Final Exam Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
Biomes
A
broad geographic areas with smaller climate and communities
2
Q
subsidence zones
A
slightly cooler and dry air sinking =tropical and subtropical desert
3
Q
convection cell
A
movement of a fluid due to temperature driven density dependent differences
4
Q
Hadley cell
A
0-200-300 N/S. convection driven, high temps cause air to warm and rise. flow towards poles, cools around 20-300 n/s
5
Q
Ferrel Cell
A
350 and 550 lat. not convection driven. friction with surrounding cells. transfer of heat energy. secondary zone of precipitation (550). temperate rainforest
6
Q
Polar Cell
A
above 600 lat. convection driven. cold air intently sinks at poles. air rises by 600 lat. cold, very little rainfall.
7
Q
intertropical convergence zone
A
composed of cloud clusters as a result of warm , moist area being forced upwards (equator)
8
Q
westerlies
A
9
Q
easterlies
A
10
Q
winter solstice
A
December 21. closest to sun
11
Q
summer solstice
A
June 21. farthest away from sun
12
Q
fall/autumnal equinox
A
September 23
13
Q
spring/vernal equinox
A
march 21
14
Q
adiabatic cooling
A
air rises up a mountain range, decreases in pressure causing expansion, reducing the temperature.
15
Q
rain shadow
A
drier air descend, producing a region where precipitation is noticeably less (Great Basin desert, Death Valley)
16
Q
sea breeze
A
local wind that blows from an ocean towards land, cooling the land (during day)
17
Q
land breeze
A
local wind blows from land over the ocean (night)
18
Q
population
A
all the organisms of the same species within an area at the same time
19
Q
population ecology
A
what factors affect population range, density and growth and how these change over a space and time
20
Q
population demography
A
tracking population changes over time
21
Q
distribution
A
pattern of how the individuals in a population are distributed in a space at a given time
22
Q
population density
A
number of individuals per unit area or volume
23
Q
mist net
A
birds and bats
24
Q
pitfall trap
A
spiders, lizards, beetles
25
survivorship curve
number of surviving individuals at each age
26
logistic growth
limiting resources, s curve,
27
exponential growth
resources unlimited, J curve, r value is constant, growth depends on value of N and r. plentiful in resources
28
per capita rate of increase
b/population - d/population
29
carrying capacity
number of individuals a an environment can support
30
amensalisms
detrimental to 1 species and neutral to the other
31
commensalism
species that benefits typically gain nutrients, shelter, support or locomotion from the host species, while host is not affected
32
predation
feed on prey and cause death
33
herbivory
eats plants
34
parasitism
long term relationship but may or may not have death
35
parasitoidism
long term relationship and causes deaths
36
niche
37
competitive exclusion principle
38
resource partitioning
39
density dependent factor
disease, competition, predation, parasitism
40
density independent factor
weather, natural disaster, environmental
41
inverse density dependent factor
Allee effect, territorial predation
42
community ecology
factors that influence the number and abundances of species in a community
43
ecosystem ecology
addresses flows of energy and production of biomass
44
species richness
number of different species in a community
45
species evenness
46
peninsular effect
47
species time hypothesis
temperate regions are geologically younger and less rich communities
48
species area hypothesis
larger areas have greater range of habitats and more species
49
species productivity hypothesis
higher productivity by primary producers result in high species richness
50
succession
gradual change in species composition and community structure over time
51
primary succession
on newly exposed site not previously occupied by soil and vegetation
52
secondary succession
on a site that already supported life but had undergone a disturbance such as fire, tornado, hurricane or flood
53
facilitation
each colonizing species creates a more favorable habitat for the succeeding species
54
inhibition
early colonists can prevent later arrivals from replacing them
55
tolerance
56
food chain
linear depiction of energy flow
57
food web
model of interconnect food chains in which there are multiple links among species
58
heterotroph
organisms that receive their nutrition by eating other organisms
59
autotroph
obtained energy from harvesting light energy
60
photoautotroph
61
chemoautotroph
62
primary producer
produce energy rich and organic molecules which other organisms depend on
63
primary consumer
heterotrophs that obtain food by consuming primary producers
64
secondary consumer
organisms that feed on primary consumers
65
tertiary consumer
organisms that feed on secondary consumers
66
decomposer
eats unconsumed plants, animal remains, waste products
67
ecological pyramids
show distributions between trophic levels
68
gross primary production
69
biotic
interactions among organisms and living components in their environment
