisal

256
Q

determining whether the stressor is something you can handle or not

A

Secondary appraisal

257
Q

interpretations of stressors can change threats into _______

A

challenges

258
Q

Increased ________ can improve your performance

A

arousal

259
Q

researchers found that even interactions as innocuous as ____________ can produce threat or challenge responses

A

conversations

260
Q

Theory of burnout cause

A

using your job to give meaning to your life

261
Q

Prolonged exposure

A

recording a verbal account of the event and then listening to the recording daily.

262
Q

a repetitive sound, such as om

A

Mantra

263
Q

a technique used to measure the subtle activity of muscles.

A

electromyography (EMG)

264
Q

EEG biofeedback (or neurofeedback) is moderately successful in treating brain-wave abnormalities in disorders such as __________

A

epilepsy

265
Q

How can social support help stress and health?

A

-intimate partner can help you remember to exercise and follow your doctor’s orders
-Talking about problems with friends and family
-Sharing tasks and helping each other when times get tough

266
Q

University students report engaging in academic procrastination between _____ and _______of the time

A

30% and 60%

267
Q

persistent pattern of deviating from the norm _______qualify as a mental disorder.

A

does not

268
Q

persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment

A

Mental disorder

269
Q

a person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

A

Diathesis-stress model

270
Q

Result of indigenous residential schools on mental health

A

resulted in many of the children suffering from psychological disorders such as depressive and anxiety disorders, substance-related and addictive disorders, and trauma and stressor-related disorders

271
Q

rates of suicide amongst Indigenous Peoples in Canada are at least ______ times as high as they are in the general population

A

three

272
Q

The example of intergenerational trauma in residential schools illustrates how incorrect it would be to ___________________________

A

oversimplify mental disorders by attributing them to single internal cause

273
Q

5 categories of specific phobias

A

(1) animals
(2) natural environments (e.g., heights, darkness, water, storms);
(3) situations (e.g., bridges, elevators, tunnels, enclosed places);
(4) blood, injections, and injury;
(5) other phobia

274
Q

Approximately _______of people in the United States and Canada will develop a specific phobia during their lives

A

12%

275
Q

Researchers have found that infants who display __________ are at an increased risk for developing a phobic behaviour later in life

A

excessive shyness and inhibition

276
Q

Researchers have found that infants who display __________ are at an increased risk for developing a phobic behaviour later in life

A

excessive shyness and inhibition

277
Q

Approximately ______ people in the United States and Canada suffer from GAD at some time in their lives

A

1 in 16

278
Q

the percentage of pairs that share the characteristic

A

Concordance rates

279
Q

Reasons women are more susceptible to GAD than men

A

women are more likely than men to live in poverty, experience discrimination, or be subjected to sexual or physical abuse

280
Q

People are more susceptible to PTSD if they

A

have a smaller hippocampus

281
Q

How long does persistent depressive disorder last

A

at least 2 years

282
Q

Approximately ______ Canadians meets the criteria for depression at some point in their lives

A

1 in 9

283
Q

Women have ______ rates of depression than men

A

higher

284
Q

depression shows _______ heritability, with heritability estimates increasing as a function of __________.

A

moderate, severity

285
Q

Negative schema of depression

A

-interpretations of information
-attention
-memory

286
Q

at least four mood episodes (either manic or depressive) every year

A

rapid cycling bipolar disorder

287
Q

Bipolar disorder tends to be _____

A

persistent

288
Q

one gene influences a person’s susceptibility to multiple disorders.

A

pleiotropic effects

289
Q

Why might each twin have different susceptibility to mental health disorders?

A

Differences in epigenetics

290
Q

a break from reality

A

psychosis

291
Q

The symptoms of schizophrenia often are separated into (3)

A

positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms.

292
Q

thoughts and behaviours, such as delusions and hallucinations, not seen in those without schizophrenia

A

Positive symptoms

293
Q

deficits in or disruptions of normal emotions and behaviours for people with schizophrenia

A

Negative symptoms

294
Q

deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically in executive functioning, attention, and working memory for people with schizophrenia

A

cognitive symptoms

295
Q

Among children whose biological mothers had schizophrenia, the _________ increased their likelihood of developing schizophrenia

A

disturbed environment

PSYC 102 (3 decks)

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