70
abiotic
physical, non living component of an ecosystem
71
polar climates
cold and dry
72
temperate climates
wet and seasonal
73
desert climates
hot and dry
74
leeward
sheltered from wind
75
surface currents
generated by friction on the ocean surface from major surface winds that cause sea surface move
76
gyres
wind driven surface currents that combine together into huge circular systems
77
sea surface temp in western side of oceans
higher and tropical environments extend further northwestern side
78
sea surface temp in eastern side of oceans
lower and cold loving organisms occur closer to equator
79
resources
anything that meets basic need of an individual to be successful
80
limiting resources
specific resources that have an effect on where and in what abundance organisms exist
81
clumped dispersal
individuals aggregated in patches. most common type. heterogenous environment and resources are not equally distributed. increases the effectiveness of predation, defense and mating
82
uniform dispersal
even spaced, less common, territoriality
83
random dispersal
unpredicted spacing, least common
84
drawbacks of capture method
animals can avoid traps or take advantage of resources
85
change in population size
births-deaths
86
R
difference between number of births and number of deaths
87
type 1 survivability
low death rates in early years but high among older age groups. few offspring and high parental investments
88
type 3 survivability
high death rates for young. large number of offspring and little to no parental care
89
type 2 survivability
intermediates
90
if r<0
both population decline and N>K
91
if r>0
N
92
standardized variable
are variables that are held constant in the experiment (all treatment groups including control) in order to keep results comparable
93
natural selection
94
p in hardy
95
q in hardy
96
2pq in hardy
97
q2 in hardy
98
p2 in hardy
99
alleles
100
convergent evolution
two or more distinct species share traits NOT due to a
common ancestor
101
analogous
characteristics that have a similar function (because they are
adapted to function in a specific environment) but arose independent
102
homologous
anatomic structures that have different outward
appearances and function, but are structurally similar because of share ancestry
103
artificial selection
Breeding programs and procedures
designed to produce plants and animals (domesticated) with specific traits
104
vestigal structure
Features that served an importation function in an ancestor, but have little to
no use in the descendent
105
molecular homology
similarities sequences of genes or proteins which were inherited from a common ancestor
106
gene pool
all copies of every allele at every locus in all members in a population
107
polymorphism
108
monophyletic
109
monomorphic
110
microevolution
change in allele
frequency in a population.
111
directional selection
Success of individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range within
a particular environment
112
balancing selection
The “weaker” or “less fit” allele is not eliminate (i.e.
preserves unfavorable recessive allele)
113
stabilizing selection
Favors survive of individuals with intermediate phenotype
114
sexual selection
type of natural selection – certain inherited
traits make an individuals more likely to obtain a mat
115
diversifying selection
Success of two of more different phenotype which are
produced by different genotypes
116
heterozygous advantage
117
negative frequency dependent selection
Fitness of phenotype decreases when its frequency becomes high
118
intrasexual
Members of one sex compete amongst themselves for
access to the opposite sex
119
intersexual
Members of one sex (usually females) choose among
multiple individuals of the opposite sex to mate with
120
genetic drift
a change in allele frequencies that occurs by random
chance
121
bottleneck effect
a populations size is reduced for at least 1 generation by a
dramatic event and then rebuilds
122
founders effect
a few individuals break away from a larger (i.e. parent) population to “found” a new population in a new isolate are
123
gene flow
124
macroevolution
125
species concept
126
biological species concept
127
speciation
128
allopatric
129
sympatric
130
adaptive radiation
131
polyploidy
132
autopolyploidy
133
allodiploid
134
allopolyploidy
135
Hox gene
136
heterochrony
137
molecular clock
138
neutral theory of evolution
139
horizontal gene transfer
140
vertical gene transfer
141
prebiotic soup
142
extraterrestrial hypothesis
143
deep sea vent hypothesis
144
reducing atmosphere hypothesis
145
protocell
146
liposome
147
micelles
148
vesicles chemical evolution
149
RNA world heterotrophs
150
autotrophs
151
stromatolites
152
oxygen revolution
153
endosymbiotic theory
154
Cambrian explosion
155
binocular vision
156
hominin
157
bipedal
158
brachiation
159
savanna hypothesis
160
sex for food hypothesis
161
mosaic evolution
162
out of Africa hypothesis
163
extremophiles
164
bolaamphiiphilic membrane
165
gram staining
166
gram positive
167
gram negative
